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THE

ANTIQ_UARY:

A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO THE STUDY

OF THE PAST

EDITED BY

EDWARD WALFORD, M.A.

lORMKKLY SCHOLAR OF I^ALLIOL rOLLEGH, OXFORD, AND LATE KDITOR OF 'I HE •'(jKNTLEMAN's MAGAZINE;"

AUTHOR OF THE *' COUNTY FAMILIFJ!>," ETC. ETC.

Inslnictcd by the Antiquary tlnitSy
lie musty he is, he cannot but be wise.

Shakespeare.

VOL. II.

J U LY — DECEM BLK.

London : ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row.

New York : J. W. BOUTON.

z88o.

• .•• ••

• • •* .••

• • • • • •.

» • • t •

•• ••

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Ancient Briton with Crotal or Spear Bell
Roman Sacrificial Boar with Sanctus Bell
Cybele's Priest and Priestess with Sisira .
Cymbala

Ancient Celtic or Saxon Hammered Bell .
Ancient Cast Hand-Bell; Saxon or Early English
A Funeral Procession — from the Bayeux Tapestry
Doorway at Killeshin
CoRMAc's Chapel, Cashel

KiLCRONIG, CO. WiCKLOW .

St. Cronan's Church, Roscrea
Armorial Insignia of the City and See

Shakespeare's Death-mask

Old Sarum

Rowlandson's Caricatures
Specimens of Ancient Bookcuveks .

Fysshynge with an Angle

Kasuy Church

The Likeness of Christ

OF GLAbCOW

»>

>»

Ancient Satirical Drawing of

iS
20
20
20

21
21
22

23
24
24
25

4S, 49
64,65

. 67
11 2- 114

'52, 153
160

216

• 257

. 258

273488

OLD ST. PAULS. '.':

S*-^

'^im^

The Antiquary.

JULY, 1880.

( 7>4^ substanci of a Lecture delivered by Edmumi B,
Ferrey, Esq,, F.RJ.B^A., before the St, Paulas
Eceiesiohgkal Society.)

PART II,

IA.VING sketched the history of the
Cathedral, and commented on its
surroundings, I will proceed to
make some general remarks on its
architectural features and peculiarities.

Commencing at the west end, we find
evidence that the facade was plain and severe,
judging by the analogy of other buildings of the
same date, and from the views of the south side
of the nave given by Hollar. Dugdale men-
tions no western towers as having existed at
any time ; but Stow minutely describes them.
In the later edition of Stow by Strype, how-
ever, nothing is said of these towers. It seems
curious that a cathedral of the first magni-
tude should have possessed no western towers,
when such a comparatively small building as
Lichfield Cathedral has, in all, /^r^e towers.
Mediaeval churches abroad were rich in
towers. There were nine at Clugny, seven
intended for Rheims, and seven formerly at
Laon, according to Mr. Beresford Hope's
" Cathedrals of the Nineteenth Century." At
Toumai, in Belgium, also, though but a small
cathedral, we see five towers; but in our
own land even a building of the scale of
that at Salisbur}' has but one tower and spire,
forming the crowning feature of the structure,
and this was probably the case at Old St.
Paul's. The plan of the westernmost piers of
the nave, as shown by Hollar, does not suggest
any towers ; which consequently, if they
existed, must have been outside the aisles,
like those to Wells Cathedral.

Entering in at the west doors the spectator
must have been impressed by the vast length

VOL. II.

and size of 'tRp ^.fiijilding, which, notwith-
standing Dugdalfe'^^'aythority, I cannot but
think was about 596* feeV;l9ng in the clear
(Dugdale says 690 feet)*VftL-sJiown by the
scale on Hollar's grouncT ^hh} In a work
called " London Plates," in tlt^ possession of
the Society of Antiquaries, the.**length is
described in the margin as 720 fee'tZ/ljirHr,
the extreme length of Ely Cathedral* l5*^^
fiiet, and it is the longest on this side of th^; V* .,
Alps according to Murray's " Handbook of*-* /..'•;
the Cathedrals.'* The extreme length of the ' • :-
present St. Paul's, externally, is but 512 feet,
and that of St. Peter's, at Rome, 607 feet
Therefore, I think, we may reasonably con-
clude that Hollar's plan is correct. In sim-
plicity of plan, a plain Latin cross, Old St.
Paul's was like Ely or Winchester ; it had not
the intricate and irregular plan of such a
Cathedral as Canterbury. It is interesting for
a moment to compare tit in this respect to
Chichester, or on the Continent to Notre
Dame, at Paris, and to Seville Cathedral, all
with two aisles on either side, or to Antwerp
Cathedral, with three.

In span the nave of Old St Paul's was about
the same as Peterborough, 38 feet The tri-
forium was lighted by circular windows. At
Westminster Abbey, spherical triangular
shaped windows, as we know, occupy this
not very usual position ; at Waltham Abbey
are circular windows, and at the Abbaye aux
Hommes, at Caen, circular windows filled with
tracery. It should be observed how wide
for Norman windows are those to the aisles
of the nave. (Hollar gives a view on a large
scale of one of them, retaining its Norman
garb). The ancient Consistory Court was pro-
bably in the westernmost bay of the north
nave aisle. Proceeding down the nave, let us
next pause to look at the elegant chantry
chapel of Bishop Thomas Kempe, between
the piers on north side of nave, near the
crossing. Such a position is not unusual for
the memorials of great benefactors to a
building, so placed that every worshipper
could npt fail to observe them. At Win-
chester Cathedral, we have similarly in the
nave, the chantries of Bishops William of
Wykeham and Edington; and at Wells
Cathedral that of Bishop Bubwith.

I have little doubt the central tower was
treated like a lantern — we know it never had

.•' XH.D ST. PA UL'S.

• • • -

• •.

• %

' bells. This was quite an p,p^1ish feature, and
more effective than .th^**jCbntinental plan of
a fi^he at the cro^ih*g/ The eight flying
buttresses, thor|9K*.{)robably not originally
designed for.the tcTwer, form an integral part
of the ctaipo*9itfon, and must have had a very
striking appearance.

.thfe 'itansepts in Old St. Paul's were

xbd!<te important features, owing to their ^eat

. '.'.prefection. They also had aisles on either

. •' >. '/side, whereas many of our larger cathedrals

• * have only eastern aisles. In the time of

Hollar, these latter aisles seem to have

been walled up. There can be little doubt

the eastern aisles of the transepts were used

for chapels, as was customary.

The cloisters were small, as compared with
those of Westminster Abbey or Gloucester ;
the fact is that St Paul's was not a monastery,
and therefore it did not require large cloisters.

Dugdale nowhere mentions the position of
the sacristy ; but this, I should imagine, may
very likely have been in the inner angle of
the north transept, next the choir : it was
probably a low building covered with a flat
lead-covered roof.

About the choir stalls there is little to say,
as those represented by Hollar were not
original, but of the Jacobean period.

TheTreasury, so important an appurtenance
in the Middle Ages, probably stood between
the buttresses of the north choir aisle. At
Norwich Cathedral it formed a choir chapel,
as is still the case in some of the French
cathedrals. If it stood in this position, it
would have been carried on an arch, like the
chantry chapels, between the buttresses on the
south side of the choir. The cause for this treat-
ment isobviouslythatthewindowsof St. Faith's
Church being underneath, the space between
the buttresses had to be bridged over so as
not to obscure the light The effect must
have been pretty, as a deep line of shadow
would have been formed under the chapels.
There are several instances of chantry chapels
between buttresses, as at St Albans, Exeter,
and Chichester cathedrals^

I will not dilate on the recent interest-
ing discoveries made by Mr. Penrose, as that
gentleman has already fully described them
elsewhere ; but he has proved with scarcely
a shadow of doubt, that the axis of the choir
inclined to the north. I would only remark

that at Whitby Abbey and at Lichfield Cathe-
dral, the axis of the choir also inclined to
the same directioru

The Lady Chapel occupied the very usual
place at the easternmost end of the building,
but, as was not usual, formed an extension of
the constructional part of the choir, under the
main roof, instead of a semi-detached structure
further eastwards. One of the chief glories
of Old St Paul's must have been its splendid
Eastern rose-window, the resemblance of
which to the south transept window of Notre
Dame, Paris, was kindly pointed out to me
some years since by Mr. James Fergusson.
Underneath this was a seven-light window,
forming a part of the composition of the rose
above. Notwithstanding the rarity of a circu-
lar window at the east end of our churches
and cathedrals, it must be remembered that
at Old St Paul's there was still the character-
istic English square end, and no Continental
apse. The central portion of the "Nine
Altars" at Durham Cathedral has a rose
window. Westminster Abbey with its chevet
is far more French in the character of its
eastern termination.

The number of chapels and altars men-
tioned by Dugdale is very large ; and these,
together with the numerous tombs and brasses,
the retables and shrines, screens and other
furniture, must have given a most gorgeous
effiBct to the interior, and taken off" the chilling
appearance of the mere architectural frame-
work, however beautiful the latter may have
been.

The choir did not comprise a monotonous
repetition of the same design in the triforium
and the windows, as there was in it evidence
of the work of no less than three distinct
dates. The window tracery seems to have
been of a very beautiful description.

It is rather curious that no wall-passages
are shown in any of Hollar's views. Their
absence in a mediaeval church of such impor-
tance would be very unusual ; and I have no
doubt that they really existed, but were acciJ
dentally omitted in Hollar's valuable en-
gravings.

After observing the splendid proportions
of the exterior of Old St. Paul's with its lofty
spire, the spectator on entering must have
seen the severe twelve-bayed nave, then the
dignified transept treated in a rather more

OLD ST. FA ars.

ornate styk and, passing on, the rich choir,
approached from the nave by a grand flight
of steps, and last the beautiful traceried rose-
window at the east end.

One cannot but admire the consummate
skill of the mediaeval men, as a rule, in their
choice of sites for the great churches. The
position of St Paul's was chosen most wisely,
on one of the highest parts of the City, and
with a sharp fall towards the Thames, so that
the Cathedral might be well seen from that
direction. The Cistercian Abbeys of York-
shire were equally well placed for their
purposes. Englishmen cannot be too thank-
ful that St Paul's was not built in such a
situation as that great basilica with which it
is so often compared — St Peter's at Rome.
It is most difhcult to realize the immense
scale of this latter building, a defect caused
to a great extent by the want of elevation in
its position.

H Cbapter on 61ovcb.

HE use of gloves ascends to a re-
mote antiquity, though only to one
which must have already attained
a certain measure of civilization.
As the covering of the head, whether hat,
helmet, or crown, has derived importance
from its association with the most distinctive
part of the human being, so the glove has
borrowed a lustre not its own. The hand,
and especially the right hand, had a larger
significance for an age which wielded the
sword than it has for one which has replaced
warlike weapons by others. " Manus" was
"power," and the hand which tipped the
sceptre of Dagobert was a symbol of that
philological fact. In the same spirit the
ancient Roman law held the property in an
object to have passed upon the literal trans-
fer of it, or of part of it, into the hand of
the purchaser. It was an advance in con-
veyancing, or, more accurately, a substitution
of a contract for an absolute conveyance,
when this transfer ceased to be literal and
became symbolical This legal differentiation
shows itself in the infancy of all law, and in
the East the symbol of transfer very com-
monly adopted was the glove. Commenta-

tors have disputed as to the passage in the
Psalms (Ix. 8) : " Over Edom will I cast out
my shoe," as it appears in our version, some
translating not "shoe" but "glove," in
reference to this custom. The controversy
at any rate cannot ^1 to remind us of the
German " handschuh."

In this way the glove became among
Oriental peoples an ensign of dignity — ^very
much as the " cap of honour" in Europe. It
was also a luxury ; but in neither character
did it commend itself to the Greeks and
Romans. Among the former it remained a
distinctive mark of the barbarians : sculptures
discovered at Thebes represent Asiatic am-
bassadors apparently offering gloves, pro-
bably as signs of submission. They were
essentially " Persia apparatus," despbed^ just
as umbrellas were when first introduced into
England, as being womanish. A passage in
Xenophon (Cyr. viii. 8), in which these two .
useful luxunes are coupled as examples of
effeminacy, shows that he would have sympar
thized with the robust conservatives of this
country. Casaubon has a learned note upon
the Deipnosophistse of Athenaeus, xii. lo,
which quotes in part the above passage from
Xenophon. He remarks, "Neque Greed
neque Romani habuere in usu manuum tegtt-
menta ; quibus etiam rustici hodie utuntur;"
an observation on which we shall have more
to say presently. After a reference to the
passage in the Cyropsedia, he continues:
" Chddsei jam olim, ut videtur, iis usi ; nam
in Lexico Talmudico, 'magubh' exponitur
manuum indumentum." He adds that the
use of gloves was unknown to the ancient
Greeks until the discipline of early ages had
become impaired. Casaubon then goes on
to quote the well-known passage in Pliny's
Epistles (v. 3), in which Pliny describes his
uncle as travelling with a secretary by his
side wearing gloves to protect his diligent
fingers from the numbing cold.

These passages remind us of the conclu*
sion which has lately been arrived at by an .
American man of science, that civilization is
marked by demand for increased temperature.
The austerity of ancient sentiment, however,
though it frequently remained sentiment and
nothing more, was, one must suppose, strong
enough to check the spread of the fashion of
wearing gloves. It is at least certain that

B 3

A CHAPTER ON GLOVES.

the glove never attained such a chaxacter
of d^^nity as it enjoyed in the Middle Ages.
This change appears first about the eleventh
century, at whidi period the practice of en-
feoffii^ by the S3rmbol of a glove, the precise
paiallel of the Oriental use already men-
tioned, seems to have made its appearance.
Among the passages illustrative of this in Du
Cange is one which shows it to have been a
custom of the Chapter of Bremen at that
time. One of Du Cange's citations specially
mentions that a left-hand glove was given,
which indicates that, as might have been
expected, the right hand, the hand of honour,
was usually en^>k)yed.

From this use the glove came to enjoy a
derivative and slightly different meaning.
The sentiment of personal honour, which the
Middle Ages devdoped, came in time to be
represented by a personal gage. The first
example of this in Du Cange occurs in 1499,
when its significance is made matter of
especial note : " Fidem suam et in illius sig-
nuoT manum suam dextnun et chirotheca^
ejttsdem reddiderat." It was at a later date
still, whenparchment conveyances had super-
seded all contractual s3rmbolisms, that the
transfer of gloves was converted into a pay-
ment of glove-money by a purchaser to the
steward of the manor : as an ancient form
adds, after fixing the price of the land to be
paid to the lord, ''Avec les gants de son
sergeant estimetz 20 sols." Thus also gloves
are constantly enumerated among the inci-
dental payments of feudal tenants.

The clerical glove of modem days is often
one of rusty black cotton, with holes in the
finger tips. But, in the Middle Ages, the
glove was the privilege of dignified and opu-
lent chiurchmen. It was embroidered, and
adorned at the back with predous stones.
Nor were these mere useless ornament, for
we read that on the occasion of an act of
sacrilege, the gloves of S. Martialis, in horror
thereat, ''omamentagemmaruminlncem coram
^estibus vomuenint At one time the Roman
See exercised the prerogative of granting
permission to wear gloves. In some " uses,"
gloves were specially ordered to be put on
before the consecration of the Sacrament
The association of gloves with ecclesiastical
dignity survived |he Reformation in England;
for although they ceased to be worn in the

services of the Church, yet as late as
the reign of Charles II. bishops upon their
consecration were accustomed to present
gloves to the archbishop and to all who
came to their consecration banquet. By
an order in council, dated Oct 23rd, 1678,
bishops were directed to pay, in lieu of
gloves, 50/. to the Archbishop of Canterbury
up<Mi their consecration, the money to be
devoted to S^ Paul's Cathedral But the
lavender gloves with golden fringe which so
often adorn their portraits, may still remind
our modem prelates of the ancient glories of
their predecessors.

Besides the dignified dergy, gloves were
worn by the nobles or, at least, by those of
exalted rank. Among the emblems of Im-
perial dignity were purple gloves ornamented
with pearls and predous stones. The Doge
of Venice wore scarlet gloves, as has not
been forgotten by our theatrical managers,
in reproducing the " Merchant of Venice "
at the Lyceum and elsewhere. According to
one story the identity of Richard I. in Austria
was discovered by his gloves. As may be
supposed, ladies were not backward in
adopting the luxury ; and a lady's glove be-
came, like a lady's garter, a fashionable
ornament for the helmet There are allu-
sions to this custom in Shakespeare ; and
Drayton mentions it as having been in vogue
at the battle of Agincourt —

" Tke nobler youth, the common rank above.
On their courveting coursers mounted fair.
One wore his mistress' garter, one her glove.
And he her colours whom he most did love :

There was not one but did some favour wear ;
And each one took it on his happy speed
To make it famous by some knightly deed."

Walpole, in his " Royal and Noble Authors,"
says that Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl
of Oxford, first brought embroidered gloves
over to England in Queen Elizabeth's time.
The queen was so well pleased with the
gloves presented by him that she ordered
them to be reproduced in one of her por-
traits. But the statement that De Vere first
introduced this luxury is of more than doubt-
ful accuracy, for Warton, in his "Life of Sir
Thomas Pope,*' tells us that when the founder
of Trinity visited his college at Oxford, " the
Bursars offered him a present of embroidered
gloves," ^d this was in 1556. The Univer-

A CHAPTER ON GLOVES.

sity also accompanied a complimentary letter
to him with a present of rich gloves. These
gloves, it is mentioned, cost 6^. 8//. a pair.
Lady Pope was presented with another pair.
Indeed the Oxford dons seem to have re-
garded gloves as Lady Pope's special weak-
ness, and to have set themselves to humour
her ladyship accordingly ; for when after the
death of Sir Thomas Pope she married Sir
Hugh Powlett, ihe University sent her another
pair of gloves for a wedding present, costing
this time sixteen shillings. Trinity College,
not ungrateful to its founder and his spouse,
has many entries after the date of 1556 in
the Bursar's books, **pro fumigatischirodiecis,"
for perfumed gloves. Perfume was an essential,
and to preserve it special boxes were used.
"These gloves the count sent me; they
are an excellent perfume," says Hero in
"Much Ado about Nothing." At Court
there was an officer — ^subordinate, it may be
supposed, to the mistress of the robes— called
" mistress of the sweet coflfers."

It is easy to see why a pair of gloves
should be given as a present, but less intel-
ligible why one should be the sign of defiance.
Possibly it was a symbolical staking of the
prowess of the hand to which the glove be-
longed. The custom does not appear to
have been much older than the thirteenth
century, at least in England, for Matthew
Paris, in writing of the year 1245, speaks of
it expressly as French. To hang up a glove
in a church was a public challenge, very much
as a notice affixed to a church door is a public
notice. The challenge by the Queen's cham-
pion, who throws down a glove, still remains
among our Coronation ceremonies.

Mention has been made of embroidered
gloves. These were made ofskin sewn with silk.
The embroidery was sometimes very elabo-
rate, representing scenes from the chase and
the like. As gloves became an article of
every-day use, canons were promulgated to
restrain the clergy from wearing coloured ones,
" rubris seu viridibus seu virgatis." Silk gloves
came early into fashion, especially in the
South of France, and were much worn by
ladies. There is a passage in Du Cange
from which it would seem that whaleskin,
not a very supple material, was sometimes
employed. This was probably the precursor
of the military gaimtlet, and, like the gloves

of the ancient archers, simply a bag for the

hand. Gloves with separate fingers and

covering the wrist were first worn in France

in the time of St. Louis (1215-1270). The

gauntlet was a later invention. If we may

trust a MS. Chronicle of Bertrond Guesclin,

it was known at the end of the fourteenth

century :

" Et riche bacinet li fist — on apporter
Gans k broches de fer qui sont au redouter/'

Skins with the hair on were firequently used
in the Middle Ages as,accordmgtothe passage
of Musonias quoted by Casaubon, they had
been by the ancients. They are firequently
mentioned as having been worn by husband-
men in England. Casaubon notes the cir-
cumstance that the rustics of our day
made use of gloves. There is nothing in
that passage to show that he was speaking
of this country, and he may very possibly
have seen it in France. In England, at any
rate, "the monastery of Bury allowed its
servants two-pence a piece for glove silver
in autumn** (Pegge Misc. Cur); and at a later
date, in Laneham's account of the entertain-
ment of Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth
Castle, in 1575, the rural bridegroom had
" a payr of harvest gloves on his hand as a
sign of good husbandry." Upon the coro-
nation of Petrarch at Rome in 1340 as the
" prince of poets," gloves of otters* skins were
put on his hands, the satirical explanation
being given that the poet, like the otter, lives
by rapine.

The modem ladies' glove of four and
twenty buttons has had its prototype; for
in the fourteenth century the nobility of
France began to wear gloves reaching to the
elbow. These gloves were, at times, like the
more familiar stocking which they must have
much resembled, used as purses. Notwith-
standing their length, it was always looked
upon as decorous for the laity to take off
their gloves in Church, where ecclesiastics
alone might wear them. The custom still
obtains in the Church of England at the
Sacrament, though it is plain that it had not
arisen in this connection in the first instance,
since in the Roman ritual the communicant
does not handle the consecrated wafer. It
was perhaps regarded as a proof and symbol
of clean hands, for to this day persons sworn
in our law courts are compelled to remove

A CHAPTER ON GLOVES.

their gloves. There is probably, too, some
relation between this feeling and a ciuious
Saxon law, which forbade the judges to wear
gloves whilst sitting on the Bench.

The gloves of the judges were, like
those of the bishops, a mark of their rank.
The portraits of the judges painted by order
of the Corporation of London in the reign
of Charles II., and hanging in the courts at
Guildhall, represent them with fringed and
embroido^ gloves. It was probably not
in reference to the judges that a cant term
for a bribe was a " pair of gloves." When
Sir Thomas More was Chancellor, he hap-
pened to determine a cause in favour of a
lady named Croaker, who displayed her
gratitude by sending him a New Year's gift
of a pair of gloves with forty angels in them.
Sir Thomas retiuned the money with the
following letter: "Mistress, — Since it were
against good manners to refuse your New
Year's gift, I am content to take your gloves,
but as for the lining I utterly refuse it"

It was a mark of respect in the Middle
Ages, and even down to our fathers' days,
though now fast disappearing, to remove the
^love in greeting. At several towns in England
It has been the custom from time immemorial
to announce a fair by hoisting a huge glove
upon a prominent place. Writers in Notes
md Queries have mentioned Macclesfield,
Portsmouth, Southampton, and Chester, as
places where this practice exists. Hone
mentions it at Exeter :

Exeter Lammas Fair, — The Charter for this Fair
is perpetuated by a glove of immense size, stuffed and
carried through the city on a very long pole, decorated
with ribbons, flowers, &c., and attend^ with music,
parish beadles and the nobility. It is afterwards
placed on the top of the Guildhall and then the Fair
commences : on the taking down of the glove the fair
terminates.

The explanation has been offered, espe-
cially in the case of Chester, that the glove
was selected as the sign of the fair because
it was a principal article of trade. This is,
however, scarcely satisfactory when extended
to the other places where the usage is ob-
served. But a passage in the " Speculum
Saxonicuro " (Lib. ii. Art. 26, § 6) throws a
curious light upon the question : " No one
is allowed to set up a market or a mint,
without the consent of the ordinary or judge
of that place, the king also ought to

send a glove as a sign of his consent to the
same." The glove therefore was the king's
glove, the earhest form of royal charter, the
original " sign-manuaL"

I conclude this Paper with a query, to
which I can discover no satisfactory answer,
" What is the association between gloves and
a stolen kiss?"

I. S. Leadam.

(w/r>

H Supplementary Chapter on
Booft-^piatefi*

|HE Right Rev. Dr. Mackarness,
Bishop of Argyll and the Isles,
writes as follows with reference to
the subject of " Book-Plates" :—
** As another collector of these silent libra-
rians, so interesting to the scholar, the herald,
and the genealogist, I would ask permission
to supplement the articles which have already
appeared in The Antiquary (see vol. i. pp.
75, 117, and 256), with a few particukrs
from my own collection. Mr. Hamilton
says that 'unfortunately dates are of rare
occurrence on book plates'-^of course he
means on those of the last century, or
earlier. The earliest I possess is (i) that of
Gilbert Nicholson, of Balrath, in the county
of Meath, Esq., 1669. Among later ones
(2), that of Mr. Ambrose Holbech, of Mol-
lington, in the county of Warwick, 1702 (of
this I have a duplicate). (3) Several very
early plates from Cambridge libraries — €,g.^
'Collegium sive aula S. St Trinitatis in
Academia Cantabrigiensi, 1700'; 'Col-
legium, sive aula Marise de Valentia, com-
muniter nuncupata Pembroke Hall in Aca-
demia Cantabrigiensi, 17 — .'

'* Three curious plates from the library o f
the distinguished antiquary. Bishop White
Kennett, illustrating stages of his life. The
first being simply the name White Kennett,
and the device 'jucunda oblivia vitae' — the
second, Wh. Kennett, D.D., Decan, Petrib. —
(4) and the third, W. H : De Burgo St. Petri,
with the mitre, and the date md.ccxx. (5)
John Percival, Earl of Egmont, 1736 ; (6) a
quaint foreign plate of Franciscus Prae-
positus Cann. Reg.: in Polling, anno 1744 —
above 'Juventa levetur* — in the centre around

A SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER ON BOOK-PLATES.

annorial bearings, and curious medallions
'Quoniam suscepisti me, exaltabo Te, Ps.
29;' (7) J. Gulston, 1768; (8) the Honble.
Robert Price, Esq., one of the Barons of Her
Ma'ties Court of Exchequer, 1703; (9)
Guiliel: Parry, S.T.B., ColL Jesu Oxon
Socius. 1725; and (10) Scrope Berdmore,
S.T.P. CoU. Mert Gustos 1790. I have
other less interesting specimens with dates.
To the already quoted appropriate devices I
may add that of Johannes Michael a Loen,
' Scientist ipsae, ignorantise nostrse testes.'

'* Book-plates may actually be valuable as
works of art ; and it b perhaps to be
wondered at that great etchers and engravers
have not more frequently exercised their
peculiar talent on such lighter efforts of their
art in hours of comparative leisure and" re-
laxation. The results would at least have
been more carefully preserved, and better
known to the cultured world, than those of
many other such efforts, and Dibdin might
have added another chapter to his ^ Biblio-
graphical Decameron.' A few such are in
my collection — ^^., a clever etching of a
table with books and writing matenals, by
— I believe — a well-known amateur etcher
of the last century for the * Earl of Aylesford,
Packington, Warwickshire,' and a remarkably
beautiful engraving of a kneeling female
figure pointing to the name of 'Anna
Damer.' Beneath, * Agnes Berry invt et
delt Londini 1793. Frandscus Legat
Sculpsit.*"

Another correspondent, Mr. George J.
Gray, of Pembroke Street, Cambridge, writes
as follows : —

"None of the former writers on this
subject have mentioned as having in their
possession a book-plate dated so early as
1703. I have one of that date which may
perhaps interest them. It is that of the
Right Hoa Francis North, Baron Guil-
ford, 1703. Two leopards holding up a
shield, surmounting is the baron's coronet
and helmet ; underneath the shield is the
motto, *Animo et Fide.' I have also the
book-plate of Petrus de Havilland, a
shield encircled by two branches, within
which are three castles, and * Dominus For-
tissima Turris' underneath. Also, Lieut-
Colonel Thomas Fiott de Havilland, a shield,
one-half of which contains three castles, while

the other half is divided into two sections,
one containing three small castles and three
lions' head^, the other three daggers, while
on the top of the shield is a castle with flag,
and above that, ' In Hac Vexillum Statuo,'
and underneath shield, ' Dominus Fordssima
Tunis,' like Petrus de Havilland's book-
plate. I have also that of Sir John Anstru-
ther, of that ilk, baronet, two eagles or hawks
standing on the motto, ' Perussem Nisi Pe-
hissem,' upholding a shield wherein are three
points, on the top of which is a helmet, with
two arms holding up a battle-axe.

I see that menUon is made of taking the
book-plate from the book. I, myself, have
found one imdemeath another— rfor instancy
in a copy of * Dyer's Cambridge, 18 14.' I
soaked off the book-plate of Rev. George
Williams, and underneath I found the book-
plate of John Adams, who was the second
President of the United State s of America,
and died in 1826. It is a shield divided into
two, with a blank space left in the middle;
the two sides have half an eagle and half a lion,
with wings, in each, on hind legs ; above the
shield is an eagle with wings outspread, and
flowers are scattered round the shield. I do
not know whether collectors of book-plates
find out all about the person to whom the
book-plate belonged to or not, but I, myself
collect as much information as I can about
them, and neatly write it on the mount under-
neath the book-plate. I should like to know
whether there is a proper way to mount book-
plates, as I am about to mount my own, and
of course should like to mount them pro-
perly. I have several other curious book-
plates, &c., which I should be happy to
describe if this one short notice is satisfactory."
Mr. Gray adds that he has acquired a still
earlier specimen, that of the Right Honour-
able Thomas Wentworth, Baron of Raby and
Collnell, of his Maiefties Own Royal Reg**
of Dragoons, i6p8. Supporters : A lion and
a dragon. Shield: three lions' faces, a
chevron, and a baron's coronet, with a dragon
surmounting it; beneath, the motto, "£n
dieu est Tovi."

Mr. K J. Barron, of 10, Endsleigh Street,
Tavistock Square, sends us the following
communication on this subject : —

^< Mr. Hamilton remarks (see vol i. p. 1 18)
that he has never seen a book-plate of Robert

A SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER ON BOOKPLATES.

Southey. I have a little iamo volume of
poems by Matilda Belham, 'Lond: 1808/
which I purchased in 1844 shortly after the
dispersion of the Laureate's library. On the
upper part of the half-title page, in his beau-
tifully neat handwriting, are the words 'Robert
Southey, London, March 15, 1808, from the
Authoress,' and pasted underneath is what
I doubt not was his book-plate. It is a
woodcut engraved probably by Bewick, the
shield resting against a rocky, wooded back-
ground is: — Sal, a chevron, arg., between
three crosslets of the same. The helm is on
one side of the shield with the crest a mailed
hand grasping a crosslet, and hanging over
the other side of the shield is a ribbon with
the motto, ' In labore quies.'

" Let me add to what Mr. Hamilton has
said on the subject, that collectors cannot be
too careful in damping ofif book-plates, where
there is any indication of another plate being
•beneath, as the under one will generally be
found to be the most interesting. I have
a quaint Augsbiug book-plate ' £x Bibliotheca
CoUegii £vangelici, Aug. Vindel^' represent-
ing an open-air discourse in the court, I
•presume, of the college. This I was very
careful in removing, noticing that it covered
apparently another plate, and was well
repaid for my trouble, for beneath it I found
a most interesting heraldic book-plate, with
the inscription, 'Andreas Beham Der Elter,
Anno Domini 1595,' and the mottoes, 'Omnia
a Deo,' 'Cum bonis ambula,' 'OraetLabora.'
Among mottoes I may mention that of Sir
Arthur Helps, 'Auxilia Auxiliis;' 'Solamen
in Solitudine,' 'Ex libris Francisci Perrault
1764;' 'Vive ut vivas,' (Vivian); while a
clergyman heads his plate Yiiih a reference to
Psalm xxxvii. 21."

To the above we have to add the following
remarks by Mr. Edward Solly, of Sutton,
Surrey : —

" As the subject of book-plates has been
brought prominently forward in the pages of
this magazine, I am induced to send a few
remarks, chiefly with a view to obtain the aid
and co-operation of collectors in the arrange-
ment of such information as it is desirable to
get together, in a form which may be practi-
cally useful to others. There is a good deal
to be said about book-plates, and much in-
struction as well as amusement to be gathered

in collecting them. It is very pleasant to
see a collection, and to hear from the maker
of it an account of his roost interesting plates ;
and even a mere description of it with a run-
ning coromentary of remarks and suggestions,
and the thoughts which the memories of
distinguished men thus brought before us
give rise to, is full of interest. For the last
few years I have been hoping to see a Handy
Book of Book-plates, and as I have recently
heard that a writer in The Antiquary has
a book of this kind in hand, or rather is
collecting materials for its publication, may
I suggest how much such a work would be
facilitated if collectors would bring tc^ether
the mass of information which is now scattered
abroad, and only known to individuals?
For example, a list of dated plates would be
desirable, and probably would be much longer
than at first might be expected. I will
commence with a list of English plates having
dates between the years 1700 and 1750.

1 701.
1702.

1703.

>»

»»
1704.

>»
1707.
1708.
1715.

1717.
1720.

t>
1723.
'730.
1734.

»»
1736.
1741.

1743-
1750.

Earl of Essex (two sizes).

Baron Hervey, of Ickworth.

Lord Halifax.

Richard Towneley, Esq.

Ambrose Holbeche, Esq.

Sir John Percival, Bart.

Thomas Knatchbull, Esq.

John Penn, of Pensylvania.

Sir Edward Northey, Knt.

Baron Guilford.

Earl of Leicester.

Sir William Dawes, Bart.

Richard Jones, Esq.

Earl of Rothes.

Baron Percival, of Burton.

Edward Rudd, Esq.

Bishop White Kennett.

Earl of Berkshire.

Samuel Strode, Esq.

James Hustler, Esq.
ohn Lloyd, Esq.
Charles Bush.
Earl of Egmont.
Samuel Strode, Esq.
B. Hatley Foote.
Earl of Clanricarde.

" Many other book-plates might have been
added to this short list, which, though not
dated, bear on the face of them evidence that
they were issued in the first half of the
eighteenth century. Thus, for example, the
plate of White Kennett as Dean of Peter-
borough, showing the family crest which
he then bore, but which he gave up sub
sequently when he was collated to a bish oj^ric

A SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER ON BOOK-PLATES.

must have been engraved in 1708-18, the
period when he was Dean. In this way a
second and longer list of plates might be made,
and added to, or united with, those with
printed dates. The above list is of course
very imperfect, but if collectors would kindly
supply other similar lists, a very useful index
would soon be formed.

" In the various notes on the subject of
book-plates which have lately appeared, there
does not seem to be any reference to what
may be termed different editions. These
sometimes arise from family changes, and
sometimes show curious modifications in
customs or feelings of the time. The book-
plate of Lady Drury is an example of a change
in family circumstances, which at the same
time fixes very nearly its date. Sir Thomas
Drury, of Overstone, Eart., died in 1759,
leaving a widow, Martha, second daughter of
Sir John Tyrell, Bart., of Heron, Essex.
This lady evidendy was a lover of books, for
she had a book-plate engraved in which the
arms of Drury alone are shown, on a widow's
shield, with the motto, non sine causa, and
the name " Lady Drury." This must have
been engraved after the death of her husband,
and therefore after 1759; at this time Lady
Drury had a brother alive. Sir John Tyrell,
fifth and last Baronet ; he died without issue
male in 1766; and then his sister, Lady Drury,
became co-heiress of the Tyrell family. On
this she had a new book-plate engraved, in
which the bearing of the Tyrells is impaled
with that of the Drurys; she died in 1768,
consequently this second plate must have
been engraved in 1766-8.

" The book-plates of the family of Longe, of
Spixworth, in Norfolk, show curious modifica-
tions. Of the lai]ger plate with supporters
there are two editions -, in the first the sup-
porters, which are full-length figures of Ceres
and Bacchus, are practically wholly devoid
of garments, the motto being sine cerere et
Baccho friget Venus, In the second issue,
which is identical in most other points with
the first, the figure of Ceres is fairly clothed
from the neck to the ankles.

" A considerable number of book-plates are
commonly called artistic or pictorial, these
may or may not be at the same time heraldic.
They maybe fairly divided into those which
are pretty, and those which are suggestive, in

the latter an appropriate motto or inscription
often forming an essential part. The old
plates of Dr. M. Griffith and of Evan Lloyd,
are certainly pretty, and the same may be
said of the more modern ones of William
Dobie, Robert Liddell, and Esther M.
Benson. As types of the suggestive plate,
the beautiful ones of C. Walter Thombury
and Mary Barbara Hales, may be mentioned.
*A Collector* will I trust pardon me if I
observe that the book-plate of my good old
friend James Yates, F.R.S., whidi he men-
tions (see p. 77), is of the suggestive class,
and is designed to represent the pure spring
of knowledge, from which the thirsty wayfarer
is invited to take a draught, freely offered to
all — 2i favourite idea with Mr. Yates, and
one which he has right nobly carried out by
his will.

'^ Not the least interesting part of a book-
plate is its motto, and it is probable that the
after life of many a young man has been in-
fluenced by the silent voice of an old family
motto thus prominently brought before him
in the library of a past generation. On these,
and the changes which h.ive been made in
many old mottoes, a very interesting chapter
might be written. It would have been well
for the unfortunate Dr. Dodd if, at the right
.moment, one of his own book-plates had
caught his eye, and he had read the motto
Wise and Harmltss, Perhaps, too, it had
been well for John Wilkes had he remem-
bered the motto on his book-plate, Arcui meo
non cmfedo, at those times when he was all
too ready to use his bow, and to trust to it
alone.

'* In conclusion, one word to collectors,
never take a book-plate out of a book of any
value if by so doing you destroy all evidence
of ownership ; I have just recovered a very
interesting memorandiun relating to Su:
Joseph Bajiks, which, indeed, might have been
of some value, from seeing a lad/s name
'^ Dora '' on the title-page, and an old book-
plate of Hugesson in the cover, which at once
led to the knowledge that the book must have
belonged to Dorothea Hugesson, who married
Sir Joseph Banks, and &at the MS. notes
referred to her celebrated husband."

Another correspondent, "J. H. F.,"
writes : —

^ In addition to the book-{^tes your corre-

A SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER ON BOOK-PLATES,

spondent has quoted with admonitory verses
(see vol: i. p. 249), permit me to add two more
examples. The first is now common, but I
quote it from the original little book tablet
as it was issued for any one to buy and insert
in their books. It measures four inches by
three, and within a filagree border are these
words : —

This Book.
BeloDgs to

If thou art borrowed by a friend,

Right welcome shall he be
To read, to study, not to lend.

But to return to me.

Not that imparted knowledge dbth

Diminish learning's store ;
But Books, I find, if often lent.

Return to me no more.

Read slowly, Pause frequently,

Think seriously, 1

Keep cleanly, return duly,

with the comers of the leaves not turned down.

Printed and Sold by C. Talbot, 174, Tooley Street.

" My second example is an old book-plate
two inches long by three in breadth.
Enclosed in an ornamental double border
are these words —

H. Macdonald.

Fear not, nor soil not ;
Read all, but spoil not.

A good book is a good friend ; he who would in-
jure tlie one, deserves not the respect of the other.

" I have heard of an Irish book collector
who would never lend a book to anybody,
and was so afraid of their getting abstracted
from his library that he inserted in the covers
of all his volumes a book-plate stating * This
Book is stolen from the Library of Timothy
Kelly, Esq., Cork.' Everybody who may
have purchased any portion of his library
would soon remove the book-plate and pro-
bably destroy it, thus rendering it something
siurpassing scarce and curious:"

Another correspondent, "W. B.,'* writes
from Addiscombe : —

"I have read with much interest the
articles in The Antiquary upon * Book-
plates.' I, also, am a collector, and though
my possessions are not very numerous I think
I have some that are uncommon.

'* Of dated specimens (which we are told

in your pages are rare) I possess five
specimens) — viz., ^Henricus Gaiidy Coll,
Reginal. Cantabr., July 1665,' with the
motto ' Hog age Ruit hora ;' * John Selby
Seijeant-at-Law, 1703,' with some handsome
scroll-work ; ' White Kennett, D.D,, Bishop
of Peterborough, 1720,' showing the arms of
the see and his own on one shield, which leans
against an altar formed entirely of books
(this specimen is a rather large one, five
inches by four); 'Robert Foulkes, D.D.,
Canon of Christ Church, Oxon, 1724 ;' and
*Scrope Berdmore, D.D., Custos, Merton
College, 1790.'

" Of celebrated characters^ I have a Bishop
Burnet; a David Garrick (a scroll bearing
his name, adorned with the bust of Shak-
speare, a tragedy mask, a clown's staff, &c.,
with the motto from Menogiana as referred to
in vol. i. of The Antiquary, p. 117); a Sir
Stamford Raffles ; and one of the Rt Hon.
John Hookham Frere, of Roydon, the fiiend
of Byron, and himself a poet, author of

* Whistlecroft,' &C., and conjointly with Can-
ning of the ' Needy Knife Grinder.'

" Oi picture specimens I shall mention two
— (i) a Dutch plate of *L G. M.' engraved
by Fruytiers, with a Latin motto, and a galliot
in full trim heavily ploughing the sea;
(2) the plate of James Hews Bransby (within
the present century), showing an agricultural
scene with a ploughman and a -sower, and
the motto beneath it, * Breve et irreparabile
tempus.' As I have more than one plate
engraved by Fruytiers, I should be glad to
be informed who he was and when he

* flourished.'

" Of miscellaneous ones, I possess the
armorial plates of the Rt. Hon. J. Sulivan,
Under Secretary at War, 1805 ; the Hon.
Richard Howard, afterwards fourth Earl of
Effingham, very handsome in garland work ;
Lord Berwick, 1792; Baron Hobart, after-
wards Earl of Buckinghamshire, circa 1740 ;
and the Rt Hon. Lord Mansel, the title
of which house became extinct in 1750.

"Besides these I possess several foreign
specimens, one Swedish, or Norwegian, of
Yon Troil, and a large plate of * Leopold
Octavius S.R.I. Comitatis de Turre, Vallis
Saxinae,' &c. &c., engraved by Filosi.**

IV^V'^TV'H^V.

RUSSIA IN THE YEAR 1670.

1?u00ia in tbe l?ear 1670.

By An Eminent Traveller.

N eminent person," who resided at
the "Tzar's" Cou^ at Moscow
for nine years in the seventeenth
century^ has left us a by no
means uninteresting account of some of the
domestic and religious eccentricities of the
Russians at a time when their civilization
resembled (far more than it even now does) a
semi-respectable barbarism. The impressions
formed during his term of office appear to
have been jotted down without order or
system, and rather in a haphazard manner,
characteristic of a writer whose ready per-
ception of the ridiculous and intense love of
fun were scarcely kept in check by the
solemn dignity of his official duties. The
original design seems to have been to have
printed the MS. under the title of " Ivan
Vasiloidg," but, as the friend says who com-
pleted the work, "an acute and unkind
disease put a period to that and his life.

But it cannot be insignificant of the
frivolous inanity which prevailed to a great
degree at the time when our author wrote
(the 8th year of Charles II.), that regardless of
the terrible struggle yet fresh in the minds of
every nation of Europe, a man of education
could be found to devote his time and in-
tellect to the recollection and relation of
such a marvellous mass of gross absurdities.
There is a touch of inimitable cynicism in
the lines in which our facile friend prefaces
his lively trochure :

O utinam Ars mores animi depingere p>osset !
Pulchrior in terris nuUa tabella foret.

" The people" be proceeds to describe as
"jealous and suspicious, devoted to their
own ignorance and education, which is alto-
gether illiterate and rude in civil as in eccle-
siastical afiairs ; they look upon learning as a
monster and fear it no less than a ship of
wildfire. Consequently their government is
but poor and contemptible, monarchical and
arbitrary. In its direction and dispensation
their want of written laws has been supple-
mented by precedents ; this * lex non scripta'
principle is ever represented by money, for
a precedent established or a bribe will in
any Court gain the day." He then proceeds
to have a sharp cut at tbe practice of the

Common Law at home, for, comparing English
clerks with the Russian, he says : " They write
rolls at great length to no purpose. All
business takes the form of a petition, which,
rolled up like a wafer, is held out to the
Boyar, or judge, and if he happen to be in
a good temper, he hands it to his Diac, or
clerk, who must be bribed for a remem-
brancer. Murder can easily be bought oflf
with money ; slave or wife kiUing are venial
offences, beneath the notice of the Imperial
Majesty; but the acme of absurdity in
crimind law is reached when it is stated that
though a thousand witnesses prove a man
guilty of homicide, he cannot be convicted
unless he confess the deed. This confession,
however, may be procured by an exquisite
persuasion, called the strappado, in the first
mstance ; in the second, whipping, at which
their hangmen are elegant adepts, being
qualified in six or seven lashes to save the
accused the trouble of walking to the gallows,
by immediate death. If, however, the wretch
persist in his assertions of innocence (for it
may be he has nothing to confess) they let
him loose, set his shoulders, and let him rest
twenty days, only to repeat the former tor-
ment, varying it possibly by pulling out a
rib or two with a pair of hot pincers, and so
* usque ad nauseam.' The punishment of
coiners is conducted on the principle * neque
enim lex justior uUa est quam necis artifices
arte perire sua,' some of the molten coin
being poured down the throat But if to
kill wife or servant be a venial offence, to aim
at a bird under Royal protection is a crime
of far more serious moment A fellow was
once known to take a shot at a jackdaw in
the Imperial Court, but not being an adept
at the art of precision, the bullet glanced
and fell into one of the apartments of the
palace : for this slight error of judgment he
lost his left leg and right hand." While
thousands are now on their way to Siberia,
it may not be uninteresting to relate the ex-
pedients resorted to for the purpose of shorten-
ing their journey. Having been weakened
by secret torments, and started a few hun-
dred versts on the way, numbers were softly
and considerately popped under the ice.
Hanging seems at the present day to be in
greaterfevour than it was two or three hundred
years ago with the Russian executioner, for

RUSSIA IN THE YEAR 1670.

the dull Russ in those days thought if the
malefactor was strangled his soul was forced
to sally forth at the Postern gate, which made
it defUed; but Mr. Marwood could never
have attained to his present dignity, as the
office is hereditary and jealously entailed,
the hangman teaching his children from their
earliest years to strike upon a leathern bag.
The unhappy culprit, however, gives little
trouble to the executioner, himself inserting
his head into the noose, and at Calcraft's
command, throwing himself into eternity.

It will be pleasant to turn from these sad
and sickening details of the Russian penal
law to contemplate with our eminent traveller
the charms and virtues of the Imperial per-
sonage and one of his more gifted ancestors.
At first only " Dukes of Volodimir," they
increased their strength, says our writer, and
possessed themselves of " Moscua." One of
the stoutest of their Princes, the before-
named Ivan Vasiloidg, had certainly many
strange humours, which took various strange
forms, at times in a direction which would
scarcely commend itself to the deliberate
discretion or proprieties of the 19th century.
One day he came to his Chancellor and handed
him a petition, in which he desired him to
make ready without loss of time 200,000
men and arms, adding that he should be
very thankful to him and pray for his health,
subscribing his letter, '* Thy humble servant,

JOCKY OF MOSCUA."

In this expedition he conquered Casan,
1000 versts down the Volga, and the imperial
city of Hobrachan, and took Siberia, 3000
versts away, " one of the best flowers of the
Empire." The people loved well their vic-
torious tyrant, but we question if his Boyars
loved his treatment of their feet equally well.
It was his habit to cairy a stafif with a ver>'
sharp spike at the end thereof, and this in
the midst of discoiurse he would playfully
and powerfully strike through their feet If
they could bear it without flinching pro-
motion was sure and swift ; but the result of
the alternative history telleth not His
whims at other times took a slightly incon-
venient form ; as, for instance, when he sent
a mission to Vologda to exact a tribute of a
colpack of fleas, for as they could not get full
measure he inflicted a heavy fine.

But perhaps the crisis of strange idiosyncrasy

was attained when certain Dutch and English
ladies, who were strangers to the city, and,
we may presume, to the manners of the
Imperial fancy, laughed heartily at certain
mild pranks the famous Ivan Vasiloidg played
at a public festival. He sent for them all to
his palace, and without more ado had them
all reduced to a state of nature, and placed
in that slightly disagreeable condition before
him in the Great Room of his palace. Then
he commanded four or five bushels of pease
to be thrown down before them, and made
them pick them all up. When they had done
this he gave them all some wine, and bade
them be careful how they laughed at an
emperor again.

But the commands of this slightly vexatious
despot seemed at times to have puzzled even
his i^ost faithful commissioners, for on one
occasm, having sent for a nobleman of
Casan, (idled Plesheave (which is, being in-
terpreted. Bald), the Vayod, mistaking the
name or the word, sent for one hundred and
fifty bald-pated old men. More than eighty or
ninety, however, he could not get together ;
so he sent them up speedily to the palace,
with an apology that he regretted he could
find no more in his province, and desired
pardon for the short measure. The Emperor,
astonished at the sight of so many old bald-
pates, devoutly crossed himself. At last one
of the chief men delivered the letter, and the
Diack showed his Majesty the copy of the
letter he had sent to the Vayod, and the
mistake being found out, the baldpates were
made drunk for three days and sent home
again.

All Vayods, however, had not such good
luck, for when one had taken for a bribe a
goose stufiied fuU of ducats, and the complaint
reached the Imperial ears, no notice was
taken of it for some days, and the elated
ofllicer flattered himself he had escaped de-
tection. One day, however, when the Emperor
saw this same Vayod crossing through the
Posshian, or Smithfield, where executions took
place, he commanded the hangman to cut oflf
his arms and legs, and at every blow to ask
him whether the goose was good eating or not

Oil one occasion Ivan Vasiloidg nailed a
French Ambassador's hat to his head for pre-
suming not to uncover in the Imperial pre-
sence. Sir Jerome Boze, the English Ambas-

RUSSIA IN THE YEAR 1670.

sador, coming shortly afterwards, nothing
daunted by the tale of his unfortunate friend,
put on his hat and cocked it right jauntily
before the Emperor, who sternly demanded
how he dared so to insult him, having heard
how he had chastised the Frenchman. Sir
Jerome was a match for the Emperor, and re-
plied that he (the Frenchman) had only repre-
sented a cowardly King of France, " but I,"
said he, "am the Ambassador of the invincible
Queen of England, who does not vail her
bonnet nor bare her head to any prince living,
and if any of her ministers receive affront, she
is able to revenge her own quarrel."

" Look you there," quoth Ivan Vasiloidg
to his attendant Boyars, " there is a- brave
fellow, indeed, that dares do and say thus
much for his mistress ; which booby of you
dare so much for me your master ?"

This made them envy Sir Jerome, so they
persuaded the Emperor to give him a wild
horse to tame, which he did, and so success-
ful he broke and tired him out that the
horse fell down dead under him ; and upon
this asked his Majesty if he had any more
horses to tame. Our friend adds that after
this the Emperor much honoured and loved
" such a daring fellow as he was and a madd
blade to boot."

■ The " Love me love my dog " principle
seems to have had something to do with this,
if we may believe what our historian relates,
that this queer tyrant actually courted the
Virgin Queen with a view to matrimony, and
once, upon a suspicion of treason, fortified
Vologda, and gathered all his treasure there,
with the intention of escaping to Englandupon
extremity.

If we may believe the following story, the
ancient family of Sopotski owed its wealth
and position to the following quaint fancy : —

Wlien Ivan went through the country he
was in the habit of accepting presents from
the poor and the rich. There happenied one
day to be in his route a good honest bask-
shoemaker, who made shoes of bask for a
copeck a pair, but when the Emperor came
he was quite at a loss what to give. His
wife, a woman of ready wit and reserve, sug-
gests a pair of sopkyes, or bask shoes. " That
is no rarity," quoth the man ; " but we have
an huge great turnip in the garden, well give
him that, and a pair of sopkyes too." Great

was his success ; the Emperor was delighted,
and made all his followers buy sopkyes at
five shillings a pair, and wore a pair himself.
So began the wheel of good fortune to tunr
for the Sopotskies, for he soon drove a
thriving trade, and left a great estate behind
him. And in memory of this gallant it is the
custom for the Russians to throw all their old
sopkyes into a tree which stood by his house.
There was a gentleman, however, hard by,
who, seeing the turnip so graciously accepted
and generously rewarded, bethought him of a
like success, and offered the Emperor a brave
horse. But the Emperor, seeing through his
motives, gave him nothing in return but the
aforesaid great and mighty turnip, for which
— as seems not improbable — he was both
abashed and laughed at.

As we have seen, the whims of this inesti-
mable prince took at times slightly incon-
venient, if not disastrous, developments ;
but perhaps never more so than on an occa-
sion which we will now relate.
- Ivan, following the habits of so many
Eastern despots, delighted to go about in
disguise, and test and witness the feelings of
the people towards strangers generally and
the Imperial person in particular.

One night, in disguise, he sought a lodging
in a village near the city of Moscow, but in
vain, for no one would let him in ; but at
last one poor fellow, whose wife was momen-
tarily expecting to become a joyful mother,
opened his door and admitted the apparently
exhausted beggar. In the course of the
night the child was bom, and the vagrant,
getting himself gone, told the man he would
bring him some godfathers next day.
Accordingly, the next day the Emperor and
many of his nobles came and presented the
poor feUow with a handsome largess, and set
fire and burnt up all the other houses in the
village, playfully exhorting the inhabitants to
charity and the entertainment of strangers,
and that it were good for them to try how
excellent it was to be out of doors on a cold
winter night

But one more anecdote of this amusing, if
unpleasant, monarch wi)l supply us with a
fair idea of his versatility and ingenious
readiness.

It was his custom to associate with thieves
and robbers in disguise. Once he went so

RUSSIA IN THE YEAR 1670.

far as to recommend them to rob the Im-
perial Exchequer, ^'for/' said he, '^I know
the way to it" But upon this, in a moment
one of the fellows up with his fist and struck
him a hearty good blow on the face, saying,
" Thou rogue ! Wilt thou oflfer to rob His
Majesty, who is so good to us ? Let us go
and rob some rich Boyar who has cozened
his Majesty of vast sums." Ivan was
mightily pleased with this fellow, and at
parting changed caps with him, bidding him
meet him next morning in the Dravetz, a
place in the Court where the Emperor was
accustomed to pass by, " And there," said he,
" will I bring Uiee a good cup of aqua vitas
and bread." The next morning the thief
was there, and being discovered by his Ma-
jesty was called up, admonished to steal no
inore, preferred to high dignity about the
Court, and appointed Chief Commissioner
of the Detective Force. In our next we
propose to give (with a graphic portrait
sketched by the author fix>m Ufe) some ac-
count of the distinguished descendant of this
inimitable tyrant, at whose Court our eminent
traveller formed some conclusions and ex-
perienced some national practices as novel
as peculiar to the Russian temperament, and
to relate some of the strange sights which
he saw in their religious and domestic life.

F. R.

art tTreadurea at tbe flDanaion

|N Friday evening, the nth of June,
a conversazione was held at the
Mansion House, on the invitation
of the Lord Mayor, at which the
remarkable collection of the gold and
silver plate possessed by the Corporation of
the City of London and the ancient City guilds
was exhibited, together with various charters,
records, and other historical documents of
public interest, which had been lent by
the livery companies of the City of London.
The whole formed a magnificent and rare
exhibition of great value and interest, so large
a quantity of the plate belonging to the
livery companies having never before been
gathered under one roof. The work of selec-
tion and arrangement was carried out by a

committee of gentlemen, including, amongst
others, Mr. Alderman Stiples, Mr. Wilfrid
Cripps, Mr. R. Soden Smith, Dr. Sedgwick
Saunders, and Sir P. CunlifFe Owen. Mr.
W. H. Cross acted as honorary secretary to
the committee. Without exception the livery
companies cordially acceded to the invita-
tions of the Lord Mayor, readily offering their
treasures for exhibition, and giving the com-
mittee every assistance in their work of
selection.

Seldom, if ever, has such a display of gold
and silver plate been collected together as
that which was exhibited on this occasion.
Magnificent displays of this kind are, indeed,
a feature of City entertainments, and upon
certain occasions, like that when the Prince
and Princess of Wales were entertained,
the show of plate contributed by the City
Companies is superb. A buffiet, however,
closely packed with massive articles of gold
and silver, is a gorgeous spectacle, but by no
means affords opportunities for recognizing
the art merits of the individual articles
crowded there. The plate was arranged in
ten great showcases, each containing three
and four shelves, upon which the articles con-
tributed were displayed to the very best
advantage. Knowing that this would be the
case the City Companies all willingly lent
their treasures, and the result was simply
magnificent. Of course the collective show
was but a tithe of the plate of the London
Companies, for many of these possess an
abundance of gold and silver plate which
could vie with that of some Continental
Courts ; but here were gathered the gems of
the collection. The quaint goblets, the grand
'oving cups, the beaker and water dishes,
the mazer bowls, and the staffs with great
silver heads, looking rather like episcopal
staffs, were all collected here, and so placed
that each specimen could be seen and
admired. Not a little, indeed, did the display
owe to the artistic care with which it was
arranged. The plate collection included
nearly 400 specimens, all of which were of
ancient date, as attested not only by the hall-
marks in each case, but, in many instances,
by the quaint and curious inscriptions and
devices upon them. This interesting exhibi-
tion gave some idea of the traditional wealth
of the City Companies, but the plate shown

ART TREASURES AT THE MANSION HOUSE,

was not a tithe of that possessed by the
various guilds, the^^ticles exhibited having
merely been selected from the much larger
collection of modem or less ancient plate
stored in their halls. Nearly all the guilds^
with ready courtesy, placed their collections
on loan at the disposal of the Chief
Magistrate.

The companies represented were the
Armourers and Braziers, the Barber-Suigeons,
the Blacksmiths, Broderers, Butchers, Car-
penters, Clockmakers, Clothworkers, Coach-
makers, Cooks, Coopers, Cordwainers, Cutlers,
Distillers, Drapers, Fanmakers, Goldsmiths,
Grocers, Haberdashers, Innholders, Iron-
mongers, Joiners, LeathersellerSjMercers, Mer-
chant-Taylors,Needlemakers,Painter-stainers,
Pewterers, Saddlers, Sal ters. Shipwrights, Skin-
ners, Spectacle-makers, Stationers, Tallow-
chandlers, Tilers and Bricklayers, Vintners, and
Weavers. The Fishmongers* Company were
the only prominent guild unrepresented. The
articles comprised magnificent loving-cups^
punchbowls, tankards, ^peignes, flagons,ladles,
rose-water dishes, salt-cellars, coffee-pots,
ewers, snuff-boxes, apostle spoons, and beadles'
staves. In the centre of the Egyptian Hall
stood a great glass showcase, in and on which
were disposed the plate in use at the Mansion
House, Corporation plate, and picked speci-
mens from the more massive articles sent by
the Companies, the result being a really
wonderful trophy of gold and sSver work.
The gems of this collection were the wonder-
ful helmet-shaped ewer and the great salver,
both lent by the Goldsmiths' Company, of
Paul Lamerie, and the best examples of the
goldsmith's work. They are of the date 1 741 ,
a century at least later than the bulk of Uie
articles exhibited, and the style of art is more
ornate and showv than that of the work of
the older smiths, but in workmanship it yields
to none; and there is a boldness and a
vigour which place the salver and ewer quite
alone among the many hundreds of pieces of
massive plate.

The Corporation exhibited a number of
charters granted by the Kings of England,
commencing with two charters of William I.,
and including the charter of King John,
granting the shrievalty of London and
Middlesex to the citizens of London, and
dated 1 1 99. A second charter of King John,

dated 12 14, granting the citizens of London
the right to elect their Mayor, was also
shown. Amdngst the other objects of his-
torical interest were books, pictures, and
drawings of old London ; autographs, includ-
ing a deed signed by Shakspeare ; and an
account of the christenings and deaths during
the year of the pestilence, 1665. The Cor-
poration also exhibited the City jewelled
sceptre, tendered to Sovereigns on the occa-
sion of Royal visits to the City; the City
purse, symbol of the cash in the City ; and
the plate in use at the Mansion House. The
Bohemian astrological clock, fabricated at
Prague by Jacob Zech, a.d. 1525, was lent
by Sie Society of Antiquaries. The Barber-
Suigeons' Company appear to have laimched
into the luxury of silver plate at an earlier
epoch than did most of the other corporate
bodies, or, if it did not do so, it has at
least been more fortunate in preserving its
distinct plate. The grace cup and cover,
silver-gilt, presented to the Company by
Henry VIII. (hall-marked 1523), and the
Royal oak cup and cover, in silver, presented
to them by Charles II., in 1676, both at^
tracted much attention* The Armourers and
Braziers' Company was very strongly repre-
sented in the older part oif the collectioou
This Company lent, amongst other things, a
large mazer bowl, silver-mounted, hallmarked
1578-9; the wooden bowl, presented by
Everard Frere, the first master after the in-
corporation in 1453 ; standing cup and covei^
silver-gilt, the gift of John Richmond,
fifleenth-century work ; the Owl Pot, brown
stone ware in form of an owl, given in 153^7
by Julyan, wife of William Vyneaxd ; beadiest
staff, surmounted with representation of St
George and the Dragon, date 1658. The
grace cup and cover lent by the Mercers'
Company — a very fine specimen of work-
were, with the Henry VIII. cup, in the case
on the left of the entrance, which contained
the oldest specimens of plate present — for
the display was arranged chronologically.
The Blacksmiths' Company contributed a
case containing specimens of work in iron ;
the Broderers' Company a cup and cover,
silver gilt, presented by John Parr in 1606,
made at Niunemberg; the Butchers' Com-
pany a silver beaker, the gift of Richard
Taylor (hall-marked 1669). The Carpenters'

AjRt treasures at the mansion house.

Company contributed four standing cups,
silver gilt, and four garlands (or caps) of the
roaster and wardens of the Company. The
Clockmakers' Company sent a case contain-
ing specimens of ancient watches, &c. The
Clothwoilcers' Company exhibited a standing
cup and cover, silver, presented by Samuel
Pepys in 1677, hall-marked same year; also
a standing cup and cover, silver, presented
by Daniel Waldo in 1655, hall-marked same
year ; and a large Monteith, or punch-bowl,
with buirs-head handles, presented by Sir J.
Bull, hall-marked 17 18. From the Coach*
makers' Company there was a large flagon,
silver-gilt r«pousse, with arms of the Company,
presented by R. Cheslyn, about 1685 ; a large
flagon, silver-gilt, presented by J. Jacob in
1693; and a beadle's staff-head, silver,
dating from about 1677. The Cooks' Com-
pany contributed a cup and cover, presented
by E. Corbett in 1676, hall-marked 1675 5
and also a cocoanut cup, hall-marked 1588.
The Coopers' Company sent a Monteith, or
punch-bowl, fluted, presented by Frances
Lovedayin 1705, hall-marked 1704; and a
cup in form of a barrel, on tall stem, Basle
hall-mark. The Cordwainers' Company a
flat-lid tankard, the gift of Thomas Palfray
in 1666, hall-marked 1667, &c. The Cutlers'
Company a cup and cover, silver-gilt, pre-
sented by G. Clarke in 16 16, hall-marked
1607 ; salt, in form of an elephant, presented
by R, Cairington in 1658. The Distillers'
Company a silver coffee-pot, presented by T.
Hardwidcein 1778, hall-marked 1773; ^^^
also a silver tankard, presented by }. Woods
in 1700, hall-marked 1700. The Drapers'
Company contributed several handsome cups,
one presented by W. Lambardi in 1578, hall-
marked 1578-9 ; a silver cup and cover, pre-
sented by John Walter in 1656 ; a silver cup
and cover, presented by John Taylor, hall-
marked 1699 ; and a silver voiding knife,
presented by Sir Edward Barkeham ; lunette,
or breast ornament, of pure gold, found on
the compan/s Irish estate. The Fanmakers'
Company: beadle's staff-head, silver, 1726.
The Goldsmiths' Company : Helmet-shaped
ewer, by Paul Lamerie, hall-marked 1741 ;
great salver, by the same, hall-marked 1741
(very massive) j tall German cup and cover,
Augsburg, sixteenth-century work ; salt, gift of
Kjdiard Rogers in 1632 ; another salt, gift

of Simon Gibbon, in 1632. The Gt^pcts*
Company: Two standing cups and coVens;
presented by John Saunders, who died in
1669, hall-marked 1672 and 1764. The
Haberdashers' Company: Pair of loving
cups, silver-gilt, with frosted surface, the gift of
Thomas Stone, hall-marked 1649 ; silver-gilt
circular salt, presented by Sir Hugh Ham-
mersley 1636, hall-marked 1635 > silver-gilt
standing cup, embossed with three scenes
from the Book of Tobit, presented by Mr.
Thomas Juall 1629, hall-marked 1629;
waterman's silver badge, dated 1689. The
Innholders' Company : Standing cup, silver-
gilt, presented by Grace Gwalter^ hall-marked
1599; salt-cellar, silver, gift of Richard
Reeve in 1748, hall-marked 1657. The
Ironmongers' Company : Pair of maize bowlSi
mounted in silver gilt On a raised boss at
the bottom of each bowl are the Company's
arms enamelled in their proper colours^
fifteenth century; cocoanut cup, or hanap,
mounted in sSver-gilt frame on a fluted stand,
late fifteenth century. The Joiners' Com-
pany : Eighteen ancient silver spoons ; loving
cup and cover, hall-marked 1770. The
Leathersellers' Company: Two drinking
cups, silver parcel-gilt, presented by George
Humble, 1640; rose-water dish and ewer,
silver-gilt, presented by Bentley, Augsburg
hall-mark ; two garlands of the masters and
wardens of the Company. The Mercers*
Company : Grace cup and cover, ornamented
with maidens' heads and flagons, the badges
of the Company, hall-marked 1 499-1 500;
silver-gilt tun or wine-barrel with waggon,
formerly belonging to College of St Thonnas
of Aeon, early sixteenth century; pair of
loving cups, silver, gift of Governor and
Company of Bank of England in 1718, hall-
marked 1694 ; epergne, silver, gift of
National Debt Commissioners in 1794, hall-
marked 1794; "Evidences of Dean Colet*s
Lands," MS. book of early part of sixteenth
century ; Original Ordinances of Whittington
College, illuminated ; Original Ordinances of
Dean Colet for St. Paul's School, with por-
trait of the dean. The Merchant Taylors*
Company : Beadle's mace, silver ; standard
yard measure, silver ; two silver loving cups,
with handles and covers, presented by Thomas
Roberts in 1795, hall-marked 1795. The
Needlemakers' Company: Rose-water dish

ART TREASURES AT THE MANSION BOUSE.

and e.#er, sflver-gilty presented by Thomas
ELing in 1809, hall-marked 1799 ; two sQver
salt-ceDarSy hall-marked 1693 and 1705;
charters. The Painter-stainers' Company:
Silver cup and coyer, bequeathed by Mr. W.
Camden, hall-marked 1623; salt (in diree
pieces), gift of Mr. J. B^ton, hall-marked
1635 $ ^^^ spoons, seal-topped, hall-marks
fiom 1560 to 1590. The Pewterers' Com-
pany: Silver-gilt caps and cover; beadle's
stafthead, silver; two touch-pktes of the
pewter manufacturers (now oat of use)> The
Saddlers' Company : Cocoanut cup, gift of
T. Laybome in 1627, sixteenth century work,
subject, ''Life of Christ/' rose-water dish;
four tall salt-cellars, &c.; mace, silver-gilt,
presented by John Heylin in 1711; ballot
box, given in 1619, for three bam of cork.
'tht Salters' Company : Tea urn ; rose-water
dish ; tankards, 1716; a bill erf fueof 1506^
showmg a dinner for fifty persons given at a
cost Qi£2 lis. 6d. The Shipwrights' Com-
pany : Thto silver-gilt cups, with handles and
covers, date 1808 ; sflver-gilt Lubeck Shipr
pers' cup and cover, foreign; silver claret
jug, Indian. The Skinners' Company : Pea-
hen cup, silver, presented by Mary Peacock
in X642 ; two Cockayne loving cups, silver-
gilt, bequeathed by William Cockayne, haU-
marked 1605 ; a silver snufif-box, in the
slLq>e of a leeward, the Compan/s crest, the
gift of Koger Kemp, master, in i6ia The
Spectademakers' Company : Silver cup, Irish,
DubUn hall-marked 1726. The Stationers'
Company: Two cups, silver, presented by
Thomas Davies, hall-marked 1676; two-
handled cup, diver, presented by Elizabedi
Crook, hall-marked 1674, and several other
intending pieces of plate. The Tallow-
chandlers' Company : Rose-water dish, sQver,
seventeenth century; baxge-mastei's badge,
silver, filmed; grant of supporters, 1602,
filmed, under hand and seal of William
Camden, Clarendeux. The Tilers and
Bricklayers' Company: Three silver fish
slices, shaped like bricklayers' trowels, hall-
marked 1770 ; beeches Bible, and old Bible,
with padlock and chain. The Vintners'
Company : Square salt and cover, silver-gilt,
presented by J. Powell in 1702, hall-maiked
1569; small wine cup, of silver, in shape of
a female carrying a milk-pail, fcmning two

1; tankard,stonewarC| mounted

VOL. II.

in silver gilt^ widi cover, hall-^naiked 1562 ;
cocoanut cup, mounted in silver gilt, orna-
mented with p i neapples, &c., h^maiked
1518-1519 ; embroidered pall, purple silk,
brocaded in g(dd, fifteenth centoiy ; tapestiy,
fitamed and grazed, originally made for Can**
terbury Cathedral, a.d. 1400. The Weavers'
Company: Beadle's mace^ silver, Tudor
period ; the Compan/s chatter (Henry II.),
attested by Tliomas i Becket In almost aJl
cases more objects than those enumerated
were sent by the Companies named, but time
prevents us firom particularizing them now.

Amongst other contributions were a Dog-
gett'smiUL<i^> and tube of silver, dated 1715;
a pegged tankard of silver, beanng the Swe-
dish hall-mark of 17179 and an Indian cup,
cover, and stand. These were lent by lAx.
J. R. Vallentin, Master of the Distillen'
Company. A case containing thirteen
A]>06tle spoons, and other spoons and forks,
was lent by Mr. W. Pitman, C.C In die
vestibule were three cases of Japanese art
work in« metal and lacquer, lent by Mr. C
Pfoundes, who also exhibited a large num-
ber of specimens of Japanese art in the
drawing-rooms. Amongst other beautifiil and
rare objects, some of which were lent by the
Society of Antiquaries, were silk embroi-
deries, paintings on silk, albums of native
sketches and paintings, and specimens of
ancient and modem pot^ry. At the entrance
to the State drawing-room were hung two
large and rich paintings on silk, representing
die death of Buddha. Several specimens of
rare Mikudzu ware, pottery in rdief, and
delicate jewellery and enamel woric, were
also shown by Mr. Pfoundes. The guests,
who lacludpd representatives firom s^ die
learned societies and the City companiee,
were received in the saloon oa ibgat arrival
by the Lord Mayor and the Lady Mayoress.
It was a source of much regret that tte ex«
hibition lasted only for tkit one eveniujg.
All the articles, without a single loss or mis-
hap, were returned to their various owners
next day.

We are g^ to place the above notice of
this intaresting exhibition on permanent re-
cord in Th£ Antiqujiry ; but we must add
that for many of the particolars we are in-
dd>ted to the notices which appeared in the
Times, ^ SUmdard, and the CUy Press.

OUR EARLY BBLLS.

ATEVER, may have been die
custonu rdative to bells and bell-
ringing, or the origin oCbelli Bi ' i'W y
other nationi, the uses and putposei
of bell* among ourselves have had their share
in the larger histoiv of the changes and de-
velopment of that civilization under which we
are privileged to dvelL

That bells or their substitutes have been
! ^n^ are used among all nut'OTUt, from the
times of the earliest records, mingled with
customs connected with war, re-
ligion, and domestic life, has been
sbmm on many occa^ons, both
in the highly oiltivated tastes of
a civilized people, and in the
rites, ceremonifM, and aistoms of
barbaric hordes.

There can be but little doubt
but that the Phoenicians intro-
duced their customs and reli-
gion into our country in very
early times, and Market Jew
Street, or Maiazion, near Fen-
xance, is a name which tells the
tale of their intercourse and set-
tlement Always wandering,
searching trading, and coloniz-
ing,as Cadmus widi his followers
when he went into Greece, the^
brougbthither the marks of their
hnguage and lettets. their refine-
ment and customs, as well as the
relics of their religion, and pro-
bably their gongs or bells. The
dnyia, or harp-lyre, was used
along with bells or gongs in the
rejoidngs oi the mouinfid wail- "'"

logs and mysteries of Ashtareth ; to diis day
the joyous bells of England may be found
sounding in concert with the bardic harps
of Wales.

The Druids were introduced, as it has
been said, about B.a looo into Britain ; and
Druidism was but Baalism, or the worship
of the sun and the host of heaven, which
was identical with Hebrewism before the
exit of Abraham from his father's home.

The Carthaginian descendants of the Phoe-
niciaas also mtioduced Baalism into South

were used long before the time of Colmnbot
or even that of Ciesar.

The Welsh used to sing, in days gone bj,
of their Ttaitan aocestiy, having amtmned
the bardic tales left Uiem by the Saionide*, or
bards, who acted immediately nnd^ the direc-
tion of the Diuidical Brahmins, the great
ministers of religion ; and these were accom-
panied by lyre and harp, and probably by (7m-
bals, gongs, or betls, to summon the nijwr^bliftt.

There was, it is said, but little dtfiercace
between the Magi of Persia, the RrahTni n^ of
India, and the Druids of Britain. The occo-

ipation of the bards was to
the actions of their iUustriooa
men in heroic vase ; and among
each of the former both gongs or
metal basins and beJu were
mixed up with their acts of wof.
shipL

Wherever the sun and fiie
have been adored, there has also
been an accompaniment of bells
in the scenes and ntuscs at- ,
tendant on the human sacri-
fices offered to the dcitiei.
Not long since a bell and s
metal speculum were found in
an ancient Japanese fire temple,
specimens of the instnunents
used in early times in other fiie
temples, probably in Britain,
where the sacred bell was used
for calling the assembly together,
and the speculum, aa among
the Greeks and Romans, iot
' " • ' ' " ■ producing the sacred flames.
'TTH cioTAL OK The bcUs and other instm-
""- ments which were used by

Druids, fire priests, and baids, were hcdy ;
the fetish bells of Africa are holy, and
by them such priests divine. DivinatiOD
by bells and cups, as the cup of Joseph, in
Egypt — and what is a bell but a cup inverted ?
— naturally led the common people of outer
castes to esteem them highly for their work's
sake. It cannot be a matter of great wooda
in these days to find that among the Celts
the holy bells which came into their hatMls,
and were used by their priests, were supposed
to possess miraculous powers, and were above

America, and in both cases bells or gongs all things particularly sacred.

OUR EARLY BELLS.

But leaving the gongs, cymbi^s or.bells of
the Dniidical mysteries of Ashtareth, let us
pass on to the smaller bells connected with
our earliest records. When Oesar with his
retinue arrived at the coast of Britain, to satisfy
his curiosity and his ambition (b.c 55), he
found the white chalk difb of the island bolder
inaspectthanhehadanticipated; and although
he had made up his mind that conquering was
an easy task — ^that but a feeble resistance
would be made by the painted natives — it was
with discomfort that he saw the masses of
^speared warriors with scythe^axled chariots
upon|the clifi waiting fbr.him, and heard
the tinkling bells upon the spear shafts of his
barbarous foe.

The sounds of theise tinkling belh, were
but as those attached to the inner parts of
the shields of Rome's neighbouring foes in
Greece. They did not secure the victory,
neither did the native warrior^ have the chance v
to shake and ratde their spear bell% as di4
the Goths, who, when accompanied by the
noise of timbrels, shook bells in honour of
their gods, who gave them success in battte.
The custom and practice of ringing bells m
the times of victoi^ )ias, however, lun
through the veins of Bntons; for we do it slili
-^not at all times, perhaps, in the most ap-
proved manner when ecdesiastical bells are
used for political victories.*

No sooner hadtheRomans settled in Britain
than the groves and caverns had to give way

* Qooting firom the Rbv. H. T. Oacombe's
"Bells of the Churdi,'* we leam, from Lingaid's narra*
tite of the expedition to England of tho Emperor

" When the army mored from York, tht selactioa
of the commander,- the number of the legiooaand aiud*
liary cohorts, and the long trains of carriages laden
with provisions or implements of war, prodaimed the
determination of the Emperor to sabdue if not to ex-
termhiate aU the lebeUioos tribo in the north. The
Britons were bat ill-prorided against so formidable an
invasion. They poKessed no other ddienstve annoor
than a narrow tamt. Their weapons were a dirk, an
tmwieldj sword hanging from the waist by an iron
chain, and a short lance, from one extremity of which
was suspended a bdU^

"^The above cut is reduced from an engraving in
Speed's « Theatre of Great Britaine^' fol. 1676. It
purports to represent an ancient Briton. Though
Speed refers to no authority,* it arnes with the desoip-
tioQs given by Dion Cassras. Certainly these round
CrotaT bells in figure resemble an applet and this in-
strument was evidently faitended to make a rattUng
Doise when shaken,"

to more refined places of assembly, for more
artistic expfessions and rites of the worship of
" lords many and gods many," to which the
people were summoned by&e sound of .bdl^
qrmbals, or sistnuns. llie small spear-bdl
gave way to the larger hand-bell of the Roman
sentinel, who marked his journeys, if not the
hours of the night, by the sound of his bell
when passingit on to his neighbouring guards-
man. The Druids' oak gave way to Diana's
temple on Lud's hill, as well as at other places.

llie forms and ceremonies of the (Apvr.)
Drus assemblies of the forests gave way for
the processions of Cybele^ the holy-day festi-
vals of the PanAeon deities. The natives saw
the effects of the tuition given by the refined
inhabitants of Greece to Uie childroi of their
Roman victors, combined with their natural
energy, hard work, and strong win No longer
were the forests and patiis blocked with the
butts of trees ; the way was open, thesecretly-
((uarded entrances to their groves and caverns
^ve way to better and clearer roads, estab-
lished markets and market-places, fUnerals,
weddings, and public worship attended by
bells and bell-ringers.

Tlie Romans were ever careful to foster
relipon, for they considered that by it good
laws were produced ; from good laws they
considered that they might expect good
fbrtone, and from good fortune a good end in
whatever they undertook, and to this end they
laboured. It was not at all difficult for them
to introduce dieir various orders of priests and
vestals, for these were but the kindred of the
r^ds and Druidesses, and their sacrifices
were in some respects sirnilar to those to which
thepeoplewere accustomed ; for example, the
augurs, interpreting dreams and oracles by
thunder, lip^htning, birds, beasts, the spilling of
salt, sneezmg, &c., would be very welcome to
those who hul resorted to the astrological and
other drrinations of other priests.

The processions of the order of Salii, in
the month of March, singing and leaping,
and shaking their armour; the vestals re-
kindlmg their sacred fire with their burning
mirrors on the first of March, by the un-
polluted rays of the sun ; the procession of
Cybde's priests with the noise of pipes, tim-
brels, and cymbals, with yelling, howling,
and cutting their flesh in honour of the
Mother of gods; the saoifidng priests, with

c t

OUX EAUiy SELLS.

their pomp and sboir, yaf soon attracted
the inubitants of these iilindi. Added to
diat the Ganli, Britoni, and Germmi 0odced
into the amir *^ ^* Romaos and into Rome ;
Oe way ma opened for that ftotber inter-

light, or by the fitneral mnsia la t^ mar-
kets and on die honee were bdfai; ihe
dinner, the bath, and the crien' beOa be-
came known, and in most caaei ttatia to
llie present day.

Sutra and cymbals found their |daee m
Britain for various purposes. It is evident tlutt
ststrtmu were the appendages of tlM Egyptin,
Phoenidan, and Greek priesta; tbeae wflft
tacred instruments, to be used oolj hf
priesta or vestals of ttie sacred oompany
caMe, or (ffder, and had the special vntiie
of driving away evil spirits, typhon, Ae devfi,
diseases, thunder, lightning, stoma, and
winds, by arousing Diana, ot bis, who bad
the power over winds and waves givsn to hflr
tnr Jupiter, a kind of sacred and metBO i o to -
gical instrument, in which, as Fhtbueh Ibbs
said, the common people in his time^ In
Egypt; thoroughly believed — ^who forgot that
the goddess had .t^ powa^ and ascribed it to
the^Sell or sistiuni which wis dedicated to ha.

mtlft Stum* Autft^ma.

course and adoption of the manners and
cttstoms of the Romans by the Britons, lAich
naturally led to thnr extended uses of bells,
sistra, and cymbals.

It was an acknowledged custom that the
boan which were brought to the sacrifice
in honour of Diana, in Augast, should have
a (sanctus) bell attached to their necks, and
such sanctus bells are to be found now.

Before the gates and doors of their nian>
noQS and temples were opened, a ring of the
bell was to be heard ; the priest rung a hand-
bell, or sbtrum, to call tlw people to sacri-
fice; the bellman went before s funeral

Fram • tm^tOlfm df KiAih, iifitdMm Dr. V. StmUlft
DkHmmrj^fAtttitmtin. \

The priests of Isis, in Italy, were, in. wtatae
cases, supported by endowmenti, founded
by wealthy Roman .families ; but Ac gremto
part were begging priests, who, clad in white
garments and with heads shaved, teoeked
at the doors with their sistra, ^ptt»amOaii%
the common people that no crime «te M
enormous as that of refusing charity.
Some fd these priests, there can be M
>, doubt, found their way to Britain, and taioght
, . their lessons with the sounditw aam,

processidn to keep off the crowd, tnd to during the 500 years of Roman nde, or, at
denote to the Flamen Dialis to keep out of least, during the ago ?«•" of pagan w — "-^
I be pcdluted widi the Cymbals were not only used by tbv

the way, lest he should t

OUR EARLY SELLS.

aod daughter? of Cybele, in remembrance
that their goddess had taught them that
husbandmen must not lie still, as there was
alwap something for them to do; but abo at
weddings, and other festivals of rejoicing,
they were in use as bells arc at the present
time.

In the second century, when Christianity
had taken root in Britain, King Lucius,
having beoi instructed in the faith at Rome,
and seeking the welfare of his countrymen,
airanged with his teacher for some native
converts to be instructed so as to be em-
ployed as missionaries, the pagan temples
became Christian sanctuaries and many were
baptized. This caused the persecutions of
Diocletian, and prevented the spread of the
use of bells in Christian assemblies. The
native Christians of Angleland then fled, and

were retained in identical form: as sanctus,
prayer, funeral, and wedding bells.

Although the Saxon robbers again per-
secuted Uic Christians, demolishing their
churches, yet when Augustine came with his
followers to reduce the pagan temples into
Christian churches, the hand-bells were again
in the hands of the priests for ecclesiastical,
funeral, and wedding purposes.

In 614, we are told by the Venerable
Bede that Begu, of Whitby Abbey, on a sud-
den heard the sound of a bell in the air which
used to awake and call her sister to prayers.
So it is found that Ae prayw bell was incon-
stant use in Angletand at this period.

The bishops carried their bells, and in
some cases made them with their own hands.
Dunstan, who was skiliiil in metal work, has
been celebrated as a bell maker about 943,
these in some cases bemg of beaten work
(ri\etcd) in iron and in bronze, and in others
cast in metal to particular forms.

I Hoiu and Wales the sacred assemblies

e summoned by these sounds. But when

mstantine ordered that the temples should

used for Christian worship and practices,

iesc were assimilated to the pagan acts and

"" so that there was but little difference be-

I them : pompous and splendid ritual,

rgeous robes, mitres, tiaras, crozicrs, images,

-'s, pictures, and bells became general. And

I bells the significant uses and purposes

Benedict went ovu' to Caul and brought
to England all things necessary for the
church and altar, including sanctus bells for
Christian worship.

Manyof these early bells received the names
of saints, who were supposed to call by their
sounds, and were supposed to be possessed
of miraculous powers. All the early mis-
sionaries were thus provided. St. Patrick,
St. Colomba, and others, as Sl Francis
Xavier in more modem times.

Before the more general introduction of

»s

OUR EARLY BBLLS.

the laiger bells, and indeed in Suton and
Nonnan times, the office of bell^riiiger was
aot deputed to an unqualified person, or a
raereyoath. Egbert made a Jaw <* that every

E'est, at the proper hoius, was to ring the
Da of his own dmrch."
The old Bsyenx tapestry, which has been
accepted aa a woit of the period of the
Conquest iDostrates this '&ct, and proves
Utat the fimeral piocesstbn still retained
the Roman custom ; for in that - portion

which depicts the advance of the Pro-
cession of the funeral of Edward the Con-
fessor to Westminster, in marked um-
plidty, as Bruce says — " no gilded cross k
borne before the body \ no candles, lighted
or unlisted, are earned in procession. The
attendimts, clerical and lay, wear their ordi-.
nary dresses. Two youths go by the side of
the biet ringiiig bells."

(/ (tttnjrtm *n, J. C. ana:

tuMt tf Ou BartMji TiMBtrr limtrUd by t tn m i M iit m), n

pannier Bllei?.

■N aa htvesting Puper, "The Tradi-
tioD of Londoo Ston^" by Mr. H.
C Coot^ die learned aathor of
"The Rotoua of Britain,*' is an
incidental refereoce to a much eartiermeiitum
of another " stone" in London, endcntly also
of public notoriety. The passage is quoted
from "Codex Diplomaticus," No. cccxvi.,
dated A.D. 889, which contains a grant by
King Alfred to Weiefrith, Bishop of Worcester,
of " in Lundonia. unam curtem, quae verbo
tenus ad antiqumn pctrosum aedifidnm, id est,
ad Hwaetmundes stane a ctuibus appellatur,
a strau publica usque in murum eiusdem
duitatis, coius longitudo est perdcaium xxvi
et latitudo," &c

Mr. Coote's purpose in quotuig tim passage
is to support his position that in the first vear
of lUng Richard 1., when Heniy Fitz-Aylwin

is described as "de Loodone Stane," no
reference is made to the wdtknown stone in
Cannon Street, bat to a stone houseor mansion
to distinguished, in which he lived. " For the
word 'stone,' in its secondary sense, meant
a stone house ;" and the passage above copied
from the diarter of a.d. 881), is quoted as an
earher example of this secondary use of the
word " stone " aa for a stone house. May not,
however, the "antiquum petrosum aedtficium"
of the earlier charter be any ancient stone
monument — a pillar, a pyramid, or erection
of any kind; a monolith even? If so, what
is the meaning of the vernacular name, ttf the
ancient stone, quoted in the charter ?

In Devonshire, a lar^e basket, such as in
other parts of England is called a " hamper,"
is scarcely known otherwise than as a
"maund." Will not this help to interpret
the name "Hwaetmundes stane " as " Wheat-
maund's-stone ?" and was this already ancient
stone an antecessor of the sctilpturcd stone
in Pannier Alley, Newgate Street? This

PANNIER ALLEY.

»3

•tone, with its figure of a man or boy sitting
upon 3 pannier or maund, and the date i6SS,
is as well known as " London Stone " itself^
uid has been often engraved. See, for
example, " Hone's Ever>-- Day Book," ii 1135.
Moreover, the " curtis " of the grant seems
to include a larger piece of land than is
accounted for by supposing it to have been
a house i and is described as having the
usages, rights, and appliances of a public
market, which are included in the grant of
it to the Bishop. The charter continues
** . . . et intro umam et tnitinam ad mensu-
landum in emeodo stue uendendo ad usum,
nue ad necessiutem propriam et liberam
omnimcKlis habeat ;" but while tolls of sales.

aller the Fire, in order to transmit, to our
end of the millennium, the tradition of the
"antiquum petrosum jedificium," or wheat-
maund's-stone, which marked the pitching
place of cereal produce, or Die ancient raeal*
market — a market -cross, in &ct? Or is
there any oJier trace of ancient interests of
the Bishops of Worcester in Newgate Market,
or of any of their possessions in London that
nuy otherwise have been the subject of the

gnmt?

Thomas Kerslaxk

TJ» ^^

\S\t AT KlLUsniN.

r^foris uel in strata publics sen in tipa emplo-
Ijali," shall go to the King; "si inius in
loirte pnedicta qnislibet emerit uel ueadi-
Kderit," the tolls shall be paid to the said
I Bishop of Worcester.

I The historians of London aay that, before
■ the Fire of London, Newgate Market was
rkept in the open Newgate Street, except that
Ifiiere was a market-house only for meal
■'Was the pannier stone of i633 placed there

'Kevicwd.

Ettiy CiniHiM ArtikiUatire it Irdand. Bj

MXKOABKT STOKES. (G. BeU & Sow.)
Though mote than a, ye»c has elapsed since lt«
■□pemncc thii book descrres ■! the lost tome Aon
notice hcie, as one of the moO. vataabLe coulribatknn
to atchitectiual vA arckcological likre. A >pe6al
inlenst attaches to the »ntil]r of the Chotch Ardutce-
lure of Ireiand before il ceased to be essentially It«h.
not so much because It was ropcrior to that <rf o«l»er
countries belong to the Western Ouucb, *s be<;auie

•4

JIEVJEWS.

^^-^^^S^MpjBppI

COmiAc'S tllAPKl, CASUS

p,^,..:,,;A>;rf^^^,^-^^i

S^^^^^^^^^P^

s oii\\e early niQDlu, It^ther

/f£y/EiVS.

no portion of Europe is richer in remains of the work and the first

ofthe£iith,«eventb,dghtli, ninth, and iMitbcentniiFs! wilh Uw gradual CTuwIh ofarchilectnral oi .

and because nowhere ebe can be traced so well Ihe Ihe erection of the Round Towers, cimpuijles, on-

derelopraent of besutiful naults (roni early and rode Kmet, ftc., liU she conies to Ihe Irish Ronuncscjue

bcfinnin^. In illustrWion of this sltlemcnl, Mis style; whidi prevailed a liltic before, and ecFncurrenily

nn li.r.sw II. in tiirr«.i«n ihe Pagin torls with, the Anglo-Norman stylo of archileclure in Eog.

Stokes briHEs before ui

and dome-roofed sepulchres so common

HHihout good C!

ST. CHONA.s's CHIUCK, BOSCtt*.

_^lnlatei her Wtow-eountrymen on belofifitig to a
; whicb coiild oncinite attd denelop ■ ^Kf}' of
irdi ArchitecrareoMnliaUyilsowii, and differing
D thit of its neighbouTv 11 is right, hoxevM, lu

jit Out this national and individual style, after all,

V 4ns but a branch of Ihe great order of architecture

tomaticsquc sljk. execnied.

We obs(trx-e lh« Uiu Slokci bean a rtij tUong
IcUimony to the «ahie erf the Utc Dr. Pdrie'* In-
vestieotion* into the anliquitie* of Ireland, m «r«ll
as (3 the late Lord Uuiitavm's cantrfbvlicn*
li> ihc xame tobject. llie trark it alio Uluatnded
bv between 150 ami 200 woodcnti, atplnMtorjr
the text, and br the bum (lail adnifaUjr
It may be added that nmeh raluahlc

t<^

REVIEWS.

matter will be found in the Appendices to the book —
the Chronol(^g;ical Tables of Ajchitectond ExamiUesy
andof the Irish Annals; and that the book is rendered
all the more valtiable by a careful and well classified
index.

Memorusof Troublous Times, by Emma Marshall
(Seeley & Co.), b one of those half real and half
fictitious autobiographies of which " The Diair of
the Lady Willoughby '' was the earliest and perhaps
the best example. The scene of the events which it
records is laid in the neighbourhood of Gloucester in
the time of the Civil War : the book is partly based
on the contents of a genuine biography of an actually
existing lady in the seventeenth century. Readers
will find tliat it illustrates the habits and manners
and customs of those times, in whidi many good and
noble men, and women too, took contrary sides, and
when families were divided against their nearest and
dearest relatives. The illustrations (careful etchings)
of Gloucester Cathedral, the Grey Friars, the Village
Church by the Sea, the old Cross and West Gate of
Gloucester, Matson House, &c» add materially to the
interest and value of the book.

Mr. Thomas Sansster, diurchwarden of St. Bartho*
lomew the Great, West Smithfield, has lately pub-
lished a brief history of that ancient fabric, in the
form of a small 6rach$tre, and as an appeal for fimds
for the repair and preservation of the edifice. The
church of St. Bartholomew the Great is one of the
oldest in London, and one especially dear to anti-
ouaries ; it would, therefore, be a great pity that it
should be allowed to fidl into a state of decay through
want of fimds for its sustenance. The little book can
be procured firom its author, in Long Lane^ Smith-
field.

TA€ Readet^s Handbook^ by E. C Brewer, LL.D.y
(Chatto & Windus, 1880, 2nd edition), is one of those
handv reference volumes without which the sdu^ar
and the man of letters, in whatever direction his Studies
may carry him, will besure to find much that is asuae-
fiil as new. It is a perfect repertory and storehouse
of information on supjects of the most misceUaneoos
kind, allusions, references, stories, characters, plots of
standard plays and novels, and indeed <minia sciiUia,
Dr. Brewer deserves the greatest credit for the per-
severing labour which he has spent upon the wonc —
a work alike of years and of love. The only wonder
is to us to see how little of the whole range of curiosa
he has failed to record, and how he has contrived to
condense so much and such multifiarious matter into so
small a compass.

flDeetind0 of antiquarian
Societie0t

METROPOLITAN.

Society of Antiquaries of London. —
May 27.— Mr. Edwin Freshfield, V.P., in the Chair.—
The following Papers were read :— " On some Armour
bconght from the interior of Africa by Colonel

Gordon," by Mr. John Latham ;'< On a Gold Riw of
Phahaspes, with Remarks by Mx. Percy Gardner, by
Mr. A. W. Franks, F.R.S. ;and ''OntheEarljHH-
toxr of the City of Ardea^" b^Mr. John H. Paxkei;
C.B. The last-named Paper, m Mr. Padcer's ahiiciicc^
was read by the Secretary. Among the articles ct

interest exhibited were the above-mentioned gold line

Sold and
rlmcti.

of Phahaspes and other Oriental rings of gold

found in Africa, illustrative of the first Paper ; a
carious old lock and iron spearheads, firom Oyster-
mouth Castle ; some Lincolnshire rdics, . consisting of
pottenr, swords, &c., by Mr. Streatfeild ; and a draw-
mg of a "martel de fer" lately found at Wolvesey
Palace, Winchester, and forwarded to the Society \rf
the Rev. Dr. Ridding, Head Master of Winchester
SchooL

June la — Mr. A. W. Franks, late Director
of the Society, in the Chair. — Lord Ashb<im«
ham odiibited a fine manuscript of the Gospd%
which is believed to date from the CarlovingisB
era. The volume, which was shown under a
glass case in the centre of the room, is of the quarto
size. Its covers are richly ornamented with gold-
smith's work, probably of as early a date as the
eighth century, and inlaid with emeralds, sapphires^
pearls, and oUier precious stones, the interstices being
filled with figures of the Cross, angels, saints, and
beasts. These are finer and larger on the upper side
than on the reverse^ and, as was explained in an
eli^nte Paper read by lix. Alexander Nesbitt, were
of the German tjfpe rather than either Italian or
French, and certamly were not Byzantine. It wai
probable, he said, that some of the omamentatioa was
executed hf members of the Irish Mis^ooarf
Churdi in Germany. He thought that the r ev e rs e
and plainer side of the vcdume as it now stood was
the older, bdonging to the Carlovtngian period, and
that the fiiont had been added at a more recent
period. Indeed, some of the work of restoia>
tion of the volume bore the date A.D. 1594. He
stated that in its perfect condition it had beoi inlaid
witii enamel, and studded with upwards oi foattf
emeralds, carbuncles, &c.— Mr. £. M. Thompsoii
followed with a brief Paper on the interior oi the
vcdume, whidi he was not inclined to assign to an
eadier period than the latter half of the tenth oentuiy,
for reasons which he stated in fiilL The volume ooo*
sbts of 224 pages, containing the four Gospels, all
illuminated to a slight degree with capital letters^ &c.,
but plain when compared with many existing speci-
mens of the same date. The manuscript itself is very
dean and perfect, and in a first-rate state. It was
given about A.D. 9S0 to a convent on the banks of the
Lake of Constance. It was there carried in solemn
procession at the annual festival and on other great
occasions ; and it was bought fix>m Mr. Boore by die
Late Lord Ashbumham. Some photographs showiqg
the elaborate detail of the ornamentation of the covefs
were handed round the room, and the reading of die
two Papers gave rise to an animated discussion, after
which votes of thanks were passed to Lord Ashbom*
ham and to Messrs Nesbitt and Thompson. It was an-
nounced that the Earl of Ashbumham, the Dean of
Norwich, Mr. Wilfrid Cripps, and three other gentle-
men had been elected Fellows of the Society ; and

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

»7

votes of thanks* were passed to Mr. Bemhard Smith,
who exhibited four ancient martds and a mace of
iron ; to Mr. Orde-Powlett, who showed a carious
mould dug up at Basing House, Hampshire ; and to
the Director of the Society, Mr. Milman, for the gift
of the various bopks in the library.

British ARCHiSOLOGicAL Association. -June 3.
— Mr. H. Syer Cuming, Vice-President, in the Chair. —
Itlwas announced that theDevizes Congress would com«
mence on the i6th of August, Earl N^on having been
elected President for the Congress and the following
year. — The death of Bfr. PUnch^ Vice-PresidenC
was referred to in fitting terms. — Dr. Stevens an*
nounced the discovery of Roman remains at Corton,
Wilts, in a position uiat appears to indicate the exist-
ence of buildings at no ffeat distance. — A seal was
exhibited with an inscription, "Johzana, de Brene-'
ford.'' — Dr. Kendrick exhibited a carious wooden
spoon, with the crowned heart of the Douglas family ;
Mrs. M. Hyde a silver goblet, with portraits in relief.
— Dr. Woodhouse described the progress of the de-
molition of old Fulham Church, and produced several
early flooring tiles. The monumentiui ^b of Bishop
Hinchman has also been found. — Mr. W. Money
exhibited photoeraphs of the carved bosses of the roof
of St. Nidiolas^Churdi, Newbury, which are boldly
carved with the emblems of our Lord's Passion. — ^The
Rev. S. M. Mayhew described several beautiful objects
of antiquity, and also a portrait of the Duke of Cum-
berland painted on glass. — Mr. C. Brent exhibited a
curious MS., relating to accounts paid by Cecil, Lord
Burleigh, 1593.-1116 first Paper was by Mr. C.
W. Dymond, on " Cap Marking, 6n Burley Moor,"
and was read by Mr. W. de Gray Birch. It was
descriptive of a series of these curious markings on a
stone of large size which had hitherto escaped obser-
vation. — Th« second Paper was on ** The Site of the
ViUage,of Wrang^olm, near Old Mehose, the birth-

Elace of St. Cuthbert." by Mr. £. Frier,'and was read
y Mr. L. Brock.--The third Paper was by Mr. T.
Morgan, on "Roman Inscriptions from Italy,'' and now
built up in the walls of a mansion at Higham in Kent
They areallsepulchral in character, and are mostlysur-
ronndedwith architectural borders of great beauty, lliey
were brought to England in the last century, wlien the
collection of dassicu antiquities was so prevalent. The
Paper is the second of a series on similar collections
in England, and it is to be. hoped that others may
follow, that a permanent record may be kept of these
contributions to history, which are at present difficult
of access or comparison. — ^Mr. G. Wright reported the
arrangements for the Congress, and named the places
to be visited.

June 8.~The Council of this Society held a soir^ and
amvgrsazwfu at the rooms of the Society of British
Architects in Suffolk Street, Pall Mall East The
company, who numbered between 300 and 400^ were
received by Mr. Thomas Morgan, the treasurer, Mr^
R. Horman Fisher, and Mr. Geoxge R. Wright,
F.S. A. , Among the guests were Lord Waveney, the
President of last Year's Congress at Norwich and Yar-
mouth, and Lord Nelson, the President Elect of the
coming Congress at Devizes. Among the curiosities
exhibited in cases in various parts of the rooms were
si>ecunens of Roman pottexy, urns, vases, tiles, jars,
&c., dug up in various parts of Londoni mediaeval

jewellery, cut glass, jade ornaments, and other articles
of vaiu^ and also an interesting collection of
autographs, mainly of the Parliamentary and Stuart
eras.

London and Middlesex ARCHiCOLOGicAL
Society. — June 2.. — A general meeting was held in
^e hall of Sion College, London, the Rev. Lewis
B. White, President of the College, in the Chair.— The
Rev. William H. Milman, M.A., librarian, read a
Paper on the "History and Antiquities of Sion
Collie," which was founded in 1630 under the will
of Dr. Thomas White, who died in 1614, The Col-
lege,|was, in fact, a City guild or company, governed by
a president and two deans annually elected, instead of
by a master and two wardens. The fellows of the
college were the clergy of the various parishes in the
City of London and in the suburbs, by whidi word
was meant the parishes any part of which touched the
boundary of the City. By a decision of the Bishop of
London this included aU the more recent divisions of
these parishes — and the 60 fellows with whom the
CoU^e had commenced had now somewhat increased
in number. Dr. White had been minister of St
Gregory's and afterwards of St. Dunstan's-in-the-
West, he was also treasurer of the cathedral of Salis-
bury, canon of Bristol, of St. Paul's, and of Windsor.
He was therefore very wealthy, but he did a great
deal of good with his money. He bequeathed £%ooo
to purchase the site, &c., of the coll^;e and ;f 160 a
year, ^120 of which was to support 20 persons in an
almshouse and £^ for the college. The pkce was
purchased and the almshouse erected, after which, on
the siggestion of the Rev. Mr. Simpson, one of the
trustees, a Ulxary was erected over it. The site had
originally been the ancient priory of Eldng Spital,
founded originally as an hospital by William Elsing,
a citizen of London, and afterwards converted into a
prioiy. The College would ere lonp^ be removed to
a new building to be erected for it on the Thames
Embankment. — ^Tlie Rev. Hawley Clutterbuck read a
Paper on "The Churdi of Si. Alpha^," close by
Sion Colle^. The old church, dedicated to the
ancient Fpgl'Rh saint and martyr, had stood at the
other side c? London Wall, and in I J46, the steeple and
the church itself having become rumous in condition,
the parishioners petitioned King Henry VIH. to sell
them the old diapel of Flsing Spital, and to declare it
to be their parish church. Iney paid some £io\ for
this church, but save an arch in the present porch
there was most probably none of it now remaining. It
had been altogether rebuilt in 1777. The registers of
the church were in excellent preservation, and com-
menced in 1 61 2, and the churchwardens' books, be-
ginning in 1527, were a marvellously-preserved recoid
of the highest interest and value. — ^The company then
visited the library of Sion College and the church of
St. Alphage, whence they proceeded to the hall of the
Company of tlie Armourers and Braziers, in Coleman
Street, where Mr. E. J. Barron, F.S. A., read a Paper
on the "History of the Armourers' Company," which
was incorporated by the charter of Henry VI., that it
had l>een m existence as a society as early as 1327. In
1708 the Company was united with the Braziers, and
has since continued under its present name. The
court book was preserved since 1413, and the book of
accounts since 1497* The hall had been acquired in

D 2

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

1428, and several shops were let out on the premises.
Tne present boildinf; was erected in 18^9-41. Mr.
Barron called attention to the charters of vnt Omipany,
and to a fine collection of silver spoons and caps, a
number of which are tazzas, much resembli n g in shape
the modem champagne glasses. — Mr. C. J. Shoppee
lU^rwards described the various objects of antiquarian
interest which were shown.

Society of Biblical Arch/eology.— June i. —
Mr. Walter Morrison, V.P., in the Chair.— Lieut-
CoL Warren, R.E., read a Paper on "The Site of
tiie Temples of the Tews," in wtiichhe stated that, in
his opinion, the explorations at Jerusalem tended to
confirm the authenticity of the traditional sites of the
Holy Sepulchre and Temple of the Jews, and have
completely overthrown the theory advanced by Mr.
Feigusson that the dome of the rock covers the Holv
Sepulchre. He first showed that the Zion to which
the ark of the Lord was brought b^ King David was
a totally distinct hill from Monah on i^hich the
Temple of Solomon was built, and pointed out that
the confusion exisHng in the minds of many on the
subject arises from uie fact that, of the principal
poetical works, the psalms, referring specially to Zion*
were composed bv David during the period that Zion
was the Holy Hill, while the psalms written after the
buildinff of the Temple only refer to Zion in parallel-
isms, rie then pointed out that of the three hills on
which Terunlem is built, there b a general concur-
rence between the Bible, Josephus, and Maccabees,
that Moriah the Temple moimt is that to the east, that
to the south-west is the upper city of Josephus, and
that to the north-west b the Akra, formerly the city
of David (2Son), which was cut down by the Macca-
bees to prevent it dominating the Temple. In con-
clusion the writer referred to a recent paper of CoL
Wilson, on the masonry of the Temple, and pointed
out the inconsistencies which exist in his conclusions,
and that while asserting that the larger marginal
drafted stones are to be referred to one epoch, he
makes that epoch extend for 1,000 years, from the time
of Nehemiah to Justinian, and proposes that the
heaviest and best masonry m the Sanctuary was
erected by the latter. — ^The following communication,
by Professor Giovanni Kminek-Szc^o, was read by
the Secretary : — ** The Papyrus of Bek-en-Amen,
preserved in the Municipal Museimi of Bologna."

Anthropological Institute. — May 11. —Mr.
' A. L. Lewis in the Chair. — The foUowii^ Papers were
read : " Notes on Prehistoric Discovenes in Central
Russia," by Mr. C. H. E. Carmichael, — "Notes on
the Occurrence of Stone Implements of the Sur&ce
Period in South Russia,'' bjr Mr, W. D. Gooch,—
•* Notes on the Western Regions," by Mr. A. Wylicp
— " On Jade Implements in Switzerland," by Mr. H.
M. Westropp, — and "Flint Implements from the
Valley of the Bann," by Mr. W. J. Knowles.

May 35.— Dr. E. B. Tylor, F.R.S., President, in
the Chair. — The first Paper brought before the meet-
ing was on " The Stone Age in Japan." It was by
Professor John Milne, E.G.S., of the University oif
Tokio ( Yeddo), in whose absence extracts from it were
read hj Dr. Henry Woodward, F.G.S., F.R.S., of
the Bntish Museum. It was illustrated by a collec-
tion of fragments of pottery, shells, and other remains
from kitcmen midaens m Japan. These Idtchen

middens were scattered over a large area* and many of
them had been explored personuly by the aathor of
the Paper. The species of shelb found in them were
enumerated and described. The fragments of bones
belonged to b^trs, boars, birds, and fishes* wUk
some were human, affording clear indicaticms. Pro-
fessor Milne thought, of the cannibalism of the tM3^
natives of Japan. The potsherds belonged to Tesitt
of the vase type, and were seemingly traceable to Ae
Ainos, the oldest known inhabitants of the isJanda.
Dr. Tvlor thought this primitive pottery might have
even developed into the famous Satsuma ware of ooz
own days. Among the stone imfdements were arrow-
heads, stone axes, and chisels, all very like those
found in all parts of Europe. There were also ^tooe
ornaments wnich had been used to dec or ate the idols
and the diiefs. Tumuli were very numerous in Japan,
as well as caves, both natural and artifidaL Professor
Milne had opened one of the latter, which was ooyeied
with inscriptions. The Japanese themselves were ttsj
keen archaeologists, and made valuable collections 01
stone implements, old pottery, &c, the^ fiivouxite
notion among them being that such thin^ were
freaks of Nature. — The Paper having been discussed,
Mr. C. Pfoundes read a communication, the result of
thirteen years' residence in the Japanese islands, on
" The Manners and Customs of the Tapanese." He
also exhibited a large collection of illustrative photo-
graphs and drawings.

St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society. — May 7.
— Mr. Joseph Grimshire in the Chair. — Mr. John D.
Seddin^ M.R.LB.A., read a Paper on the *'Perpen«
dicular Period,'* which formed the condusion of the
series of architectural papers read before the membeis
of this Society. A large number of drawings of win-
dows, screens, and other architectural details, of the
Perpendicular Order, from Westminster and St.
Albans Abbeys, Sherborne Minster, Qloucester
Cathedral, and other buildings, which were exhibited
upon the walls, served as illustrations to the Pa.per.

May 22. — The members held their second afternoon
gathering for the present summer, and inspected the
chapel of St. Etheldreda, in Ely Place, Holoom, and
the church of the Austin Friars, near Old Broad Street.
— At Ely Place the construction of the chapel, which
was formerly the private chapel of the palace of the
Bishops of Ely, was fully explained by Mr. John Young
(the architect under whom the fabric has recently been
renovated throughout), who discoursed on its earfy
Mstory, and on me salient points of its chief architoc*
tural features, its lofty oak roof, its map;nificent eastern
and western windows, full of geometncal and flowing
tracerv ; its lofty side lights, its ancient sculptures,
and, lastly, its undercroft or crypt, which till very
lately was filled up with earth and with barrels of ale
and portei* from Messrs. Reid's brewery close by.
In removing the earth from this crypt, preparatory to
commencing the restoration of the chapel, there weie
discovered 5ie skeletons of several parsons who had
been killed 200 years ago by the fall of a chapel in
Blackfriars, and were here interred. The '* oonserva-
tive restoration" of the fabric — in the general plan of
which tlie late Sir George Gilbert Scott haid been
frequently consulted — was much admired by the ec-
desiolo^ts. Elpr Chapel was at one time leased to
the National Society for a schoolroom, after which it

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

remained for a while untenanted ; but in 1843 ^^ ^'^^
opened for the service of the Established Church in
the Welsh language. In j 874 it was bought by a
Roman Catholic community, and thus, after a lapse
of three hundred years, it has once more reverted to
its original uses. — At Austin Friars, the members
heard a Paper on that church read by Mr. George H.
Birch, who contrasted its spacious nave and side aisles
with the small and elegant chapel which they had just
left. This arrangement, he said, was necessary for the
purposes of a religious order such as the Austin, or
Augustinian, Friars, whose special mission it was to
preach to la^ popular audiences. The nave and its
aisles, he said, were wider than those of some of our
cathedrals ; and the windows, which were of the De-
corated style, had probably belonged to a more ancient
fabric than the present Mr. Birch drew attention to
the elegant tracery of the southern windows, and to
the sfld havoc made in the church at the Refor-
mation, when its beautiful central tower, transepts,
and chancel, were pulled down, and Henry VI II.
seized upon the revenues of the brotherhood, who had
held the church since its first foundation by the noble
house of Bohun, Earls of Hereford, in the middle of
the thirteenth century. Many of the Bohuns, Cour-
tenays, and other nobles of the Plantagenet times lay
buried within these sacred walls. Edward VI.
gave the nave of the church — all that is now left
—to the Dutch merchants of the Protestant faith,
and their services had been held here for three
centuries.

Society for the Encouragement of thb Fink
Arts.— May 13.— The Rev.E. Bradley presided.— Dr.
Phen^ delivered a lecture on " Travels in Asia Minor."
The lecturer dwelt chiefly on the recent discoveries made
at the sites of Troy and Pergamos, and his observa-
tions on visiting these sites. He referred to the
peculiar custom of the early dwellers in Asia Minor
of levelling down the hilltops to form sites for cities.
This, he said, opened up to us half their manners,
civic and relijg;ious. Bv this means they were secured
from attack from wild beasts or man ; tney were freed
from the miasma of the marshes of the low ground ;
and they had a commanding view over their pastures.
They attained, in £ict, what we now attain by systems
of drainage, a vigilant police, and strong armies.
Proceeding to describe Uie district of Troy, here-
marked that ancient writers specially noted that towns
on the plains were walled for the sake of security. Dr.
Schliemann had undoubtedly discovered a city of
nion, or Ilium, but it was not necessarily the chief
citjr. Without going into the question of Hissariik
bemg the site of mat city, Dr. Phen^ said it must in
any case have been one of the towns belonging to the
Dardani. The remains near BuonarbasJii agreed more
with the rain-proof porches to walk in and with the
separate chambers for Priam's sons and sons-in-law,
referred to in Book VI. of the " Iliad." The foun-
dations at Bnonarbashi, when compared with the
oldest remains in Italy, were found to be of the type
called Pelas^c. They were carefiillv, it mi|^t almost
be said royally, constructed, while those at Hissariik
are carelessly pat together. The impression of the
lecturer was that the ruins of Hissariik represented
the AcropoUs of ancient Troy. The Trojans were
not a naval people, but the vast jars for oil and wine

unearthed by Dr. Schliemann testified to commercial
importance, while the rojral residence and temple
would, like the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, be
secluded from the noisy rabble of commerce. Further
south, and strongly protected from the sea by a bold
coast, was the site of the ruins of Chigri. lliis dis-
trict abounded in relics. It was near here that Alex-
ander erected the Troas bearing his name, and it
seemed to the lecturer that he was well advised in
selecting the former royal rather than the former com-
mercial district. Dr. Schliemann may have opened,
he said, the great mart of Troy ; but Priam dwelt at
Ilium. Ida, on a spur of whidi Ilium stood, was the
sacred mountain of the Trojans. This matter had
been considered on too narrow a basis. We had been
looking for a city, it was urged, while we named a
country ; for citizens, while we were thinking of a
nation. Troja was the capital of Troas, ancTllium
was the rojrai and military stronghold. Refetring to
peculiarities of the inhabitants of the district, the
lecturer drew attention to the golden hair and light
Uue eyes cf many of the women ; a remarkable dance
for festival days, in which the dancers, voung and old,
performed in tine and not in circle ; and the children
naving horses for their principal plaything. The
horse was famous in the history of Troy ; and it was
curious that these modem toys had a noticeable shape
which was almost identical with that of one which Dr.
Phen^ had picked up from the ground, which must
have been of great age. After alluding to an ascent
of Samothrak — the lecturer saying he believed he was
the first person who in modem times had seen the
plains firom this summit — the ruins of Pergamos were
discussed. This town had been built on a levelled
peak in the manner already mentioned. That there
nad been such levelling was made certun by the sum-
mit of the mountain having been allowed to stand and
form a cone. In the operation material was provided
for the constraction of ouildings. It had been founded
in remote a^, further back than the time of Lysima-
chus; but m more artistic days the rude materials
would be used only in the defence walls, while the
newer buildings would be built in a more costly man-
ner. The walls were still so perfect that their em-
battled appearance made it difficult to believe that at
the foot of the mountain there lived a people at peace
vrith it. The place was strewn witn blocks of fine
marble, broken columns, pieces of friezes, entablatures,
and so forth. Reference was made to the remains
brought thence to Berlin ; but many art treasures, it
was said, were still concealed. The sculptures at
Avignon in France, it was pointed out, much resem-
blea those in the museum at Berlin from Pergamos.
After saying diat there must have been a great school
of painting there, the lecturer concluded by describing
sundry ol^rvations which he made in the neighbour-
hood of Smyrna.

Numismatic- Mayia— Mr. W. S. W. Vaux,V.P.,
in the Chair. — Sir A. Phayre exhibited a silver coin
lately found in P^[u> ssdd to be of the tenth or
eleventh century. The coin had on the obverse a
conch shell with a crab inside it. — Mr. Hoblyn ex-
hibited an original warrant, dated Feb. 14th, 1627, to
Su- W. Parkhurst, Warden of the Mint, altering the
value of certain ^Id and silver qxAi^a ; also a selection
of rare milled shillings from Elizabeth to George III,

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

— Mr. Kmmbholz exhibited a proof in gold of a
Keepang piece of 1783 of the East India Company ;
also two rare Oxford pound pieces, of 1642 and 1644,
and an unpublished variety of a twenty-shilling Scot-
tish piece of Charles I., with the letter F under the
horse's feet. — Mr. Copp exhibited aportion of aboard
of late Roman denarii found at a raim called Rhe-
Mforthen Isa, near Aberystwith. — Mr. H. S. Gill
communicated a Papp "On UnpuUished Seventeenth
Century Yorkshire Tokens, with Contemporary Notes
on some of the Issuers of Hull and other Towns.'' In
the Paper Mr. Gill described about fifty new types. —
Mr. L. Bet^^^soe, of Copenhagen, communicated a
Paper, in ix^ch he discussed the place of mintage,
&C., (k certain coins of the Cuerdale find. These were
the coins inscribed ebraicb civitas, cvnetti, and
QVENTOVICI, and he attributed them to the towns of
Evreux, Cond^, and Quentovic respectivelv, three
towns in the north of France, near the Scheldt In
the inscription cirtena acrten Mr. Bergsoe traced
the name of cnut rex, and in siefredvs that of a
Danish chief. Mr. Bergsoe argued from these premises
that none of these coins was struck in England, but
that the type of the English coin was adopted by
foreign moneyers on account of the high estimation in
which these coins were held. — General A. H.
Schindler communicated a Paper on some unpublished
Mohammedan coins acquired during a recent tour in
Caiamania. These coins were for the most part
struck by Aba Said Bahadur Khan, last Moghul
Emperor of Persia, and by Shah Rukh.

Royal Asiatic Society. — May 24. — Sir Henry
Rawlinson, K.C.B., President, in the Chair. — ^The
Secretary, Mr. Vaux, presented the annual Report,
The finances were declared to be in a prosperous
state, and the accessions by ballot to the Society's
ranks far exceeded its losses by death and otherwise,
there havin|^ been a clear gain of forty. Of the lives
of deceased Fellows — ^Lord Lawrence, Mr. S. H.
Damant, Captain Forbes, Mr. A. D. Mordtmann,
and General L.ow — interesting obituary notices were

S'ven, as weU as a slight biographical sketch of tiie
te Professor Anton Schiefher, of St. Petersburg,
who was especially eminent as a Tibetan scholar, and
for his profound knowledge of the Caucasian lan-
guages. Prominent among the works in Oriental
archaeology for which the year had been remarkable,
the first-mentioned was Major-General Cunningham's
account of the archaeology and architecture of the
first erections of the early Buddhists. Next came
Mr. Burgess's new and complete survey of the Caves
of Ajanta. The last spoken of was the Babu Rajen-
dra's exploration of the building known as Buddha
Gaya, the original hermitage of Sakya Mouni, founder
of the Buddmst religion.

Society for the Protection of Ancient
Buildings. — May 31. — At a conference held in the
hall of the Society of Arts, the Hon. Percy Wynd-
ham, M.P., in the Chair, to take into consideration
the proposed restoration of St. Mark's, Venice, Mr.
J. J. Stevenson said that, having seen the building
some six or seven months ago, he believed that the
structure, so far as regarded its stability, was per-
fectly safe. The walls were ^uite sound, although
there were some slight sur&ce ujuries, due to vari-
ous causes. With regard to the so-called restora-

tions, he said that the original builders of the edifice
cared nothing for straight lines or accurately oentxed
arches ; they wanted beauty of form and col<mr. TKe
idea of the restorers, on the other hand, was ditt
absolute accuracy of workmanship was the main
thing, and that colour was of less miportanoe. Mr.
Stevenson concluded by moving a resolution to die
effect that, in view of the arrangements reported to
be made for carrying on the restoration <^ St.
Mark's, Venice, it was desirable to obtain Ihrther in-
formation, and to gather the opinion of axtiats nod
archseolog^s and other cultivated people duxmglkxtt
Europe with re^^ard to the proposed work. Mr.
Ewan Christian, m seconding tne motion, dwidt upon
the special chaxins of those irregularities wMdi the
modem woricman could not, and would not, repto-
duce. Mr. Street enlaxged somewhat upon the views
expressed in a letter published by himself in TMe
Times of May 18, and with the aid of some drawings
on the blackboard explained the position of aflUis at
present. Mr. William Morris said that it was dtear
£rom what Mr. Street had seen that the restoration
originally contemplated would have amounted to
nouing less than a rebuilding <^ St. Mark's, aad
that unless the present plan of alteration was dropped
this must still be practically the result. It wonld be
very desirable, however, to take away firom this «{lta-
tion an exclusively English character. After dooid-
ing the right of artists, architects, archaeologists, and
other educated men to give an opinion on su^ a sab-
ject, he moved the appointment of a committee, on
which should be men of culture in this coontiy, on
the continent of Europe, and in America. After
some discussion as to the further steps to be taken
with a view of influencing public opinion in Italy, the
proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the Chair-
man. Among those present were the Earl of Wham-
cliffe, the Hon. R. C. Grosvenor, Mr. G. E. Street,
R.A., Mr. W. Morris, Professor Richmond, Mr.
William Rossetti, Mr. Ewan Christian, &c.

Royal Historical Society.— May' 2a — Mr.
James Heywood, F.R.S., in the Chair. — A Pt^ier
was read by Dr. Zerffi, on " The Historical Develop-
ment of Idealism and Realism ;" and by the Rev.
Prebendary Irons, on '*The Reconstruction of the
West, from the Crowning of Charlemagne, A.D. 800^
to the Ecclesiastical Concordat with the Empire^ A«o.
1122.'' It is proposed to establish in connexion with
the Society an academy with lectureships, for promot-
ing the science of history.

Royal Society of Literature. — May 26. — Sir
P. de Colquhoun in the Chair. — Dr. Abel read a
Paper " On the Diversity of National Thought as re-
flected by Language,'' in which he endeavoured to
show that, wiu Sie exception of terms denoting
material objects or eiqpressing most ordinarv sen-
sations, the words of all languages are really different
in meaning from their reputed representatives in
other tongues. As nations differ m their notions,
the signs expressive of these notions— t.^., the words,
could not but differ in the senses they conveyed. By
a comparison between French, German, and English,
Dr. Abel showed that there was a considerable
diversity between words seex^[ungly identical in mean-
injg^. Such words' often only corresponded partially
with each other, the one having either some additional

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

meaning not found in th^ other, or the various in-
gredients of their meanings being combined in different
proportions, even when otherwise identicaL Then,
agam, there were terms foond in some languages but
not occurring in others, in which cases, to nuike up
ibr the deficiency, it was necessary to use paraphrase.
Dr. Abel then pointed out that only thoughts common
to a whole nation, or to huge sections of a nation, are
embodied in sii^le words, and hence drew the con-
clusion that the mier shades of national character are
roost effectually ascertained by a comparison of
synonyms*

PROVINCIAL.

Society op Antiquaiuks of Scotland.— June
i4.--Professor Duns, DJ>., V.P., in the Chair.— The
first Paper read was on the "Traditions of the
Macaulays of Lewis," by (^pCain F. W. L. Thomas,
R.N., F.S.A. (Scot) The dan Aulay takes its
name from the Gadic form of the Scandinavian Olaf.
There are thirty of this name registered in the " Ice-
landic Land-book," and thirty-five are noticed in the
* 'Annals of the Four Masters. " In the mythical history
of Lewis the Macaulays are the descendants of
Amhlaebh, one of the twdve sons of Olvir Rosta,
whose authentic history is given in the " Orkneyinga
Saga," and who is odierwise said to have been the
d£st son of that Norse King of the Isles who had the
kingdom given to him by a son of Kenneth M'Alpin.
The want of any real tradition as to the first of the
Macaulays has been supplied by historical induction.
In 118S, Reginald, son of Gottred, became King of
Man, and his brother Olaf had Lewis in appanage.
In 1216 Olaf became King of Man and the lues, but
there is no tradition whatever of him in the Lewis, and
there is historical proof that a Macaulay was settled in
the island long before his time. It is reooided in the
«* Orkneyinga Saga " that Gunni Okisoo (that is, Mac-
anky) the brother of Swein of Gairsay, was expelled
from the Orkneys by Earl HaraM, and fled to the
Lewis, where hie was recdved by the diief Lk)tolf,
who was, no doubt, the first of the Madeods. We
learn from the traditioiis of the Mackenries that the
Macaulays were once dominant in Lodibitxmi, and
this is confirmed by the fiict that Ullapool is an old
Norse name^ meaning die homestead of 01a£ Captain
Thomas quoted at lene;th from Dr. G. Bfadbensie's
manuscript '*Histoiy ofthe Mackenzies,'* and the Eari
of Cromartie^s '* Genealogy of the Mau^ensics," tb«
** Chronicle of Ross " and (%er incidental soinoes of the
history of the Macaulays, subjecting the whcde to a
critical examination, so as to extract from Uicm acon-
sistent histoiy of the Macaulays in Rocs-shire. He
then gave a caxefiil and daborate r£mm/6i the tradi-
tional history of the Lewb dan Macanla^, whose
name, in consequence of the genius of one of its mem-
beis, is now known dirongfaoiit the dviliKd world.
Their traditions were drawn from various sovroei^ but
chiefly from the work of Donald Morrison of Stomo-
way, in nine manuscript volomes, of whidi the fint is
neariy filled with the traditiotts of the Macaulays.
The odier vt^ames contain the traditional history of
the Morrisons, Madeods, and Mackenries, with a hige
cc^ection of genuine t ra ditions of the Long Island,
Skye, and Mull, and trawshtfinns of nmine Oirianic
poetry, whidi are, 01 ooms^ ^''^T ddTcieut from diat

manufactured by Macphcrson. — ^The second Paper, by
the Rev. J. Gammack, gave an account of tne dis-
covery of two bronxe swords in Kincaidinediire,
which have been presented to the museum by Mr.
Burnet — The next paper was a description of a bone-
cave of great extent, and apparently of much interest,
recently discovered in Colonsay by Mr. Sjrmington
Grieve. The cave contains several chambers, making
a total of about 330 feet. Some of these contain load
deposits of stalagmite, and undemeadi it successive
layers of ashes, charcoal, and broken bones of the
ordinary domestic animalf — ^viz., the ox, sheep, and
horse; also bones of fidies and quantities of peri-
winkles and other shells. — In the next Paper, Mr.
David Marshall, who has been employed by Sfar. G.
Montgomery to arrange the MSS. m the charter-room
at Kinross House, communicated an account of the
discovery there of the original contracts with Robert
Mylne, the King's master mason, for the rebuilding of
Holyrood Palace in 1671. A ouendous letter mm
the Duke of Lauderdale, compnuning of the palace
not bein^ made habitable hw the time he reomred to
lodgein it, is dated in October of dmt year. The con-
tract for thedemolition ofthe whole old pile of bmldii^
and their reooastmction, anxmnts \q£^ioo ; but there
is a second contract in Bilarch, 1676, ii £yi^ ; and a
thud, dated July, 1672, for ;(35a— The next Paper
was a notice of the unprinted diartnlary of St.
Andrew of Northampton, a fine foUo MSl of 304
leaves of vellum, preserved amone the Cottonian
MSS. in the British Museum, by Mr. Joseph Bain,
F.SJL, Scot. An abstract of the charters of the
Scottish kings and princes, as Earls of Hontingdon,
and other nobles, was given. — Mr. Romilly Allen,
C.E., communicated a note with a drswmgof a
stanc&ig stone near Ford, Argyleshire, whidi ex-
hibits a cross with a well-marked cup in connection
with it. — ^Mr. Franks, of the British Museom, com-
municated a translation of a report by Mr. Wonaae^
Vice-President of the Royal Society of Nocthetn An-
tiquaries, Copenhagen, on the preservation of nationa]
antiquities and monuments in Denmark.

Bath Natural History and Antiquaxian
Field Club. — May 25^— The members visited
Lydney Park, Gloocestershire, the seat of BIr. Charles
Bathurst^ through whose co ur te sy they were permitted
to inspect the antiquities of die park, including frag-
ments of Roman pavements, some coins^ Ae. The
Vice-President (the Rev. Prebendary Scarth) read
a Paper on the remains of the Roman villa which
has hcok d isco vered in I^rdneyJ Park. The finrt
discovery was made more than aoentury ago, when
the walls were three feet above the grovnd, but as
time went on they gradually disap^ared. Since
the begi nni ng of the present oentny, however, the
Bathunts have preserved whatever has been dis-

Batlst (Yorkshirb) Antiquarian SocinY.—
May la— Mr.M. aScbolefidd, V. P., in the Chair.—
Mr. Charles Hobait read a Paper on "The Com-
parative Antiquity of Dewsbvy Old Batley," in whidi
he remarked that there was no plaoe, perhiqis, in
Yorkshire which coold compare with Batley in the
wealth of tradition and lefCDdary lore: Badey was

entitled to fan higher an t k fit v dian had jtt been
aooofded her ; her re cof ds and her tr a d it ions went

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

forther back tlmn those of Dewsbniy, extendkig' to
a period when Dewsbury was in very deed, as the
name in the Celtic tongue implies, ^the lerel place
by the water." Mr. Hobart contended that Batley
was carried to a period of antiquity so remote as
ahtoald convince the most sceptical that Dewsboiy had
certainly nothii^to offer which could at all compare
with it. — Mr. Chadwick laid before the meetii^ a
number of Tery old deeds, going as far back as the
thirteenth century. Many of them were of exceeding
small dimensions, and gave die impression that the
notaries and clerks of ancient date were more sparing
of their parchment, ink, ftc., than their successcMrs <x
the present day.

Cambridge Antiquarian Socisty. — May lo.—
Prat Hughes, F.S.A., President, in the Chair.— A
Paper by Mr. C. W. King was rtsA upon an agate-
en^ cameo (six inches by tour inches), the engraving of
whidi was considered to represent the trium]^l
prq^xssion of Constantius II. m honour of his victory
over Magiientius at Mursa in a.d. 351.— Mr. Wace
exhibited a rubbing of an ineised slab, of the sixteenth
eentuiy, in the Dutch languitt[e, in the nave of St.
Mary's Chnrdiy Haddiscoe, Moilolk.Mr.->Magnttsson
drew attentioa to the great interest which the Ice*
landers of the tiiirteenth century took in collecting
and bringing together into connected narratives the
wide-spread' accounts of the life of Archbishop Thomas
k Bedcet of Canttrbury. His fame had reached
Iceland very soon after his death. The life of the
Archbishop had had a peculiar charm ibr the Ice-
landers, aiid the great devotion shown him was
evident amongst other things from the feet, that no
other ri^e saint had so many churches dedicated to
him, as Thomas had, after his canonization was known
in Icdand.

Cambridob Philological Society. — April 29.—
Professor Mayor, President, in the Chair. — ^Mr. Bum
read remarks on Propertius iv. (v.) 4. 14, "Bellicus
ex ilk) fonte bibebat equus," and Propertius iv. <v.)
S. I, "Disce quid Esqmilias hac nocte lugarit aquosasr
It is clear fhwi the accounts of the greater aqueducts
of Rome, the Mardan, Tepulan, and Julian, that they
all entered Rome at the lugher part of the Esquiline
hill, and were carried across it in pipes uid on ardi-
ways to the other parts of the aty. Where these

gipes and arches pft»ed there was necessarily some
iakage. This we find referred to in the Roman
poetsi ilocaoc^ Ovi4 Martial, and Juveual, who all
speak of the dbipping of water from pipes and arches
oif ac^ueducts. The Esquiline would therefore be
peculiarly liable to such leakage water, and hence the
epithet apuutt, Agri|>pa and .Augustus renewed the

•"8 of water which passed over the Esquiline

the life of Propertius, and his attention wouM
dius Be called to the quantity of water on the hill,
and its leakage from the conduits and pipes. — Mr.
Verrall put before the Society some points from
a Paper to be shortly publish^ upon the literary
history of the forms in -6^vi^ -Mt^, as illustrated l^
the use of these forms in Attic tragedy.

Mav 13.— Professor Cowell (fai the absence of the
Presklent) in the Chair.— The following new member
was dected : G. M. Edwards, Esq., B.A., Trinity
CoQege. The following new member was proposed:
Dr. H. Hager.— It was deckled to subscribe the sum

of ;fi \s. to the fund for reproducing the Epinal
MS. in fecsimile <8ee the Report of the Soaety't
meeting for April 15, in the ReporUr^ p. 482).— Mr.
Postgate gave interpretations of simdry obscure
passages in the Nemtam of Pindar. Mr. FuUbtd
read notes on Sophocles, Antigone 413, 414, and
Trachiniff 491. — Mr. Arnold made some remarks on
the so-called " Predk»tive Dative" in Latin.— Prof.
Skeat called attention to the Old English dativnl
plnases M is me godre hde and kit is mi wraUker
fule^ eouivalent to est mihi saluH and est miki dammc^
respectively, which seemed to hun to confirm Mr.
Arnold's view.

Clifton Shakspsre Societt.— May ai. — ^Thc
play for critical consideration was Rkkard III, Papers
on " Lady Anne'' were read by Mrs. T. W. MiUs,
Miss Constance, and Miss Florence O^Brien, Mn.
E. Thdwall, and Mrs. J. H. Tucker.— A Report on
the sources and history of the play was brought by
Mr. John WiUiams.-Mr. P. A. Daniel's "Time-
Analysis of Richard IIL'' (read with the time-
analysis of the other histories before the New
Shakspere Society on Tune 13, 1879) was brooglit
before the Society. This meeting brought to a cloa«
the Society's Fifth Session.

LEICBSTERSHIltB ARCHITBCTURAL AND ARCH^VO-

logical Socibty. — May 31. — At the bi-montfalf
meeting of this Society held at Leicester, tiie follow^
ing articles {jinter alia) were exhibited t'^A massive
gold thumb ring recently dug up in the county, the
date at present unknown. The gold apoears to be
almost pure. The ring consists of fivemedauions joined
together by a simpte but effective ornament. The
medallions contain deeply-cut emblems of the Passion:
1st, the ecce homo; 2nd, the feet crossed ; 3rd, the
Cross, crown, &c. ; 4th, the hands ; 5th, the pillar and
cord surmounted hf tiie cock wijth the spear on one
side and the sponge on the other. Two suver penniet
<^ Stephen countermarked with a cross on the obverse^
thus defacing the King's image. A bronse celt latdy
found in Captain Ashley's estate at Naseby. It
measures in length 3} inches, in breadth three-<^uateri
of an inch. Its form one end is scoop-shaped, the
other like an adze, thus giving the tool a douole use.
Nbwcastle-on-Tyne^ Society of Antiquakiss.
—May a6.— Mr. John Clayton read a Paper entitled
*' Observations on Centurial Stones found on the Wall
of Hadrian, Northumberland," in which he stated that
in removing a mass of soil and debris from the wall
of Hadrian, in March last, in the third course of
stone from the base was found a centurial stone^ the
precise situation of which was alxmt half a mile east
of the station of Cilumum, and within thirty yards of
a turret in the wall The letters on the stone were
•« Coh. IX V PAN-APRI," which, being expanded,
read "Cohortis nonae Centuria Pauli Apn,** the
cohort to which the companv of the centurion
Paulus Aper belonged being without doubt a legionary
cohort. The object of the centurion "was to reond his
own name, as having taken a part in the great work*
and in each of the inscriptions the name of the cen-
turion is preceded by the centurial mark, resembling
an inverted *' C," which represented a twig <^ vine^
the official badge of a Roman centurion. Mr. Long-
staffe took objection to so constantly using the tena
Hadrian's Wall, because, to his mind, there was not

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

the slightest evidence that it was the wall of Hadrian.
He should shortly bring before them some particulars
respecting discoveries of Roman remains made at £s-
comb Church, where very large stonescross-hatched had
been found — Mr. Clayton said he called it the wall of
Hadrian because, so far as his observations went, he
had every reason to believe that such b the case.

Norfolk and Norwich ARCHiCOLOGicAL
SocurrY.^May 24.— The Very Rev. the Dean of
Norwidif President^ in the Chair. — The annual report
was read and adopted, and the officers re-elected. A
commnnication was roul by the Rev. R. C. Manning
from Mr. G. A. Carthew, on a sealed charter of Sir
Thomas de Erpingham, relative to property of Lord
de Morley. The charter, with the seals appended,
bears date 1428.— The Rev. W. F. Creeny exhibited
scfcral rubbings of brasses, copied in Belgium last
year. — ^Mr. John Gunn read a Paper on Bp. Herbert
de Loonga's work in Norwich Cathedral and on some
of the mouldings. Many objects of interest were ex-
hibitedy including a curious little term cotta or
earthenware cradle, with infant, found near the
churchyard at ]^renze ; and an earthenware bottle, of
St Menas, of Alexandria, an interesting example ot
early Chrbtian art. — Mr. Fitch showed a fine flint
celt, found at Plumstead, near Norwich ; and a mas-
sive goid seal ring, found lately in a field at Sail, near
Reej^uun. The device on the ring consists of three
natural, not heraldic, roses.

Hawick ARCHitoLOGicAL Society. — The May
meetmg of this Society was held in the Museum on the
evening of Tuesday, May nth, James Baydon,
£iq., M.D., F.S.A., in the Chair. — On the motion of
the Chadrman, seconded by Mr. J. J. Vernon, it was
agreed to record the great loss the Society has sus-
tained since iti last meeting in the death of Mr.
Flank Hogg, for many years its treasurer. Mr. Vernon
then read a notice of several local feuds, after whidi
Mr. Watson, secretary, was appointed interim tieasarer
tUl the annual meeting. It was also resolved to me-
morialize the Lords of the Treasury for a gift of port
of the recent find of coins, &c., at Langhope, which
had been claimed by the Crown.

Glasgow Suakspxre Club.— This Club is arran-
ing for readings in the contemporary Elizabethan
mma duriiw summer. At the business meeting held
in Mardi, when the President delivered his address,
the Secrciarjr reported that eight plays had been read
dnring the winter session, and fifteen Papers contri-
buted to the criticism meetings. On the reconunen«
datioa of the committee appointed to consider the
rales, the membership was increased, and several
formal altendona made. — Mr. Guy was re-elocted
President, and Mr. WilliamiGeorge Black Hon. Sec-
retary.

Bradford Historical Society. — May 14. —
Mr. T. T. Empsall in the Chair.— A Paper was read
b^ Mr. T. W. Skevington on '* Ene^ish Hammered
Stiver Coins from the Conquest," who also exhibited
amimberof silver coins dating. firom 1066 to 1660.
The period assigned to hammered coins, however^
oqIt extends to the third year of the reign of Elisa-
beth, prior to which time all English coins were made
by a prooesa of '* hanunering," and are very different,
both in appearance and interest, to those made by
"milling.'^ The principal instruments used in Uie

operation consisted of a large hammer and a pair of
dies. Each of the latter was faced with steel, upon
which the design was engraved. The dies were
generally supplied direct from London, but those to
whom the privilege of coining was granted were per*
mitted to add some mark by which they mifht be
distinguished from others. During the reign of Wil-
liam I. there were about seventy towns in England,
of which York was one, where coining was allowed.
The moneyers appointed at these several mints were
required to pay, m addition to their annual rent, a fee
upon the new dies, which were issued every time an
alteration of the coinage took place, and as this was a
great source of revenue, changes were frequently
resorted to, notwithstanding that a tax called "money-
age" was extorted from the people every third year
during the reigns of William I. and II. A duty or
seignorage was also charged upon all bullion brought
to the mints to be coined, which varied in amount
according to the will of the Sovereign, and at times
became exorbitant. Silver money was maintained at
the standard of I loz. 2d¥rts. silver and iSdwts. alloy
until the time of Henry VIIL, when through the
necessities of the king, owing to his extravagant nabits,
it became so debased that in the twenty-seventh year
there was only 40Z. of silver to 8oz. of alloy. The
early coinages of Edward VL were equally bad, but
he succeeded in restoring the standard to nearly its
original quality. In 1559 Elizabeth completed what
he had begun, and the standard of I zoz. adwts. silver
and iSdwts. of alloy has prevailed ever since. Mr.
Skevington noted the origm and dates of the different
issues by monarcha succeeding Elizabeth, and de-
scribed in detail the origin and meaning of the various
designs and mint iparks, and showed how valuable
certain rare coins had become. In the reign of Henry
VII. the first attempt was made at producing a like-
ness of the reigning monarch, but so accommodating
was the art of that period that the die used for the
juvenile Henry VII. answered for the earlv years of
Henry VIII. Prior to the time of Charles II. the
features of the Sovereigns were presented in every
conceivable aspect, but since that period the faces of
reiening monarchs have appeared alternately from
right to lefr.

tTbe Bntfquari^'a Dote^Booft.

Thk Tomb of Richard Cromwell. ~A corre-
spondent of the Standard writes : *' Some few years
ago Uie Corporation of London, through a special
conraiittee, carried out the improvement and planting
of Bunhill Fields Burial Ground in the City Road, and
inter alia, took a copy for registry of every inscription
on the tombs there, and had their zeal there ended
there would be no necessity for this inquiry. But it
so happened that an altar tomb of a classical character,
architecturally well according in time, and placed
close to a similar monumental grave to one of the
Fleetwood family, had no inscription upon it that
could be discoveim ; yet, notwithstanding, before the
roister of inscriptions was complete^ the words (as

THE ANTIQUAHyS NOTES OOK.

(kr as my memory now serves me) appeared on the
panel of the tomb in question, and in mmiistakable
characters of the 19th century, ' Ye tombe of Richard
Cromwell.' Now, it is very desirable that the public
should be informed on what authority and with what
historic evidence such an act can be justified. If the
mild and unambitious Richard Cromwell, sometime
Protector to the Commonwealth, was not buried at
Hurley Church, in Hampshire, but was buried in
Bnnhill Fields burial ground, I think the public should
at once be injformed. They would then have the op-
portunity of considering the claims of either place to
nold his remains."

THE Bbbf-steak Club.— The Sublime Society of
Beef-steaks was founded in 1735, in connection with
Covent Garden Theatre. It was broken up in 1868,
and in the April following, 1869, the furniture, plate,
portraits, &c., of the members were sold by auction.
A sale so interesting naturally attracted a large num-
ber of attendants. One of the old members (3ie Earl
of Dalhousie) was present, and purchased several of
the articles, among others the portrait of Charles
Morris, at a cost of £^ lor., and his own chair
marked "F.M." (Fox Maule), for;ti4. Lord Sal-
toun purchased the chair formerly occupied by his
own ancestor for tfie same price ; and the chair of the
Prince R^ent, afterwards tnat of the Duke of Sussex,
was knocked down for ;f 20. The oak sideboard was
knocked down to Mr. Norton for;^i3 ; and the great
oak dinii^ table at ;f 30. A splendid punch^wl,
given by Lord Saltoun, sold for £i7 i$s. ; and the
marble bust of John Wilkes for 22 guineas. The
silver ranged from dr. 8^. to 2%z. per ounce ; and a
punch ladle, inlaid with a Queen Anne guinea.
Drought ;£'i4 $s. The most expensive lot was a fine
C4mUau de chasse, the handle being the reputed work
of Benvenuto Cellini. This was bought by Mr.
Arnold for £%^ Mr. Arnold also bought a brown
stoneware jug forjf'y, its fellow being knocked down
to Mr. Baxendale iox^d dr. The president's chair went
for £1 lor. But the great lot of the sale went very
cheap, for the old gridiron was knocked down for
;f5 15X. to Messrs. Spiers and Pond.

»K«K'>C7v'M»w.

antiquarian Dews.

The late Mr. Seijeant Parry's library, lately sold
bjr Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson,* and Hodge, raized
^231 3J.

The restoration of St. Germain's Cathedral in the
Isle of Man cannot be proceeded with firom lack of
funds.

Prof. Sayce is preparing a book on the history of
the decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions, which
wHl be published by the Clarendon Press.

The east window of the church of King Charles the
Martyr, near Woodlands, Salop, has latdy been filled
witib stained glass, from the studio of Mr. C. Evans.

An exhibition of ancient and mediaeval helmets was
held at the rooms of the Archaeological Institute in
New Burlington Street, between June 4th and 17th.
It will be fully descrtbcd in our next number.

A bust of the great Duke of Marlborough has been
presented to the British Museum by the Rev. T. W.
Webb. It is the work of the sculptor Rysbrack. It
has been placed in the hall of ^e Museum.

The Camden Society has accepted the offer of
Professor Pauli to edit two volumes of the Waixirobe
Accounts of Kin^ Henry IV. when he was journeying,
before his accession to the throne, in Prussia, lithua*
nia, and other parts of the East of Europe.

A stained glass window, consisting of four lights,
has been put in the chancel of the ancient parish
church of Tolleshunt Knights, Essex ; it is the gift of
two London fiiends of the rector, tihe Rev. S. D.
xCees.

The bronze relics of Balawat, forming bands of
folding doors, adorned with Assyrian historical scenes
in bas relief which have been cleaned and repaired, are
being rearranged in a new case in the AssyrianGal-
lery of the British Museum.

A Wordsworth Club is in process of formation^
having for its object the investigation of Ac text,
scenery and chronology of the poems of Uie bard of
English lake-land.

Castor, in Northamptonshire, which yielded so rich
a harvest of Roman remains to the late Mr. Tjrrrell
Artis in the early part of the century, is likely to prove
still productive. Another Roman viUa has be^
discovered at a very little distance from the station.

Mr. Elliot Stock is about to issue " Our Ancient
Monuments, and the Land Around Them,'' an anti-
quarian and historical account of the antiquities which
are proposed to be preserved by the ''Ancient Moan-
ments Bill," now before Parliament. The work will
be illustrated, and will have an introduction by Sir
John Lubbock, Bart., M.P.

Among the latest purchases for the Egerton Library
of Manuscripts in the British Museum says, the
Athenaumf is a rare copy of the * ' Divina Commedia "
of Dante, small folio, on paper, written in A.D. 1379,
formerly in the possession of Sir Anthony Panizzi.
The volume has been copiously annotated by varioos
hands and at different periods.

In the June number of TinsUy's Magazine is a
retrospective article, signed W. B. Guinee, on dinners
and feasts among the ancients, including the Hebrew
Fat];^chs, the early Greeks and Romans, with inter-
esting anecdotes relating to their banquets and dainties.
It is entitled "Antiqui^ at Table," and it will be
found by most antiquaries to be foM of matter new
to them, and therefore of interest.

The Rev. Joseph W. Ebsworth, vicar of Molash,
Kent, has lately completed his two introducdons to
"A Midsummer Night's Dream," to accompany Mr.
Griggs's photo-lithographic facsimiles of the Duke of
Devonshire's original quartos (1600). Mr. Ebsworth
is now at work on the ** Merchant of Venice," two
quartos, both of the same date (1600), and s^so on
"Love's Labour Lost."

ANTIQUARIAN NE WS.

Under the designation of " Bye^nes " a cofaxmn of
Notes, Queries, and Replies, lehSng to Wales and
the Border Coonties, appears weekly in the cohmms
of the Oswestry Advertiser^ whioi contains much
cnzioas and antiquarian lore. These papers are care-
follj presenred and re-tssned in qnarterty and yearly
it<5^aKw^*i»^ fonning a Tolnme of no small attraction
lor persons interested in the history and cnstoms of
bygone times.

In oor report of the meetii^ of the British Archaeo-
logical Association, May ao (see voL L p. 272), we
noticcid the dbcorery of the remains of a Roman villa
at Bradmg, in the Isle of Wight ; we have now to
recQvd the findii^ of another Roman pavement
there. The pavement was discovered at a dq>th
of onhr iS iiK:hes below the sor^Ke ; it represents
a riadiator whh a short sword, and also a rctiarivs
witnhb net.

A diimant has appeared for a considerable portion
of the besthmd in Cypms. He k Comit Mocen^o,
the head of one of the most ancient fiunilies in Venice.
He is said to base his daim upon the fact that he is the
direct lineal descendant of Catherine Comaro»a dauber
of the then Doge of Venice, who, in 1468^ married
Lnsi^pan, there^ becoming Queen of Cyprus, and of
rftHi**^ Marco Ccmiaro^ the original poichaser of the
lands from the Ancient Order of Kni^^tsHospitalleis.

A brass tablet has been recently erected in St.
Andrew's Church, Plymouth* to the memory of Wil-
liam Coc^cworthy, the originator of Plymouth diina,
BOW so much valued by rallectors. It bears the f(d-
lowing inscription: — ''On the return of 100 fears
from his deflUh this tablet in memory of Wuliam
Cookworthv — bom at Kingsbridge, April, 1 705; died
at Plvmonth, October, 1780— is erected by hb great
grand-daaghter, Sarah Crewdson, of Kendal, A j>.
1^0.'' Appropriate Scripture mottoes surround the
inscription.

The old-established business of Messrs. J. W.
Palmer & Cow, stamp collectors, of Adelphi House,
Strand, b about to be converted into a limited lifbility
compa n y. Messrs. Palmer promise their subscribers
a dividend of at least twenty-nve per cent, per aimum.
As a proof of the great profits made by timbromanists,
they state that, Uie omer day, one stamp amongst
others, which cost one penny, was gladly bought tor
six guineas ; and they have constantly collections of
stamps ofiered for small sums that afterwards realize
200 per cent, profit.

An important antiquarian discovery has lately been
made be t w e en Birdlip and Crickky, Gloucestershhe.
The articles are of Roman date, and omsist of two
bfooae bowls, a huge bronze mirror of beautiful work-
manship, a silver fibula or shawl pin, a bronze knife
handle, part of a pair of tweezers, a number of amber
beads, and one or two rings of base metaL It is thought
• the articles are connected with the burial of a Roman
lady of some position, and that it is likely that the
spot where they were found was the burial-place con-
nected with the Roman villa at Witcomb. Ine articles
will be placed in the Gloucester Museum.

silver coins, together widi silver plate, was lately
found by some workmen in an old dmnney-shaft fai
Ldcester Sonare. They add, most circumstantia^,
the precise oate, the size, the colour, and the work-
maiiship of the coins, aiKi also ;of the plate. But
unfortunatdy the entire account' turns out to be a
fiction.

The ceremony of laying the foundation-etOQe of
Traro Cathedral was performed by the Prince of
Wales on the aoth of May, in the ptesenoe of the
Princess of Wales, Prince Albert Victor, anft Prinoe
George. One stone was laid with *fy»M* rites and
the other widi religious ceremomes^ at whidi .the
Bishops of Truro and Exeter ^>ffir*atH The mallet
used by the Prince of Wales was that with which
Charles II. laid the foundation-stone of St. Plml's
CathedraL It was presented to the Old Lodse of
St Paul by Sir Chri^<^her Wren, a member of die
lodge.

Amongst the papers and records bdonnng to Mr.
W. H. CoUingndge which were destroyed in the late
fire at the Ciiy Press office was a very interesting col-
lection of the first nxunbers <Mf nearly all die news-
papers and magnrines that havebeenjpnblished during
the last quarter of a century. Tnis collection at
*' No.'s I ^ induded also many new^wpers'pnUidied
during the present century. It was proposed to ck-
hibit the collection at the forthcoming rrinting and
Stationery Exhibition at the Agrici3tinal HaO, in
which it would have no doubt created oonsiderabfe
interest

Mr. Francis T. Dcdlman, author of " An Analysb
of Antient Domestic Architecture," &c., annonncea
for publication bjr subscription a new work, in one
volume, on the history and architectural features of
*' The Priory Church of StMary Overie,Southwark,"
generaUy known as the parish church of St Saviour's.
The work will be illustrated by a series of upwuds of
forty plates in photo-lithography (&csimiles of the
original drawings), containing plans, devafions, sec-
tions, details, perspective views, as it existed prior to
the alterations of the i8th and 19th centuries, from
sketches, measurements, drawings and documents,
never before published, in the author's possession.

A Parliamentary paper lately issued, in reference to
the British Museum, states that during the past year
progress had been inade in arrangements for removal
of the natural history coUections, and for their recep-
tion in the new building designed for them at Sonm
Kensington. The transfierace of these three coUections
to the new museum will probaUy be effected in the
course of the present year. The galleries vacated by
them will be made useof for the exhibition of objects of
archaeological interest, which have been accumulating
for many years, and, for want of space, have been
stored away in imperfectly-lighted rooms in the base-
ment

During the restoration of the parish church at
Sheffield, a window, long hidden by lath and plaster,
has been brou^t to light It is late Perpendicular,
and its date is about 145a The window was dis-
covered in pulling down the vestries in the north
The daily papers state that a horde of gold and aisle of the oiancd ; and its position is interesting, as

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

showing that it was the original terminatioii of that
uak, the vestries having been added to the Chur^ at
a more recent date. Hunter speaks of an engine-
house having stood at the comer of the north chancel
aisle. The window is of the same date as the chan-
cd and chancel-roof, and b clearly part of the old
church. Being in an excellent state of preservation,
its retention is, of course, most desirable.

An antique candlestick has latdy been unearthed
near Crosby Hall, Bishopsgate Street. The candle-
stick stands seven inches nigh, is of metal, apparenthr
iron ; the socket for the candle is an inch and a>halif
deq> by^ one inch in diameter ; beneath is a bowl three
inches in diameter, with a snake-shaped handle on
one side and appearances of there having been another
on the other siae ; beneath the bowl is a stem three
inches and a>quarter long, which appears to have been
ornamented with one or more bands ; below are three
curved feet, equidistant, which spread out and are
fastened to a stout rin^ of metal eighteen inches in
circumference, upon which the whole stands. Crosby
Hall was built in the fifteenth century, but this relic is
thought to be of a £ur greater antiquity*

The removal or " translation" of the mortal remains
of Vasoo de Gama and Camoens from the tombs in
which they at present lie to the mausoleum specially
erected for their reception, as already mentiooed by
us (see voL L p. 381), has been fixed lor the 8th of
October. As they will be conveyed by water, the
fleet has been ordeied to take part in the ceremony.
The remains of Vasco derGama will be transported on
board a Rc^ corvette firom the left to the right bank
of the Tagus, the distance to be traversed on Uie river
being abmit 10 kilometres. Seveml maritime Powers
will be represented at the ceremony, which will be
held on the eve of the centenary of Camoens, and
that England and France will send men-of-war on
this occasion.

While some labourers were lately occupied in
pAou^King on the fiEum of Campfield, near Coldstream,
the plou^ struck a stone, evidently large enough to
aill for removal. The result of the necessaiy exca-
vations was the laying bare of a number of stone
slabs, set upright, enclosing the remains of a human
skdeton, evidently that of a full-grown man. The
skull and 1^ bones only are recognisable. The grave
lay about due north and south ; and from the fact
th«t it is in tiie rear of the position occupied at the
battle of Flodden by the division under Lords
Huntly and Home, and on the way from the '* fatal
field" to the ford at Lees Haugh, it is conjectured to
be that of some Scottish Borderer who fell in the
battle. The remains have been carefully conveyed
to^ and are preserved at, the farm-steading.

An interesting loan eschibition of paintings and other
works of art has been held in the mission-room attached
to St. Saviour's Schools, in Fleet Road,|South Hamp-
stead. Its contents were contributed partly by the
working classes themselves and partlr by the inhabi*
tantsof Hampstead and Haverstock HiU. They included
specimens of painting in oil and water-colours by Sir
Thomas Lawrence, Turner, Stanfield, David Cox, S.
Prout, De Wint, H. Vemet, Bume Jones, Calcott,
Linndl, &c Along with these were suits of ancient
armoor, antique jewellery, Venetian glass, statuettes in

bnmze and ivory, artistic furniture, and philosophical
and optical instruments. Here were to be seen, alto,
ancient Roman lamps, Indian bracelets, enamelled
knives, forks, spoons, Greek marble figures, Sevres
china from the collection of Louis ^illppe, antique
mirrors, coins, pottery, Indian shawls, &c

We have to record the death of Mr. William Wat-
kin Edward Wynne, of Peniarth, Merionethshire^
which occurred on the 9th of June. Mr. Wynne,
who was in his 80th vear, was accounted one of the
ablest antiquarians in Wales, and possessed the finest
library of manuscripts in the principality. The
volumes of the Archaologia Cambrensis^ of the
Powys Land Chib, and Bye-gones^ Uie lood
NifUs and Queries di the Welsh border, have for
years been enriched with his communications ; and
to such works as the "Kalendars of Gwynedd,"
edited by Mr. Breese^of Port Madoc, and the *' His-
tory of the Gwydir JFamily," edited by Mr. Askew
Roberts, of Oswestry, he contributed a large number
of valuable annotations. His pen was active up to
within a few weeks before his death. Among the
offices held by Mr. Wynne was that of Constable of
Harlech Castle. Mr. Wynne was M. P. for MerioflWth-
shire from 1852 to 1865.

On Monday, May 31, the Eari of Carnarvon
presided at the thirty-ninth annual general mectii^ of
the London Library, in St. James's Square, supported
by the Rev. Mark Pattison, Mr. W. W. Lloyd, Ardi-
deacon Cheetham, the Rev. Dr. Reynolds, ^dxt Rer.
Dr. Stanley Leathes, Dr. Maudsley, Sir Edwin
Pearson, &c. The report shows that the progress of the
institution during the past year had been satisactory ;
there having beeu 164 new members added, showing
again to the funds to the amount of ^956. In exeeution
of the powers conferred by a special general meeting
held in May last, the committee had purchased for
;^4,252 the freehold of the library premises, extending
from the frontage in St. James's Square to the frontage
in Duke Street. The additions to the libraiy dining
the year had been 2,529 volumes and 150 pamphlets.
The ftimber of volumes put into circulation had been
87,000. The report concluded with a list of the
donors of books. The balancesheet showed a receipt
of £^% 709 in subscriptions.

The Social Science Association have received hoax.
the President of the Juristic Society of Berlin a com-
munication in reference to the prize of 6,900 marls to
be offered in the year 1882 for an essay on " The For-
mulae in the Perpetual Edict of Hadrian, in their Wofd-
ing and Connexion." The Savigny Foundation » a
fund subscribed in commemoration of the great lawyer.
Von Savigny, the interest of which is applied every
two years in a prize for an essfty on a legal sabject.
the adjudicators beine the Imperial or Royal Acade-
mies of Sciences of Vienna, Munich, and Beriin, in
rotation. The competition, from which only the
ordinary home members of the Royal Bavarian Aca-
demy are excluded, is confined to no nationality. Tlie
essavs, whidi must be written in Latin, German,
Enriish, French, or Italian, must be sent in by the
18th of March, 1882, addressed to the Royal Bavarian
Academy of Sciences, and bearing, instead of the
author's name^ a motto^ repeated in a closed envelope
containing the author's name.

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

Mr. William Paitenon, of Edinbuigfa, has in tiie
press a fiusimile reprint of " The Catechisme, That
IS to say, ane commone and catholik Instmctioon of
the Christin People in materis of oar Catholik Faidi
and Religioan, quilk na gad Christin man or woman
sold misknaw : Set forth be ye maist reverend fitther
in God Tohne Archbischop of sanct Androus, Le|^t*
nait and primat of the kirk of Scotland, in his pro-
vincial coansale haldin at Edinborgh the zxvi. day of
Janoarie the zeir of oar Lord 1551, with the advise
and coansale of the bischoippis anid othir prelatis with
doctoars of Theologie and Canon law of the said
realme of Scotland present for the tyme. Prentit at
sanct Androas • . • . the xxix. day of Augast
155?*" ,The extreme rarity and costliness of the
or^^ialy its early date, and the circimistances under
which it appeared, have alwa3r5 given unusual interest
to this remarkable vernacular catechism ; bat its value
as illustrating the comparative history of doctrine, pre-
ceding as it did the completion of the Council of
Trent, has been hitherto too much overlooked.

A cnrioos discovery of an ancient refose pit has
recently been made at Corton, near Calne, Wilts, by
workmen employed in making a deep drain. At
some four feet below the surface the men came upon
four or five "sarsen" stones, the three laigest measor-
ii^, ronghly, 3fl. by ift. Below was a great quantity
ol '* rag^' stones, much decayed, and partially turned
into liiTO, as if by the action ii fire. These, apparently,
had formed the sides of a vault of which die ''sarsatt"
were the cover \ but the whole had fallen in. Amoi^
these stones were many bones of the horse and ox, and
a few firsffOMnU of pottery. At the depth of 8lt there
was a layer of chalk, and below that again were several
feet of rich, black, strong-smelhiuj^ mould, mingled
wbh v^etable ashes, in which were toand several bUtd^
bones isA two skulls of the ox, and also bones of red
deer, horses, &c There were also portions of three
or foor jars of fine red ware, with round mouths and
one handle ; these have been recognised as Romano-
British. A good " thumb-flint," for striking sparks,
was also discovered among the earth thrown out of the
drain. The original pit appeared to have been about
5ft. in diameter, and sunk to a depth of lait in the
men-sand iron-mould, llic chalk would come from
tne downs close at hand ; but it is stated that the coral
m stones are not found within a mile of the spot.
The otjects discovered are in the possession of the
Vicar Of Hilmarton.

The first edition, as it may be called, of the "re-
vised translatkm'* of the New Testament may be
exp ec t ed in the autumn, and along with the English
transition two recensions of the Greek text wiU be
issued sinmltaneously ; the one will proceed from the
Clarendon, the other from the Pitt Press. These two
texts will exhibit a notable and rather suggestive con-
trast in the different methods pursued in their con-
stniction. The Oxford text will represent the critical
spirit of the nineteenth century, which is somewhat
prone to seek new departures and to break with the
past Accordingly, the Clarendon Press will publish
the text which the revisionists have found it necessary
to frame for themselves, after careful weighing and
mature consideratkni of all available evideiKe tor and
against the readings adopted. For the behoof^ how-

ever, of diese weaker vessels who continue to have a
snpostitious veneration for the name of Robert
Stephens and the Greek used by the translators of
161 1, all passages in which the Oxford text departs
from the recei^ text will be indicated by foot-notes,
and in these notes the readin? of the Textus Receptns
will be given. The Cambridge text will, on the con-
trary, be neither more nor less than a reprint of the
Textus Receptuswith foot-notes giving the reading
adopted by the revisionists. Professor Palmer is re-
sponsible for the Clarendon text, Dr. Scrivener for
tne other.

Mr. Tames Robinson Planch^, Somerset Herald, and
a well-known archaeologist, died on the 30th of May,
at his residence at Chelsea, in hb eighty-fifth year.
Mr. Planch^ was of French Huguenot extraction, and
was bom in 1796 ; at an early age turned his attention
to dramatic writing ; and, durmghis connexion with the
stage, no fewer than 200 pieces had been introduced
in his name at different London theatres. In 1830 he
was elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries,
from which he retired in 1851. In 1834 he wrote the
" History of British Costume," forming a vohmie of
the series of the Library of Entertaining Knowledge.
This woric has lately been republished in an expanded
form in two large quarto volumes entitled "The
Cyclopaedia of Co^^me,'' which were reviewed in the
first nomber of The Antiquaey (see voL L p. 34),
and by which his name will be longest known. Mr.
Plandie wrote also the article on " Costume " for
Charies Knight's " Pictorial Shakspere;" the '"Costume
and Furniture," in the diapters on "Manners and
Cttstomes," in the " Pictorial History of England;"
and he contributed arricles of dramatic biography to
the " Penny Cydopsedia. He likewise wrote ahistoryof
Ash-next-Sandwidi, which was published in a volume
entitled "A Comer of Kent" In 1838, iipropos of
tile coronation of the Queen, he wrote his " R^;sl
Records," and in 1853 the " Pursuivant of Arms, or
Heraldry founded on Truth. " In 1 854 he entered the
Herald's Collie as Rouge Croix Pursuivant at Arms,
and in 1866 was appointed Somerset Herald« Mr.
Planch^was forvery many years an active supporter, and
a member of the council, of the British Archaeological
Association, at whose annual Congresses he almost
always read one or more Papers of interest. The last
Congress which he attended was that held in Cornwall
in August, 1877, when his strength was scarcely eqnal
to the exertion.

The Times correspondent writes from Rome, May
lOth: — "On removii^ the last portions of the fallen
vaoltine fifom within the tomb recently discovered on
the bamc of the Tiber, two other cinerary urns have
been found, making eight in all. One of these is of
travertine^ ^^g-shaped, rudely worked, and with-
out any inscription. The other, of marble, 45
centimetres in height by 34 in width, is beautiifally
sculptured, somewhat in the form of a small temple.
At the comers are delicate spiral fluted colonnettes,
with. Corinthian capitals and bases, the lid above form-
ing the pediment, on the front of which two birds are
scttlptui^ On the upper part of the firont of the
urn, between the colonnettes, is a panel bearing the
words— 'OSSA-ACRISPINICAEPIONIS,^ and
below it an elegantly formed tripod in full relief, with

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

a griffin standing upon a nedestal on each side. Upon
the sides of the nm are sauptured two twined dolphms.
At the same time the right-hand half of another laige
inscription, evidently belonging to the exterior of the
tomb, was found. It reads as follows : —

* RSTLIVD-TR-MIL-QTR -PL-PR
I -CAES ARIS -AVGVSTI-ET
ESARISAVGVSTII
NA-CAEPIONIS-F-VXOR
ICI VS-Q -F-C -N -C ET^GEMINI.'

The continuation of the excavations along the Via
Sacra has disclosed in situ one of the pedestals and
the foundation of the othei: on which stood the two
columns fronting the left wing of the Temple of
Romulus, son of Maxentius, and corresponding exactly
to those of the right win^ from around wluch the
removal of the accumulation was completed on the
20th of ApriL The workmen are now engaged in
taking down the ancient doorway from the spot to
which it was raised and placed aslant by Urban|,VlII.,
in order to re-erect it m its original position on the
level of the Via Sacra."

The Byron statue in Hamilton Gardens was unveUed
on the 24th of Ma^, by Lord Houghton, in a purely
informal manner^ m presence of the other members of
the committee. The present uncompleted condition
of the monument would have rendered a formal cere-
mony inconvenient. In imveilii^ the statue Lord
Houghton said, — " I here unveil m the sight of the
BritQi people the form of the great poet of the earlier
portion of this century in the fml ripeness of his fame.
More than two generations have already delighted in
his genius, and it is our happiness to present this
monument to the satisfrurtion of those who are to come.
If sinch memory of his music has not been evoked long
ago as was fabled, in the Egyptian statue by the
radiance of the Dawn, it is sometnins that the meri-
dian splendour will now awake the emotion and
latitude of future millions of mankind. The generous
Government of Greece will shortly contribute a becom-
ing pedestal of Hellenic marble to this impersonation
of tne hero of their independence." Among those
present were Lord Stanhope, Lord Dorchester, Lord
Barrington, Mr. Frederick Locker, Mr. John
Murray, jun., Mr. Drury, Lady Jersey, Mr* Betl, the
sculptor, and Mr. Richard Edgcumbe, who has
officiated as honorary secretary to tne committee since
1875. The statue is as yet on a temporary wooden
pedestal. This has been painted red, m rough imita-
tion of the block of blood-red marble, the rosso antico
of the quarries at Cape Matapan, which the Greek
Government, as a grateful acknowledgment of
Byron's services in the cause of freedom, has presented
to the committee. It is said that at the suggestion of
M. Gennadius, a portion of one of the white marble
columns of the Parthenon will be offered to the com-
mittee, and that it is proposed that this, encrusted in
the front of the pedestal, shall bear the name
" Byron." The steps to the pedestal will be of Aber-
deen eranite. The sculptor has represented the poet
seated on a rock. He is in a loosely fitting dress, with
the collar thrown back and opened wide at the throat.
His head rests thoughtfullv on the right hand. The
left hand, holding a pencil, is on an open book, which
lies across the kiKe. On Lord Byron's right is his

dog, 'Boatswain,' looking up affiectionately, and a
little inquisitively, at the intently absorbed face of his
master. The bronxe is of a greenish gray, and the
casting was done at the foundry of Messrs. Cox and
Sons, of 5>6uthampton Street.

On Saturday afternoon, June 12th, at the British
Museum, Dr. Samuel Kinns, F.RA.S., Principal of
the College at Highbury New Park, ddivered a lec-
ture on the Assyrian antiquities in the Museum. His
object was not only to convey views of life as it e xi sted
nearly 3,000 years ago in the cities of Nineveh and
Babylon, but to demonstrate the vast value of the
Assyrian remains in the national collection. In
a general survey of the collection Dr. Kinns remarked
that it was unique, and that its value could not be
estimated ; indeed if it were destroyed nothing could
be found to compensate for its loss. It showed us the
manners and customs of a people who existed nearly
3,500 years ago ; by the pictures in stone and the
writings we could see how tnese people lived and how
they made war ; we could see them in their homes ;
we could observe their social customs ; we could even
study their religion. We could, moreover, obtain
remarkable confmnation of the truth of Holy Writ by
evidence traced out nearly 1,000 years before the com-
mencement of the Christian era. In order to give his
audience an idea of the sire of Nineveh and Babyloa*
the lecturer compared it with modem London by
means of plans. London, it appeared, covered only
half the area of Nineveh, while tne whole area of the
metropolis was seen to occupy about the same relative
position with regard to Babylon as the City of London it-
self occupied with regard to the vast gatheringof houses
between Highgate and the Surrey uplands. Dr. Kinns
dwelt at len^ upon the vast dimensions of the
destroyed cities, their magnificence, the character of
the palaces and temples, the means of protecting the
cities, and other features, including the vast winged
bulls, and discoursed upon the symbolical teachings
conveyed in these works of art. Some of the repre-
sentations were intended to symbolire the Deity, and
it could be seen that the Assyrians attributed to their
Deity omnipotence and omniscience,(and characterised
him as the all-wise and all-just, lliey p^ve him aU
the highest attributes, except mercy, which was quite
unknown to the people, their stone representations
showing that the utmost cruelty prevailed. At con-
siderable length Dr. Kinns described the Assyrian
^stem of government, the relimous rites performed,
the art of making war, the woncing in the quarries,
and the domestic life of the inhabitants of Nineveh
and Babylon. The Chaldean stone with the account
of the Deluge was shown, and parallel passages were
read from the Chaldean and from the Pentateuch
showing the wonderful agreement as to the relation of
the occurrences before and after the Deluge in the two
sources of information.

Correeponbencc*

THE TERMINATION ''HOPE."

May I be allowed to state reasons for diffimng from
Mr. Cole's proposed identification of the termiiuu hope^
in place names, as a lost child of the femily oitJUfrpe^

CORRESPONDENCE.

Thorpe }& one of the wdl-known temunatioiis which
Danish settiements in Kngknd ; and it

distiitfiiish
wonkTbee

be easy to prove, from nomendataie alone, that
there were no Danbh settlenients in the territory which
now forms the coonty of Northnmberlandy in which
the syllable -hope is more common than even in the
adjoinii^ coonty of Doiham.

Bat it there were any Danish settlements between
the Tyne and Tweed, it would be reasonable to
suppose that the immigrants woold not pass over the
fertile plain along the coast for the pmpose of selecting
a home in the wildest recesses ot the Cheviots and
odier nei^hboaring hilb ; and yet such must have been
the case if -hope and -thorpe are identical, for I have
counted seventy-three names ending in -hope in North-
nmberland, and only one is near the coast.

The 'hepa are all in places which indicate the habi-
tations of a primitive British race. Of the seventy-
three places referred to, twenty-three are now nnin-
habtted, andthegreaterpart of the others have mardy
shepherds' cottara.

It seems» thodbre, probable that originally -hope did
not indicate an inhabited place. The general nature
of the locality where the name occurs suggests that it
means the uj^er slope of a mountain valley which
loses itidf in its ascent so as to afibrd no pass or
thocou^ifiue b^rond.

Bewcs Nocthmnberland, Durham, and Cumber-
laadv names in hope are common in the South of Scot-
land, and are also fomid in the counties adjacent to
Wales. In Edmonds* "Names of Places" he gives
the woid a British (Cymrie) origin, from kwpPt a slop-
ing place between hills. This is doubtless the true
derivatioD. Has it any relation to the Weldi kwp^ a
to^ an effort, as indicating a tdlsome ascent?

J. V. GftSGORY.

Newcutle-oa-Tyiie.

>*^ r^3>:>

A RELIC OF BYRON.

With icfac a c e to a paragraph in yoor fourth
nomber (voL i .p. 182), I think It may be worth while
to my that I was the purchaser of the interesting
'* Byron Relic^ for 49^., not for loL as stated. It b
now in the pogrswon of a collector in America.

F. T. Sawn.

35, Halt Street, BkxMnsbary.

A CURIOUS ENGRAVING.
I shooid be giad to learn the history of the followii^

At the left v^dau^ as high as a man's shoulders, when
sitting ; on dus elevation a person is seated, in his
left hand a scroll, at his side are a table, iwkstaTid and
pens, a military hat 00 one skle ; he b listening to a
person at his left, who holds in his hand a paper from
which he is apparently reading ; around him are several
per s o ns s t a nmn g, one of whom is in military dress. In
nront of the presiding officer, at a taUe^ are two persons
with pens in hand. In front are five rows of elevated
bendies filled with auditors, several of whom have
their hats on.

The engraring is finely done, in stip^^e^ without any
inscription or artist's name. Size of plate, 6} by 11 4.

Boston, Bfass., U.S.A.

(VXA>

GENEALOGY OF THE WHITCOMBES.

The Whitcombes. This is a Somerset fiunily, with
which I am connected by marriage, and respectii^
which I should feel gratefril for information. It once
possessed territorial influence and connection, but I
suspect has now passed out of the list of landed pro-
prietors. What is the origin of the family, and by
whom is it now represented ? The name is some-
times written Whitcombe. There b a Whitcomb
Street in London, off Pall MalL

A. D. Campbell.

Kirkintilloch, N3.

ST. EDMUND OF CANTERBURY AND

HIS MOTHER.

According to Anthony \ Wood, a relic of St.
Edmund's mother, her shirt of hair-doth, remained
for three centuries at Oxford, in the hands of a fimiily
named Dagville, or D'Egville, the last of whom left
it to Lincoln College. That community gave it to
the church of All Saints — in which the Saint had
often Breached — to be affixed to a statue of St Ed-
mund' VThat became of thb relic?

E. W. Ford.

t^-^J^:^tij>

1Sooft0 Itecdvet).

English Minsters. 2 vols. ^ Rev. Madcenzie
E.C. Walcott, B.D., F.S.A. (Chatto& Windns.)^
Records of the English Province of the Society of
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EARLY ARMY ACCOUNTS.

>Sik-l^.^Mi-^^^'^

The Antiquary.

^\?i^

AUGUST, 1880.

£arl^ arm^ Bccounte.

Bt Hubert Hall.

■BBpiONGST the records ofthe old Pipe
^B^l Office, now transferred to the
^^^U Poblic Record Office, is a set of
accounts relating to the employ-
ment of money advanced by the Treasury to
agents or contractors for defra3ring the ex-
penses of various departments of the Public
Service ; and contemporary with the Pipe is
another set, that of the Audit Office, dealii^
widi exactly the same subjects, and serving
as a dieck upon the former.

These documents, with a iew exceptions,
range in point of date from the re^ of Henry
VIIL to 1832 ; and thoi^ to afl outward
appearance conmionplace and uninteresting,
would wen repay the investigation of the
historian. Litde or no use has, however, jret
been made of diem, though some of the army
victnalHi^ accounts of the Pipe were referred
to by die late Professor Brewer.

Although the entries are of a meagre
character, yet it is possible to ascertain from
them many (acts of considerable importance,
and even to wcxk out a ccmnected theory
with legud to a given subject, with the assist-
ance of die dat^ which are recorded with
great nunnteness. Above all, such entries
have die merit of being an uninterested, and,
as itwere, accidental record of the events to
which diqr refer:

Amoi^st these accounts, which embrace
almost every conceivable subject of revenue,
those of die Army stand oat as at aocc die
fullest and die most important Under d&is
head are inchided many brand^s of the
service, but the only ones of any great interest
are the two which contain the accounts ofthe
contracttHs and Paymasters ofthe Forces.

The earliest of these accounts are impor-
tant for the light they throw on the constitu-
tion ofthe En^ish army in die reigns of Henry
VIIL and Edward VI., especially with regard
to the employment of regular troops for field
and garrison service, and ofmercenaries.

Hallam, in his well-known sketch of the
miHtary polity of this country, made Hg^t of
the importance both of the paid and disci-
plined troops raised by contracts with great
noblemen, and of the permanent garrisons
maintained on the Scotch Borders especially,
and abroad ; though with regard to the latter,
he admits that Ynk information is deficient,
whfle he makes no mention at aU of mer-
cenaries.

The evidence of these accounts, however,
shows the ease widi which a body either of
foreign harquebusiers and lancers, or of
efficient English archers and men-at-arms
could be raised by the Government ; whilst
the frequent entries for the pay and victual-
ling of the garrisons in the Nor^ of England,
the Channel Islands, and abroad, and die
extensive scale upon which they were con-
ducted, would argue the employment of a
large number of permanent troops on this
service.

Durii^ the latter years of die re^ of
Henry VIIL, and almost the whole of that
of Edward VL, constant warfiire was canied
on with both France and Scotland.

The plan of the operations may be wdl
understood from a penisal of these accounts.
They were like the p<^cy which dictated
them, of a very desultory character, extend-
ing chiefly to the planting and maintaining
of Border garrisons and depots. The items,
*'*' pay of the garnsons," and ^charge of the
victuaDing," recur with unvarying monotony.
Examples will be Jamiliar in die case of
Berwick, Newcasde, Wark, and Holy Island
on the Scotch frontiers, and of Havre, Bou-
logne and Calais in France.

In r542, the Earl of Rutland, as Lord
Warden,widi the Lords Ai^;uyshe, Nevdl, and
Latimer, commanded 3,000 men on die
Scotdi Border. Durii^ thb and the (cXkm-
ing years strict musters were held of the gar-
risons, watchmen and spies were liberally
employed, and the ne^hbouring militia occa-
sionally called out to assist the regular troops.

Alitdelater a body of 3,000 ^- Hi^aniardcs,

4»

EARLY ARMY ACCOt/I^TS.

Italians, and Albanoies," were serving under
foreign leaders, in the garrisons and camps on
the Border ; and there were also present, on
this service a company of ** Almaynes," and
one of " Iryshmen."

As early as the year 1545-8, we have an
account of the expenses incurred in dis-
charging the king's debts for provisions of
war purchased in the ** base partes of Duche-
land," as well as in levying " 8 Ansignes of
Almayne fotemen in the parts of High
Almayne."

In 1548 the Government contracted with
SirConrade Courtepennycke, to furnish 3,000
" Launcknights '' out of the districts of Ham-
burg and Lubeck.

The rebellions in England in the year
1549^ gave occasion for the employment of
both native levies and mercenaries, though
there is no mention here of the German
troops maintained at Calais and brought over
to meet this emergency. The readiest plan
of raising an English force was again found
to consist in entering into contracts with
certain nobles. Thus the Earl of Warwick
and Sir W. Willoughby are empowered, by
letters patent, to put in array the king's sub-
jects within their jurisdiction, '^meete and
hable for the warres," against the rebels in
Norfolk. These levies must not be confused
with the compulsory service of the militia.
The troops engaged were highly paid, the
two commanders receiving respectively 100s,
and 40X. a day ; captains and peticaptains of
horse 6s, and 3^. ; lances is. 4//., and men-
at-arms 9//. ; while captains and peticaptains
of foot received 4^. and 2s, ; foot soldiers
6</., and gunners Sd A surgeon, chaplain,
cook, armourer, and lacquey, all receive the
same stipend, is. With respect to arms, an
entry occurs of the cost of 4 dozen bows and
4 score sheaves of arrows, ;£" 13 10s.

Gunpowder, either " Come " for ordnance,
or *^ Sarpentyne " for harquebuses cost is.
per pound.

One curious entry is for the cost of a craft
to cruise about Lynn, " for feare of th'enny-
myes, and to put upp the boyes in the haven,
yf nede sholde requyre." Mary acting ap-
parently by the advice of Philip, brought
over, in 1557-8, 3,000 Almaynes,the expenses
of whose maintenance are here recorded.
This is the only event of importance recorded

during the reign, except the expenses of .the
force raised, but never employed for the relief
of Calais.

In the first and second years of Elizabeth
there is an account of the pay of the yeomen
of the guard, both about tiie Queen's person
and in the Tower. The former, whose num-
bers varied from 130 to 250, received 40J. a
month, or is. 4//. a day. The lieutenant of
the Tower, Sir Edward Warner, had a yearly
salary of ;^2oo; the gentleman-porter ;£'2 4 6j. ;
and 27 yeomen warders ;£'i2 31. 4//. each.

The expenses of the army under Warwick,
before Newhaven, are largely composed of
the charges of coat and conduct money for
troops from various countries; Amongst
other interesting entries are the pay of the
" Blew-mantle" pursuivant-at-arms, 2s. a day,
and 6d. for his servant ; and 4 preachers at
5x. each, with two assistants at 8^. a day.

Curious specimens of orthography occur
in the spelling throughout, of "phiph" for
fife, and ** Roane " for Rouen. The follow-
ing entry is significant as to the state of the
returned troops : — " The Maior of Rye, for
the halfe of the fire whiche was made for the
purging of the ayre — XIIs."

Except the northern rebellion and the force
raised for the pursuit of the rebel earls into
Scotland there is little mention of anything
but Irish affairs till the Armada. From 1568
to 1584 we have entries which show the pro-
gress of English authority, in the accounts
relating to the victualling of Cork, Waterford,
Galway, and Limerick.

The following order for raising troops for
Ireland resembles a commission of array.
The Earl of Bedford was instructed in 1574
to levy, as Lord-Lieutenant, 1,000 men in the
counties of Dorset, Devon, and ComwaU,
properly armed for tiie Irish war. The follow-
ing directions are given for their equipment
Among every hundred men are to be 3 score
"shott," 40 harquebusiers, and 20 wrhers.
The remainder is made up of 20 pikemen,
and 20 billmen or halberdiers.

Some light is thrown on the forces at the
disposal of the nation at the time of the
threatened invasion of the Armada by an ac-
count of the expenses of the camps in Essex
and Kent In the former were assembled,
under Leicester, who received j£6 a day as
general, 938 lances in 28 companies, and

EARLY ARMV ACCOUNTS.

11,162 foot in 50 companies. In the latter
there seem to have been only 65 lances, 85
light-horse, with 186 carbines, and 3,113 foot
in 21 companies.

Among the most prominent of the local
levies are the London train-bands — held in
such contempt by Leicester — with Sir T.
Le^ton and Sir N. Bacon as colonels of the
companies. An item in the account is the
making of '^ VI seveiall pictures of Babington,
Bamewell, and other traytors for speciall

The assistance given by Elizabeth, after
the defeat of die Armada, to Henry IV., is
shown by the considerable expenses incurred
in the maintenance of the English troops on
die Continent. The '' Old Bands " of the
Low Countries were reinforced, and an Elng-
lish army served in Brittany, Normandy, and
Picaidy, costing, in the fonner case, as much
^ ^'S^ooo u^ four years for the charges of
3,000 men.

The average cost of the pay and entertain-
ment of each soldier appears 'to have been
at diis time 4x. 8^ a week. The tide of
lieutenant is now generally substituted for
pcticaptain.

As m^t be expected, the course of war-
like operations in the last three reigns is
chiefly traced through the accounts of the
army contractors. These are interesting in
themselves as di^laying the enterprise of the
English merchants, as well as the price of
commodities, and their distribution in the
counties.

The importance of this subject cannot be
over-estimated when we remember how laige
a share of the difficulties of the nation at the
time of the Armada was caused by defective
commissariat arrangement

A very rQ>;ular table of the average whole-
sale prices (^grain, catde, &c, might be com-
piled from these accounts. The localities of
their production, too, are fairly uniform ; thus
the midland counties supply catde, the eastern
grain, Cambridge and Sufiblk butter, cheese,
and bacon, and the north coaL Much cost
and labour were expended in conveying fuel
to distant garrisons. Thus timber had to be
exported to Ireland, faggots and coal to
the Channd Islands, Scotland, and France.
With regard to this subject a curious exaction
is extant in an aocoimt in the re^ of

Henry VI I L of the cost of making "Talwoode,
Billettes, and faggottes, as wel within H.M.
owne woodes as in all other woodes to whom-
soever they 24>perteyne within the countie of
Kente."

With respect to rations, the troops do not
appear to have &red very sumptuously ; die
foUowipg are some of tli^ allowances to the
army vS Ireland between 1598 and 1604 : —

Beef (salt or fresh) or pork i to 2 lbs. per
man onc^ a week.

Kewland fish and John Dory i^ fish, or 6 to
8 herrings, or one ling among five, once a

WCCIL.

I to I and \ pints of pease or oatmeal, or
^ pound rice twice a wedc

^ to f of a podnd of butter twice a wedL

I pound of cheese once a wedc

I pound of biscuits a day.

The dothing was somewhat ex pens iv e for
the times, though noficeable for the small
difference in price betwh^ the uniform of
officer and private. That of the former cost
firom 53J. lod, to 621. 10^.*; of the latter,
from 32X. 10^ to 41X. 2d. In connection
with the clothing of the Irish army at this
period, we meet with the names of two con-
tractors, Ury. Babington and Robert Bromley,
both London merchants, notorious as the
perpetrators of one of the most gigantic
frauds in the historv even of our comrnis-
sariat The particulars of the case will be
found in the Exchequer Decree Book, 12 and
13 James L It will be sufficient to mention
here that these wcmhies pocketed aboot
;^ 1 80,000 of public money, by keeping
nearly half the troops without clothes for
a number of years, suppressing the evidence
of the officers by a lavish distribution of
hush-money.

The only remaining event of importance
in the reign of Elizabeth is an account of
the expenses of levying a force for the sup-
pression of Essex's attempt We know that
it was with some difficulty that a small force
could be collected in August, 1599, to resist
a threatened invasion, and the recurrence of
the difficulty is expressed in the preamble of
the account : " For the better and speedier
ordering of such things as are necessary
to ILM. safety.^ It does not say mucn
for the quality of these hasty levies that a
daim for compensation for goods pillaged

£ 2

EARLY ARMY ACCOUNTS.

from a neighbouring dwelling during the
assault on Essex Court, occurs as an item in
this account

We do not, of course, expect to find much
mention of army expenditure during the
peaceful reign of James I. The accounts of
the expenses of the garrisons of Flushing
and Brille are of interest, since they give
some idea of the constitution of these xnilitary
communities.

The garrison of Flushing consisted of 1,500
men, under a governor and a large staff of
officers of half military, half mimicipal stand-
ing. The governor, who received £,^ a day
and escort, was supported by a sort of civil
adviser, with the title of councillor of estate, a
paymaster, knight-marshal, gentleman porter,
water bailiff, and provost marshal, with officers
of musters, cannoneers, &c.

Brille, with a garrison of 500, had the same
arrangements on a smaller scale.

We are not surprised at James' anxiety to
get the place off his hands, when we learn
that the garrison of Flushing cost upwards of
^^25,000 a year, and that he was chiefly
dependent for advances of money for pay
and clothing on the tender mercies of Ury.
Babington and Robert Bromley.

The mention of the expeditions to Cadiz
and Rhd are interesting from their connection
with the grievance of billeting. On their
return from Cadiz the troops were distri-
buted, as they had been on a similar occasion
in 1597, in the south-western counties, espe-
cially in the Isle of Wight, where they were
shifted about '* so that no part thereof should
be more burthened than another."

A fair price, namely, from 2s, 6d, to 3^. a
head was paid for quarters, as might be in-
ferred firom the fact that payment was made
by privy seals or by forced loans from the
county. There are several traces of the lax
discipline complained of by the people, and
one entry is for the cost of a gallows, 2X. 4//.,
and the funeral of two soldiers, 13^. 6d.

The outfit of a soldier at this time con-
sisted of a suit costing from 43X. to 60s. ;
shoes, 2S, Sd, ; a shirt, $s. 4//. ; stockings,
IS. 6d,, and a band, gd.

In consequence, probably, of the popular
discontent some of the troops were moved,
in February, 1627, into Northampton, where
their expenses were defi:ayed by the county,

"as is customary on such necessary occa-
sions."

The expenses of the Scotch war of 1638-9
are mentioned, and appear to have been very
small, owing to loans and voluntary contri-
butions. A list of Koyalist commanders is
given, and among them Sir John Sucklipg as
captain of 500 men, not of his own spl^idid
company. The accounts of the pay of
Hamilton's army are given, together with
that of the Covenanters. Letters of Privy
Seal are quoted, empowering the payment to
Strafford of ;^3oo,ooo for levying 8,000 foot
and 1,000 horse in Ireland. Part of this was
raised by tallies on the soap companies.

The most interesting feature of the accounts
during the Civil wars is the mention of the
resources of the Parliament

Every conceivable method of raising money
is resorted to, the following being the most in
use : Assessments on the counties, private
loans at 8 per cent., loans fix)m the public
Companies, the Eastern and Western Asso-
ciations, and the Merchant Adventturers ; the
revenue of Excise, and the sale of Delin-
quents* and Church property.

The army expenditure is, of course, very
heavy during the period, the greatest cost
being incurred between 1645 and 165 1 —
namely, seven and a half millions.

It seems something like retribution that
the garrison of Gloucester — a city of the last
importance to the Royal cause — should have
been maintained out of a third of the profits
of the imposition on currants, the hardships
of which had been memorable in the last
reign in the case of Bates.

There is an account of the expenses of
Charles I. at Cowes Casde, his general allow-
ance being ;^3o a day. His attempt to escape
is marked by the gift of ;£'ioo to those who
had given timely information of his inten-
tions, with a promise of a like sum on future
occasions.

Amongst other Parliamentary Generals,
Cromwell is mentioned in* receipt, as Com-
mander-in-chief, of a salary at the rate of
;<f 3,000 a year.

An account occurs of the paying off, at the
Restoration, of thirteen regiments of foot,
and twelve of horse, which are styled, pro-
bably not with their own consent, the Duke of
York's, the Duke of Buckingham's^Monk'Sy&c.

EARLY ARMY ACCOUNTS.

With the Restoration a new military policy
was entered on. A small but efficient stand-
ing army was at the king's disposal, and the
experience of the late war had shown that the
possession, and careful maintenance, of strong-
holds was of more importance than a large
army in the field This policy is enunciated
in letters patent for strengthening the garrison
of Windsor, and the example was followed
in the case of other important posts, at an
average cost in each case of from ;^2,ooo to
;^5,ooo a year. The Tower of London was
no longer neglected as in former reigns, but
was now garrisoned by three companies of
Guards.

Far less useful, but more cosdy, were the
foreign garrisons of Dunkirk and Tangier.
The former, which was costing at the rate of
^135,000 a year, was soon abandoned in
favour of Tangier.

The most sanguine expectations were in-
dulged in of the future importance of this
post as an addition to our commercial pros-
perity. It was to be kept up at a yearly cost
of ^70,000, and its port, which was to be
open to all firiendly nations, was extensively
improved. The management of the place
was vested in a committee of the Privy
Council, under the tide of " Commissioners
of the Affairs df Tangeir," to whom, from
1664 to 1680, Samuel Pepys acted as trea-
surer.

Though the expenses were kept within the
assigned limit, the colony was fiu* from a
saccess. The mole took twenty years, and
cost a quarter of a million to erect ; while the
weakness and comipdon of the Government
in its relations with the nadves is marked by
several entries. They even encouraged, if
they did not hold a monopoly of slavery in
the territory.

The organization of the first standing army
— "the new raised Guards,^ as they were
called — has been so often explained in con-
nection with some of our historical r^-
ments, that it would be difficult to bring
any new matter to light The rate of pay,
and the composidon of the different corps
will, however, be easily understood from a
perusal of the first accounts of the Pay-

to obser\'e, in the total
the enonnoDS increase of

It is
yearif

army expenditure in the reign of James II.
over that of Charles. Thus the cost of the
army had risen from ^^220,000 in 1683, and
;^288,ooo in 1684, to ;^588,ooo in 1685,
and ;£^689,ooo in 1686.

In connection with the camp at Hounslow,
in the latter reign, we find several entries for
compensation forwilfiil damages committed
by the troops upon neighbouring owners.

There are several accounts of money spent
in assisting the Revolution. Funds were
raised by recourse to various expedients for
anticipating the revenue — from the collectors
of Excise, the hearth-money, the Post-office,
and the temporalities of die vacant See of
York. One item is for the pay of messengers
'' to and from the GenUemen of Notts and
Derby to appear and send in horses."

The pay and victualling of the troops em-
ployed from 1688 to 1698 in Ireland are
mentioned in several accounts. The com-
position of the forces in the early part of the
campaign is apparent in the titles of the
brigades called Prince Frederick's, Prince
Christian's, Prince George's, the Finish, the
Leland, the Oldenburgh, &c Among the
accounts of the Dutch train of artillery serv-
ing in this campaign occurs the interesting
. entry, '' for money lost when surprized by
General Sarsfield, ;£65o." Of interest in
connection with the Irish war are some ac-
counts which help to explain the Commis-
sariat firauds of Shales and Robinson. In
the case of the former, who provided three
hundred horses at ;^io each for the Irish
war, the charge of ix. 4//. a night for the keep
of each was charged to the Government at
the very time when the Commissary^General
was letting them out for harvest work to the
fiumers of Cheshire. Even in the accounts
of the expedition for die relief of London-
derry, as throughout the campaign, consider-
able peculations were detected.

It iscurious to note that, among die names of
the vesseb mentioned in these last accounts,
and which were chiefly named according to
political or religious partisanship, there occur,
whether by accident or design, the names of
the Anmand Sarahy and die ^ohn and Anne

There remain to be mentioned the ac-
counts of the campaign in Flanders, of the
English division taken prisoners at Brilinega,
and, later still, of the forces employed to

OLD GLASGOW.

without exception based upon representa-
lioDS either of S- Keiitigern himself or of the
legends which have gathered around his
name. Uown lo the close of the thirteenth
century, on the various episcopal seals, the
•.aint only is represented without any of the
legendary accompaaiments, and the earliest
common seal of the city is described by
Father Hay as bearing " Caput episcopi cum
mitia. scilicet S. Kentigem." The first lo
introduce any further emblem was that
patriot-bishop and staunch supporter both oi
Wallace and the Bruce, Robert Wyschard.
on whose seals appear the twig, the bird, and
the salmon. On his latest counter seal,
indeed, the entire story of the Queen of Cad-
/ow and her lost ring is graphically depicted
in a series of tableaux, the requisite point
being given to each scene by the marginal
legend, " Rex Fuhit : H.t,c puorat :
1'atet At'RUM : Dl'm Sacer orat."

The City immediately followed suit with
ihe See, and on a common seal, nearly as
ancient as that just referred to, and adopted
no doubt under the influence of Wyschard,
in addition to the head of Ihe saint and his
bell, we find all the legends emblematized in
their antique form. The salmon haitriant
proffers the ring, while on the twig of hazel,
not yet tnutsfonaed into a tree, sits the robin.

At the same period a similar change a[)p«us
in the capitular seals, so that this variation

in the devices is uistmcily traceable to one
influence— the "fighting bishop."

Subject to various changes, and occasion-
ally omitted altogether, the salmon aod
ring being ever the most persistent, these
devices continuously appear in their earliest
form, down to the Reformation ; whether
the legends themselves had a basis of
truth or not, the representations being at all
events true to llie legends. In the seal of
Archbishop Cairncross, howe\'er, a complete
revolution is effected. Impaling the cogni-
sances above mentioned with his paternal
coat, the bell first appears in a form rotund
instead of square, the twig has become
magnified into a tree, with a corresponding
increase in the dimensions of the bird, while

OLD GLASGOW.

the fish, instead of HauriaU, is introduced,
on its tack in base. With exception of the
salmon being represented natant, these
changes become agaio refiected in the dty
seal, and have so continued with litde modi-
ficatioD down to the present day- indeed,
levotiiig to the square instead (A rotund bell,
and to tbe more immtstakable identity of
ibe rolnii, under authority of the Lord
Ljron, dtcsc chaises may, for ail time com-
ii^ be regarded as pennaitent.

With re^rd to tbe vexed question of
" St. Muogo's Bdl,'' and its assumed sormal
through all ncissiindes &(Mn the seraith to
the seroiteaith cmtuiy, witboat in any way
im;judgii% tbe matter, we would simfdy re-
mart that the fKMs pTvhanM seems to rest
rather li^iidy on the historic sbouMeis. Re-
memboing especially that durii^ the earfier
half of this period the history of the See il-
sdf is inTolved in utter obsctaity, and that
apart bom any idea of persooal posscsston,
St. Muogo's name has been attached to
ahnost ererytfan^ in ctMuectioQ with the
catbedtal, etideitce more reliable than that
whidi is merely titnlar, or even tbe persis-
tent repRsentatioo of a sqoare, and trp
archaic, bell, is a dfftidr r"""'

Mr. Macgcofge must know that die evi-
dence forthcomii^ as to the identity of the
bcD which dsappeared so aocacmocioosty
cirm 1640 fRay^s statement, 1661, wotdd be
eqoalfy appbcable to the OFdinary "deid-
bdT), widi that Jocebae stales to bare pa-

tained to S. Kentigein, would not in Ibe case
of a claimed or disputed title satisfy the
Committee on Priril^es in the House of
Lords ; and why should evidence less irre-
fiagable suffice in this case, where the question
ought Dot to be one of local sentiment or
piediIection,but of strict scientifiDarcIueolog}-?
In dealing with the past innomerable in-
stances occur where the only decision that
can be anired at is that known in courts of
law as an open verdict, or, as in the present
case, where a counter assertion is made, by
resorting to that safe, though indetenninate,
finding customary in Scotland, " Not Pioren.'*
While in certain cases "the benefit of the
cknbt" may be an invaluable pnvilege in
juris[»udence, in matters of sdence and
arducology it is, to say the least, a very
doubtful expedient.

These remarks are made not so much with
reference to " St. Mungo's bell,' as to a
general tendency evinced by Mr. Macgeoige
toward the unreserved acceptance of views
based on vsy slendo' evidoKc. A DOtaUe
instance of this occurs with reference to
certain conjectmvs advanced \rf Dr. MoiMe
in his "Andent Pillar Sums <£ Scotland,
their Significance, and bearing on £dm<dogy.''
Edinbt^h, tS65.

Whether endcned by Dr. Stnart or not,
these ctmjectnres are^ to say tbe least, ex-
tremely bypothetka], and depend upoo cer-
tain inscr^itioDS on Scottish stoocs being
susceptible of an Oriental interprcialKm. Of
these the stone at Gol^e is not mentioned ;
Dr. Moore's sfaeet-andKH being tbe m^a-
tith at Newton of Gariocfa, thus referred to in
the preface to his work : — " To tbts stone
and its inscriptioa the espedal attentitm of
tbe reader b invited, si»a UU udtrat ^ ihe
whoU hiquirj, as antJiitUJ im Ikis Toiitmt,
turns upon the s^n^tanee ascribe to this
hafiaig mmumeMt."

N ow tbe (act is, that for tlK last twelve years
thoe has been before the public an entirely
<^po5itc rendciii^ based on tbe assumption
that this stone, " inscribed with characters nn-
Uke any found in Europe, and wbich, tfaoo^
rccogoized as Oriental, have hitherto defied
interpretation," is graven m tke SattrSaxffm
tt^ngiu. .Accoidir^ to the latest emendation
of Mr. Ralph Can-Elliwn, antbor of this
riev, tbe stone is deditatcd to die memot y

OLD GLASGOW.

of a " Prince-Ruler of the Cumbrian borders,"
whom he thus assumes to have fallen, or to
have died, far to the north of his actual juris-
diction. If this interpretation turned out to
be correct, the stone would thus comme-
morate a predecessor in his princedom of
that " sore saint for the cyown," to whom,
notwithstanding Mr. Macgeorge's depreca-
tory remarks, more than to any other indi-
vidual, both dejure d de facto^ Glasgow owes
its origin. We do not advocate either the
one view or the other, but adduce them as an
instance of the care that ought to be taken
before Uie author of a responsible historical
work commits himself to the advocacy of a
merely tentative theory. We know that on
his own ground Mr. Macgeorge can do
genuine, and, in the history of Glasgow, much
needed, work. All the more then is it to
be regretted that in evidence carefully sifted,
results impartially stated, and the balance
struck between contending opinions, every
page of the book under review should not
have had the benefit of a trained legal mind.
In the succeeding disquisition, although
but too incidentally, Mr. Macgeorge broaches
no more interesting subject than the archi-
tectural history of Glasgow Cathedral. As
Rickman has long since pointed out, to
be one of the most important and in all its
mediaeval architecture in Scotland, main
features most complete remains of this
building has been strangely neglected. For
the last forty years especially, with the
idea, it may be presumed, of exciting some
degree of enthusiasm in its restoration, it has
been the fashion to drape it in a mass of his-
toric verbiage and fiction. By ante-dating
the several parts of the building, and con-
necting them on imaginary grounds with
prominent names, in his Essay, published
in 1833, Maclellan instituted what may
be considered the generally received and
oflficial theory; while Collie, although him-
self an architect, in his "Illustrations of
Glasgow Cathedral," instead of criticizing
the building on its own merits, or from
an architectural point of view, unreservedly
adopted Maclellan's views. To attribute
the existing nave to the early part of the
twelfth century or the episcopate of Achaius,
or the crypt and choir to the close of the
same century or the episcopate of Joceline,

as was then done, is to resign every pre-
tence to architectural discrimination; and
the climax of absurdity is attained when
such unconsidered trifles as the maligned
north-west tower, consistory house,' and
"that nondescript building, which projects
its unsightly form northwards from' the
west end of the choir," for which, according
to Maclellan, "no claimants have hitherto
appeared," are assigned to Bishop Bon*
diington, or the middle of the thirteenth
century, the golden age not only of the First
Pointed, but in one sense of mediaeval art
The truth is that, except, in those com-
paratively late instances where a coat
armorial supplies means of identification, the
historians have to a great extent attributed
the various portions of the cathedral to par-
ticular prelates on mere conjectmre. Instead,
then, of instituting associations for which
there may exist no adequate evidence, the
first duty of the architectural critic is to
divest Uie history of the- building from
chronological anachronisms, and to endea-
vour, as far as possible, satisfactorily to
determine the sequence of its several parts.

As referred to by Mr. Macgeorge,* the
first to raise a protest against the dominant
theory was Mr. John Honeyman, architect,
in Glasgow, in a pamphlet published in
1854.1 In this pamphlet the connection of
Achaius with the nave, and of Joceline with
the crypt and choir, are completely set aside,
the erection of the latter being assigned to
Bishop Bondington (a.d. 1233-1258). Of
the former it is stated ; — " The nave was no
doubt erected during a subsequent episco-
pate, but there is not sufficient evidence to
enable us to determine by whom." J

At this point, before inquiring how far this
statement is in accordauce with existing
facts, we must £aill back upon a previous
part of the pamphlet The fragment of a
capital still preserved in the crypt under the
chapter-house, referred to and delineated by
Mr. Honeyman, is undoubtedly transitional
in character, and (as stated at p. 10), "no
one will pretend" that it has " any connection

♦ P. 106.

t ''The Age of Glasgow Cathedral and of the
Effigy in the Crypt." By John Honeyman, jun., ardii-
tect. Glasgow, 1854.

X Ibid, p. 17.

OLD GLASGOW.

widi the present duach,* not eren with that
'^ small pflbr in the soodk-west comer of the
QjptT which, widi its connected ranking,

dxxe Tiewis endofsed hj
ckums to be part of a
tranational bnikting still Mjite, and as such
"- }^ amly fortmm whidi remains of the build-
ing ooDKoaled in 1x97."* Now, the tmdi
ii thai the carred work adorning the capital
of dds ^smaQ pillax^ rc^XMid, or wail
pier, and Jotmiiig its most distinctiye cha-
lactrfiilir, exhibits die loi^ stiff stems and
cnrhng foliage of the earhest lancet, present-
mg a marirfd. contFafit to the fragment pre-
senml in the crypt nsder die dtapter-hoose
with Its augiihu lofaites^ and a scjuare nn-
moolded aixicns instead of a drcnlar groop
of dabofiUe First Pointed moaldings. Bat
spood or wan pier does not stand
it b sUtinially connected with an
aisle aidi, six feet three indies in width, of a
ircTf plain and massive diaiartcr, the jamb
and arch moulds being merdy a series of
spbjs, mmdomed except by a small capping
at die ■mmt, which, curiously enough, nms
raand d» caps not only of this presumably
ca^ portion of die crypt, but also of all the
later and more florid pien^ The northern
abotmoit of dus arch has one of these piers
built up *g*™*» it, so as to form widi k really
piec^ and on die western faxx. one of the

cut bacx so as to
of being carried on a floriated corbd of First
Pointed chaiartgry yet perceptibly later in
style dnn the respond already mentiooed on
die oppo site ab uii iin n, Thn southern abut-
ment CQoaects itsdf direc^p* widi the main
aoti t h c i II choir wall of the b uilding, extending
west w juds for at least two bays, until it is
ronrgaW. by die later constructiooa of Axdi-
biifaop BJadradder. This portion of the
wan desenres to be studied both externally
and internally, exhibitii^ as it does, a mariced
contrast to Aat extending onward to the east.
Internally we find that tibe boys are divided
by vaulting diafis, widi caps and bases in
their moiiirfings predsdy similar to the re-
^xmd previously mentioned, and di&ring in
just as marked a manner from those in the
major part of the crypL In section these
the cespond, are ridged or keel-
in die test dl t£t crj^ ttie
<M GSflpMr," p. mi.

fiHet is universal bodi on Aa&s and mould-
ii^ The same ked-c^e, fonnii^ the
pointed bowtd, scppeaa in die vaulting ribs
with a i^ain roll on either side and no
hollows or under-cutting, being ^le nearest
aj^mach to traTwHom^i detail this fca gmmt
of an aisle presents.*

There are also no bosKS, while in the
main crypt bosses occur at all die prindpol

On the nordi side dns vault-

U»#-.K*-*«t'^«i

ing IS camea on piers narmomzmg m every
respect widi those in the later part of the
crypc, so that we must aarame the vanlt
was cradled while diey were jntcrted. It is
quite ponble diat originally th» nordi side
of the aisle was closed by a plain wall, sodiat
it would form part of an alley or passage-way
to the structure beyond. On the sou£ eadi
bay is occupied t^ an acutely pointed win-
dow of Tery phon construction, widi no
m o uldi ngs except splays or cavettos at the
angles, while aH die windows to the eastward
have nook shafts andmouldingi. Externally
the difference is just as marked. A massive
buttress indicates die position of the aisle-
aich already mentioned. On this buttress
diere terminate two endrdy distinct bases.
That nnnuDg to the west oonssts of a series
of massire ^lays only, diat runoing east-
wards and omtinued right round die choir
is more ornate and moulded.

AH diese circumstances point to diis feag-
ment of the crypt as being earlier in da^
and difierent in design from the major por-
tion. There is a difference of about fifteen
inches in fioor4eveL The sections of aH
the mouldings, the carved work, the un-
adorned windows, the massive character of
the masonry, the smpler base-mould, and
odier points of detail, emphasize the contrast
Of the eariiest Lancet, it is certainly neidier
Transitional in ^yle, nor part of a Transi-
tional building: That it was built widi a view
to fiother exten»on towards die east diere
can be no doubt Was it so extended then,
and die eastern portion removed? and, if
so, why was this fragment left? Or is it
part of an arrested plan, which never

* Wbenceioever tbey asy have come, amoo^ the
ataaet preserved in the ajpt under the du^cef'
house there is a key-stooe from an iittenection, and
a maanair 6mm a vaolc rib, wnagpt with precisely
theMHK SMMudfaig^ m meMM^e*

OLD GLASGOW.

went any farther^ taken up at a more ad-
vanced phase of the style, and with loftier
proportions and more elaborate ornamenta-
tion carried on to completion ? Such are the
questions this fragmentary aisle naturally sug-
gests, and the latter may be regarded as the
likeliest supposition.

But we cannot stop here. The southern
choir wall, as we have seen, is lost behind
the later structure of Archbishop Blackadder.
Entering this crypt, however, we find precisely
the same base-splays, rising in massive stages
to suit the slope of the ground, continued
along the south transept wall, against which
the east and west walls of Blackadder's aisle
abut This same base reappears again to
the west, and is continued right round the
nave to the north transept, where it again
changes. Other peculiarities in these nave
walls now attract attention. All the vaulting
shafts, both in the north and south aisles,
have the keel-edge instead of the universal
fillet. The caps and bases harmonize with
those in the fragmentary crypt-aisle, and
differ in the most marked manner from the
corresponding features in the 'colonnades.
The same remarks apply to the responds in
the western wall of the nave. The bases of
these responds are elevated three feet six
inches above those of the colonnades. The
pier-plan is quite different, and every feature
points to a marked discrepancy between* the
external and the internal portions of the
nave, or the casing and the colonnades. A
glance at the windows tends to confirm the
impression. Up to the spring of the arches
there are no mouldings proper ; the angles
are merely splayed or have a cavetto, the
ingoings thus agreeing exactly with those in
the fragmentary aisle. The mullions are
massive, formed of simple quarter-rounds
separated by a very broad fillet. In the
north wall internally the arch and jamb-
moulds are the same ; externally, the arch
has a series of plain mouldings dying at the
springing into the jamb-mould. On the
south side the mouldings are precisely simi-
lar with this difference, that the arches are
moulded internally as well as externally. The
principal difference between these north and
south ranges of windows lies in their filling
in. On the north side this is effected by a
series of admirably proportioned triplets ; on

the south with the same mullion, the head is
filled in with a combination of trefoils. The
western aisle windows are still more simple
and massive in their formation, the ingoings,
like the arch in the ciypt below, being a
mere series of splays. Closing in the ex-
tremity of the aisle-roof above appear a
diminuendo series of openings or lights, with
mullions of the same section as those in the
north and south walls of nave.

Notwithstanding the extensive alterations
which these external nave walls must have
undergone, both at the hands of Blore and
in earlier times, the conviction is thus forced
upon us that they form a part of the building
of which the fragmentary crypt-aisle is merely
the eastern termination, marking, probably, a
temporary stoppage in the work of recon-
struction.

The argument which started this lengthened
digression thus proves too much one way
and too little another, toa much in point
of style when, assuming the fragment in
question to be Transitional in character, it is
affirmed to be the sole surviving relic of an
earlier fane — />., Joceline's; too little in
extent when it would restrict the marked
diversity exhibited to this crypt-aisle only.

The church built by Achaius must have
been undoubtedly Norman. Destroyed, or
extensively injured by fire antea 1 1 74, it has
been conjectured without adequate reason
that it was constructed of wood, but in this
case it would have been an exception to the
general rule. To whatever extent wood may
have been used internally, presumptive evi-
dence is not wanting that it really was a stone
building. With an appreciation of earlier
remains too seldom exemplified even in
mediaeval times, in erecting the substructure
for the proposed south transept, Arch-
bishop Blackadder inserted over each crypt
window a sculptured stone, forming in all a
series of eight or nine. In the style of the
carving and nature of the subjects these
sculptures bear a striking analogy to the work
of the twelfth century, and may in all proba-
bility be remnants saved from the Norman
church. The fragmentary capital already
cited equally proves that to whatever extent
it may have been carried, whether as an
addition to an older building or a recon-
stniction, there was certainly Transitional

OLD GLASGOW,

work of very decided character upon the
ground ; but it b equally certain that in this
style dieie are no remains^ visible at least,
m sihu Had such existed, they might very
well have been referred to the time of
Jocdine. Of the building now extant, the
remarks i^eviously made tend to show that
the casing of the nave, the lower part of the
transepts, and the fragmentary aisle, are the
oldest portions, and that, after a period of
arrest sufficient to admit of a considerable
advance in the Fast Pointed style, the build*
ing was resumed, the great crypt and choir
completed, and, subject to still further modi-
fications owing to the lapse <A time, the
woik of reconstmctuNi carried westward into
the cokannadrs of the nave.

(7# Ar cmUhmed^

v-^^ .s>v

RECENT antiquarian discovery of
a most remarkable nature, observes
a corre^xxident of the TBwcr, wri-
ting from Copenhagen, has put the
Sficfitiiir wockl of Scandinavia in commoticHi,
and is attracting the goieral attention of the
Snnrfinavian nations, fondly attached to
dicir venerable history and ancient foik-kre,
and fiiU of devotion for the relics of their
great past. In age this discovery caxmot
<»pe with the treasure-trove brought forth by
SchKemarm from Cian or Grecian soil, nor
even with the cxcavztioQS axtdocted by
German savans at CHympta; it carries us bac±
to a period distant only a thousand years
from our time; but ^Dl it imtiatcs the
modem time in the hie and customs of by-
gone ages, and vivifies the cycle of okl
Nordiem poems and sagas as fiiHy as the
"• Diad* is illustrated \sj the excavatzoos at
Hissaoiik or at Mycenae, or the Pizidaric
odes by those at CHympoL

In the sootb-wcstcra port of ChristiaBxa
fjord, in Norway, is stoate the bathing
cstabfishment of ^mde^ord^ renowned as a
resort lor rheumatic arui nervoas patients.
The way from this place to the old town of
'lonsbeig rooducts to a snaE village caQed
Gog^tad, near which is a tomalEES or fizDescal

hill, long known in the local traditions under
the name of King's Hill (Kongshaug). In
the flat fields and meadows stretching from
the fjord to the foot of the mountains, this
mc^e, nearly 150 feet in diameter, rises slowly
from the ground, covered with green turf.
A mighty kii^ it was told, had here found
his last resting-place, surrounded by his
horses and hounds, and with costly treasures
near his body; but for centuries superstition
and the fear of avenging ghosts had prevented
any examination of the supposed grave, until
now the spirit ci investigatk>n has dared to
penetrate into its secrets. The result has
been die discovery c^ a complete vessel of
war, a perfect Viking craft, in idiich the un-
known chieftain had been entombed.

The sons ci the peasant cm whose ground
the tumulus is situate b^an in January and
February this year an excavation ; they dug
down a well from the top, and soon met with
some timber. Happily they suspended their
work at this point, arid reported the matter
to Christiania, where the ^^Sodety fxx the
Preservaticm of Ancient Monuments" toc4c
up the task, and sent down Mr. Nicdaysen,
an expert smd learned antiquary, to conduct
the further investigaticm. Under his able
guidance the excavation was carried cm in
the months of April and May, and brou^
to a happy conclusion, reveahng the wIk^
body of an (^ Viking vessd, sevcnty-foor
feet long between stem and stem, sixteen
feet brood amidships, drawing five feet, and
with twenty ribsw This is by far the largest
craft found firom the old^ times^ In 1863
the Danish Professor Ex^elhardt dug out
from the turf^noor at N jd^m, in Schksv^, a
vessd fcmy-five feet in length, and in 1867
another was found at Tune, in Xorw^, forty-
three feet kng ; but neither of d»se can in
completeness or appointment be compared
with the cxafr now excavated at Gogstad.
The tumulus is now nearly a mile rffcfaryt
from the sea, but it is evident firom the
nature of the alluyial scxl that in olden times
the waves washed its base. The vessel had
oxisequently been drawn up immediately
firom the fjord^ and placed iq)on a layer of
fiisdnes <^ hurdles of hazel branches and
moss ; the sides had then been covered irith
isaSL cUj, and the whole been filled up with
f?^ T^h 2md sand to fisrm th^ fizneieal tiffl-

A VIKINGS SHIP.

But the craft is placed with the stem towards
the sea. Il^ was the grand imagination of
the period that when the great Father of the
Universe/ should call him the mighty chief-
tain might start from the funereal hUl with
his fully-appointed vessel out upon the blue
ocean.

In the stem of the ship, first disclosed to
the eye, several interesting objects were found.
A piece of timber proved to be the stock of
the anchor ; it was perforated to hold the iron,
but of this no more was found than a few
remnants, in the bottom the remains of two
or three small oaken boats of a very el^ant
shape were placed over a multitude of oars,
some of them for the boats, others twenty
feet long, for the large craft itself! The form
of these oars is highly interesting, and very
nearly like that still in use in English rowing
matches, ending in a small finely cut blade,
some of them with ornamental carvings. The
bottom-deals, as well preserved as if they were
of yesterday, are ornamented with circular
lines. Several pieces of wood had the ap-
pearance of having belonged to sledges, and
some beams and deals are supposed to have
formed compartments dividing the banks of
the rowers on each side from a passage or
corridor in the middle. In a heap of oaken
chips and splinters was foimd an elegantly-
shaped hatchet, a couple of inches long, of
the shape peculiar to the younger Iron Age.
Some loose beams ended in roughly-carved
dragons'-heads, painted in the same colours
as the bows and sides of the vessel — to wit,
yellow and black. The colom^ had evidently
not been dissolved in water, as they still exist ;
but, as olive oil or other kinds of vegetable
oil were unknown at the time, it is supposed
that the colom^ have been prepared with some
sort of fat, perhaps with blubber.

As the excavation proceeded, the whole
length of the vessel was laid bare. All along
the sides, nearly from stem to stem, and on
the outside, extended a row of circular shields,
placed like the scales of a fish ; nearly loo of
these are remaining, partly painted in yellow
and black, but in many of them the wood had
been consumed and only the central iron
plate is preserved. From the famous tapestry
of Bayeux it is well known that the ancient
Viking vessels had these rows of shields along
the freeboard, but it was supposed that they

were used by the warriors in the strife, and
only placed there for convenience. It is now
clear that they had only an ornamental
purpose, being of very thin wood, not thicker
than stiff pasteboard, and unable to ward off
any serious hit from a sword. In the middle
of the vessel a large oaken block, solidly
fastened to the bottom, has a square hole for
the mast, and several contrivances show that
the mast was constructed for being laid down
aft. Some pieces of tow and a few shreds of
a woollen* stuff, probably the mainsail, were
foimd here. In this part of the vessel was
built the funereal chamber, formed by strong
planks and beams placed obliquely against
each other and covering a room of nearly
fifteen feet square. Here, just as expectations
were raised to the highest pitch, a bitter dis-
appointment awaited the explorers. Some-
body had been there before them. Either in
olden times, when the costly weapons of an
entombed hero tempted thesurvivii^ warriors,
or in some more modem period when the
greediness for treasure was supreme in men's
minds, the funereal hill has been desecrated,
its contents pilfered and dispersed, and what
has been left is only due to tiie haste andlbar
imder which the grave-robbers have worked.
A few human bones, some shreds of a sort of
brocade, several firagments of bridles, saddles
and the like in bronze, silver, and lead, andm
couple of metal buttons, one of them with a
remarkable representation of a cavalier widi
lowered lance, are all that has been got
together from the heap of earth and peat
filling the funereal chamber. On each side
of it, however, were discovered the bones of
a horse and of two or three hounds. In the
forepart of the ship was found a large copper
vessel, supposed to be the kitchen oddron €^
the equipage, hammered out of a solid piece
of copper, and giving a most £5ivourable
proof of that remote period's handicraft.
Another iron vessel with handles, and with
the chain for hanging it over the fire, lay close
to a number of small wooden drinking-cups.
The detailed account of all these objects
would claim too much space.

It was originally the intention to dig out
the whole craft from the hill and transport it
to the Museum at Christiania. A laige pro-
prietor of the neighbourhood, Mr. Treschow,
offered to pay the expense. But on closer

A VIKINGS SHIR

examination, and after consultation with one
of the constructors of the navy, it was con-
sidered unsafe to attempt such dislocation.
It is now the intention to leave the craft where
it was foimd and to protect it against the in-
fluence of the weather by building a roof over
the hill, carrying to the Museum at Chris-
tiania only the smaller objects. The Govern-
ment has at once consented to de&ay the
expenses necessary for the purpose.

As to the time when the tumulus was
thrown up, there is no doubt among anti-
quaries that it dates from the period
termed the " younger Iron Age," distant from
our day nearly a thousand years, or a little
more. We shall have to carry our thoughts
back to about the year 800, when Charlemagne
was crowned Emperor of Rome, but when
Norway was still divided between the wild
chieftains and sea-kings vanquished towards
the close of the ninth century by the great
Harold the Fair-haired, the founder of the
Norw^ian State and nation.

of Ben 3on6on'0 flame*

T is well known that proper names
in Elizabethan days were spelt
at different times by their owners
even more variously than they
spelled ordinary words. But Jonson was
a man who went by line and level in litera-
ture, if not in bricklaying, as well in his plays
as in his or&ography and punctuation, or, to
speak more correctly, by such principles as
he chose at the time to adopt and uphold.
There is also no doubt but that for the
greater part of his life he wrote his name
Jonson. Did he do so from the first ?

Lieut-Col. Cunningham, in a note to
his edition of Gifford*s " Jonson" (p. viiL),
on Jonson's statement that ''his father
came from Carlisle, and, he thought, from
Annandale to it," &c — says, '' Coming from
Annandale the family name must have been
Johnstone,^' Giflbrd — an unscrupulous assertor
— has been believed because he knew
well that a confidently calm assertion is
accepted without inquiry as proof even when

the assertion is contrary to facts. If a stray
fact occur to the mind, why it is so much
the worse for the fact, and it is dismissed.
Our editor was here the more daring, because
he had a purpose to serve and a dieory to
support Like other editors, for the time he
edited him, his author was his Hero, his
good qualities exaggerated or invented, his
evil ones converted into virtues, or treated as
foibles such as are inherent in the best of
men. Nay, the self-conceited, arrogant, and
irascible Jonson was one on whom, if need
were, a fifth Evangile might have been
written. One of Gifford's tasks was to prove
that Jonson was not envious of, and never of
his own accord quarrelled with, Shakespeare.
Witness his noble ode to him, &c ! Marry
these were after the latter's death, and when
the nation's voice had proclaimed him our
foremost dramatist — ^always excepting, as was
of course understood, the lawgiver Ben.
The Timber bit, the same line in Julius
Cusx/jr paradoxically quoted in the introduction
to the StapU of News (1625), and the Bar-
tholomew Fair allusions were ignored. So,
too, was tlie well-kno?m passage in The
Return from Parnassus — " O, that Ben yon-
son is a pestilent fellow, he brought up
Horace giving the poets a pill: but our
fellow Shakespeare hath given him a puige
that made hun bewray his credit" Or if
this last was casually alluded to, without
being quoted or named, it was only to prove
that, if they had quarrelled, Shakespeare had
been the aggressor.

One passage, however, could not be ignored;
I refer to the lines in the prologue to Every
Man in his Humour^ in the Folio 16 16, or
second version of the play. Another plan
was therefore adopted. Without the slightest
evidence it was declared — ^and so calmly
declared that the assertion was at once taken
for granted — that it was written for the first
or quarto version of 1601, or as Gifford, by
another assertion without proo^ would have
it, in 1596 or even 1595. Hence it coul*d
not have been aimed at Shakespeare's plays
written after 1598. The awkward question
— ^Why, then, did it not appear in this quarto
version? was repUed to beforehand by the
further assertion that the quarto was from
a playhouse copy, published by Henslowe
and his company wiUiout Jonson's sanction.

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF BEN JONSON'S NAME.

Why they did not publish the prologue —
for the players, if any, must have had it — ^he
however omits to explain or account for.
All these assertions are not only devoid of
proof, but contrary to facts, as I trust to
show hereafter.

Here comes in the spelling of Jonson's
name. Gifford's proof that the 1601 version
was brought out against Jonson's wish, and
without his sanction, is this : — " There is not
the least probability of its having been given
to the press by Jonson, whose name is rois-
spelt in the title-page, and who, indeed, if the
property of the play had been in his own
hands, would naturally be inclined to sup-
press it altogether [on account of his supposed
production of the second version]. It had
neither dedication nor prologue, and was
probably printed from the bookholder's copy
at the Rose'^ (Introd. to Every Mofi in his
Humour,) Will it be believed that the
writer of these words had in his possession —
and, as his edition shows, had read and
consulted — all Jonson's quartos ? These give
the following results. Every Man out of
his Hufnour^ 1600, being his first published,
bore simply the initials B. J. Every Man in
his Hutnour ^i6o\^ Cynthia's Revels 1 601, and
The Poetaster^ 1602, the two latter expressly
allowed by Gilford to have been published
under Jonson's supervision — and that the
Poetaster was so published is proved by the
marginal references to Ovid — spell his name,
Ben Johnson, Neither do they contain
Dedications. Hence I am unable to acquit
Gifford of the charge of deliberate misrepre-
sentation.

The first publication in which Ben spelt him-
self Jonson or rather J onsonius was his " Part
of the King's .... " Entertainment through
.... London .... the 15th of Marche,
i6o3[4]." It was published with a Latin title-
page, and therefore commenced B. Jonsonii,
and ever thereafter he wrote himself in his pub-
lications, Jonson. This he may have adopted
from, as above, its more literate — Le., Latinate
— form, or for the sake of singularity, and to
separate himself from the common herd of
Johnsons and Johnstons, or because he had
become acquainted with the form Jansen in his
campaign in the Low Countries.

Having shown thus that Jonson in his own
works first wrote himself Johnson, I will,

should it be desired, expose Gifford's misre-
presentations and unfounded assertions as to
the date and the supposed surreptitious
natiu*e of the quarto edition of Every Man m
his Humour, and also show strong grounds
for the belief, if not proofs, that the seccmd
or folio version was, at earliest, not written
till 1606. Meanwhile I would add a few
words on the manner in which Jonson's name
was elsewhere spelt. First, I would mention
that — taking it as improbable that Jonson
would have considered the enrolment in an-
cestral orthography as necessary in such
documents — his name, if Mr. Collier is to be
trusted — occurs twice, if» not six times, in
parish registers as Johnson. Next, in Charles'
grant to him in March 1630 his name is eight
times spelled "Johnson," and only thrice
" Jonson." Thirdly, in the City Records of
1628, 163 1, and 1634, it is given — ^in all
three times — "Johnson." Fourthly, in the
three plays of his second volume of 1640
published separately by Allot, during Ben's
lifetime in 163 1, the first has, " By Benjamin
Johnson," the two others " By Ben Jonson,"
showing possibly that Allot had altered die
spelling according to Jonson's directions,
though it is difficult to understand how,
if this were the case, the original Johnson
was allowed to stand. Fifthly, the remaining
title-pages of this volume, exclusive of the
general title, bear "Johnson," as does, in
some copies, the reprint of Allot's " The
Devil is an Ass." By the way, this reprint
dated 1641 thus shows that the printers of at
least large books did not work off thieir whole
impression at once, or reset their forms for a
new edition, but kept the old type standings and
printed off from time to time such a number
as they thought would supply the demand.

The same seems proved by the "Jonsomus
Virbius " of 1638, for of the two impressions
in the British Museum, whose whole typo-
graphy shows that they are copies from the
same types and setting up — and I ma)^ state
I have examined them for the purpose of
ascertaining this — one copy, as noticed by
Miss L. Toulmin Smith,Mvants all trace of a
signature to the sixteenth set of verses, while
the other has I. Mavne. Other considera-
tions might also be adduced, I think, in sup-
port of this view. But to retmn. After the
Printer's Address which speaks of Johnson^

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF BEN JONSON'S NAME.

we have twenty-five writers in English : three
do not mention his name ; eighteen spell it as
Johnson, using it thirty-eight times ; three spell
it in both ways, each of Uiem once each ; and
two spell it Jonson alone, three times. The
six writers in Latin use Jonsonus nine times
and the Greek one once. Corresponding to
this the tide-page has Jonsonus Virbius,
bat immediately after these two words follows
the English form Johnson. It is to be re-
membered also that these writers pose as the
companions, friends, and admirers of their
chief English poet

We have therefore evidence that after his
death not merely printers but his associates
recorred to the spdling ''Johnson ; " and from
this and from his last printed pieces one may
hare some slight suspicion that he himself
rec ur red to this form. At least it will be ad-
mitted that, as in other cases, such differences
were accoxmted no differences.

This gives also additional proof, if such
were needed, that the Mrs. Margaret jonson
married in 1575 to Mr. Thomas Flower was
not (the then) yohnsot^s mother, though
Gi£R>rd assumes that ''she unquestionably
was" sa K Nicholson, M.D.

tTbe
politeness of our forefathers.

<«

Tempora mutantur^ d nos muiamur in illis.^

^T long since, whilst turning over
the dusty contents of a box of
books labelled all at 6d., my
attenti(m was drawn to a rusty
little i2mo, bound in well-worn sheepskin.
A short examination showed it was complete,
and for the small sum of sixpence I became
the possessor of a literary treasure, which has
since afforded me much gratification and
amuyment. This shabby little booklet of
1 78 pages, bearii^ on its bastard title the
mystic words,

Licensed

^^^67^ } ^"^ L^ Estrange,
carries the mind back more completely into
the past than many books of greater and-
quarian importance, not indeed into any'

VOL. IL

remote antiquity, but to a time of which the
majority of people know litde and think
less; that age when our ancestors were
commencing die study of home life, the arts
of civilization, and breaking away from the
coarseness and brutality of the Middle Ages,
were gradually adopting tea, coffee, and
tobacco, and learning the convenience of
night-gowns, newspapers, umbrellas, forks,
and stockings. Those worthy people who are
constandy regretting the " good old times "
are generally somewhat ignorant of the dis-
comforts of that m3rstic period ; a litUe study
in the print-room of the British Museum
would somewhat tone down their enthusiasm,
without any reference being necessary to the
advantages which modems possess in the
shape of ludfer matches, gas, penny postage,
railways, cheap books, and steel pens. Tlie
gay cavaliers of the Stuart period were very
brilliant to gaze upon, espeoally in paintings,
but what was their home life like? Those
who have seen Van der Heist's n^asterpiece
in the Amsterdam Gallery will rememb^ the
jovial scene of the banquet of the officers
of the Guard after the Peace of Munster in
1648 — the group of thirty handsome gen-
demen, in the tasteful costume of the period,
seated round the festive board, busy with
their long clasp knives, and not 2ifork to be
seen ; indeed, the most prominent member
of the party boldly faces you with a knuckle
of ham in his fist, from which he is cutting
his meal with the same careless ease we see a
modem " navvy " affect when sitting on his
mound by the roadside he takes his midday
bread and cold boiled bacon.

llu Rules of Civility ; or, Certain Ways of
Deportment observed in France, anwngsi all
Persons of Quality, upon Several Occasions.
Translated out of French, London, Printed
for J. Martyn at the Bell in St Paul's
Churchyard, and John Starkey at the
Mitre in Fleet Street, near Temple Bar.

MDCLXXV.

Such is the tide of the work which has
brought up this train of ideas, and its perusal
goes far to convince me that our ancestors
were not to be envied. If it may be taken
as an index to their manners and customs, it
tends to show that they had no manners to
boast of, and that their customs were very

THE POLITENESS OF OUR FOREFATHERS.

disagreeable ; by a simple line of reasoning
one can easily discover what they were accus-
tomed to do by what they are instructed to
avoid, and can guess their vices from the
pains taken to persuade them to adopt cer-
tain virtues.

But it would be no easie matter to prescribe Rules
of Civility so exact, as that they should comply with
all times, persons and places m the world, seeing
nothing is more obvious tnan variety of Customs, and
that what is decent in one Nation is undecent in
another ; what is useful, and perhaps profitable in one
Age, declines, and grows contemptible in the next; in
short, nothing is so intrinsically decorous, but the ex-
perience or caprice of Mankind alters, or explodes it.

Nowhere could a better illustration of this
paragraph, taken from the book, be found
than in the book itself, for although profes-
sedly written for persons of quality, and
teeming with instructions to the nobility, and
even royalty itself, it alludes to such topics,
and in such plain language, as would now be
quite impossible, and fortunately is as imne-
cessary as impossible. Its twenty chapters
contain instructions as to general politeness,
conversation in company, deportment to-
wards great Persons (always with a capital
P.), behaviour in church, at the table, at play,
in riding and driving, and the writing of let-
ters, together with a few concluding remarks
" against such as are over-scrupulous."

The first point that strikes one is the extreme
deference, the abject humility, that is incul-
cated as being necessary to be observed to-
wards the Person or Persons of Quality with
whom you associate ; the next is the neces-
sity the author appears to have felt to impress
strongly upon his most noble and gentle readers
(" this work," he says," cannot have relation to
any but the Gentry^\ that obscene and profane
language should not be used before ladies,
and that even swearing is somewhat repre-
hensible.

His entrance into the great Person^ s house ; his obser^
vations at the door^ in the antirehamber and elsewhere.

To begin with the door of a Prince, or Great Per-
son, it is uncivil to knock hard, or to give more than
one knock.

At the door of his Bed-chamber or closet, to knock,
is no less than brutish ; the way is to scratch only
with their nails. When he comes into a great man's
house or chamber, it is not civil to wrap hmiself up in
his cloak ; but in the King's Court he runs great
hazard of correction.

Presuming that our friend has entered the
great man's room (without correction, let us

hope), he is next instructed in the art of con-
versation : —

Chap. V. Regulates his Conversation in

Company.

I think it scarce necessary to set down the documents
which is given every day to Children ; as whenever
they answer yes, or no, to give always the Titles of
Sir, Madam, or my Lord, as they are due ; it is hand-
some also when one is to contradict any person of
Quality, and to answer in the n^ative, it is not to be
Qone bluntly with a No^ Sir, that is not so, bat by cir-
\cumlocution, as Pardon me. Sir, I beg your poandtm.
Madam, if I presume to say, fishing attdpratiimgitrehmi
always to please.

This quaindy-worded paragraph is suc-
ceeded by one having what Pep3rs would
have called a mighty fine . conceit of dry
humour : —

It b obvious too,that it is but a Rustick and Clownish
kind of wit to put Sir, or Madam after any word, so
as to render his meaning ambiguous, as to say, tJkis
Book is bound in CeUf, Sir ; this is a fine Mare^
Madam ; or — he is mounted upon an ass, my Lord,

The remaining instructions as to conversation
possess no great interest ; thty may be
briefly siunmed up, thus : —

If you your lips would keep from slips,

Five things observe with care ;
Of whom you speak, to whom you speak.

And how, and when, and where.

and the chapter concludes with some advice
on the topic of " Button-holing," which may
be of service even in the nineteenth century.

But being in discourse with a man, 'tis no less dian
ridiculous to pull him by the Buttons, to play widi Ae
Band-strings, Belt or Cloak ; or to punch him oow
and then on the Stomach ; 'tis a pleasant sight, and
well worthy of laughter, to see him that is so piuiclit»
fiidl back, and retire ; whilst the other insensible of
his absurdity, pursues and presses him into
comer, where he is at last ^lad to cry quarter,
his comrade perceives he is m danger.

It argues neglect, and to under value a man, to
sleep when he is discoursing or reading ; therefore
good Manners command it to be forbid; besides^
something there may happen in the act that may ofioid,
as snoaring, sweating, gaping, or dribling.

To keepe your hands in your Pockets is like a
Lowte.

We are next to suppose that dinner has
been announced, and we have

Observations at the Table, If it so happens that the
person of Quality detains you to dine with him, it is
uncivil to wash with him unless 3rou be commanded
expressly. Grace being said, he is to stand still till
he be placed, or dispose himself at the lower end
of the Table. When he is set, he most keep himself
uncovered till the rest sit down, and the person of
quality has put on his Hat.

THE POLITENESS OF OUR FOREFATHERS.

Several other paragraphs make it quite
clear that hats were worn at table, it being
held a mark of inferiority to remain uncovered,
and even in church hats were worn without
any idea of irreverence.

Of the instructions given for behavioiu: at
table the following are the most curious of
those that are fit for general perusal : —

In eating observe to let your hands be clean ; feed
not with both your hands, nor keep your knife in jrour
hand ; dip not your fingers in the sauce, nor lick when
3rou have done, wipe your mouth, and keep your spoon
dean. Gnaw not bones, nor handle Dogs, nor spawl
upon the floor ; and if you have occasion to sneez or
cough, take your Hat, or put your Napkin before
your face.

Drink hot with your mouth full nor unwiped, nor so
Ions' till 3rou are forced to breathe in the Glass.

He must have a care his hand be not first in the
Dish, unless he be desired to help his neighbours.

If you be carv'd, 'tis but civil to accept whatever
is offered, pulling off your Hat stiU when it b done
by a superior.

To give anything from your own Plate to another
to eat oi^ though he be an inferiour, savours of
arrogance, much less an Apple or a Pear that hath
been bit by you before. Have a care likewise of
blowing fnyth from off a Cup, or any dust from
roasted Apple or a Toast; for the Proverb saith.
There is no wind but there is some rain.

We are to wipe our spoon every time we put it into
the dish ; some people being so delicate, they wiU
not eat after a man nas eat with his Spoon and not
wiped it.

*T\s rude to drink to a Lady of your own, much
more of greater quality, than your sel^ with your
Hat on ; and to be covered when she is drinking to
you. When Dinner is going up to anv Nobleman's
ta^le, where you are a stranger, or of inieriour quality,
'tis dvil and good manners to be uncovered.

If it so happens that you be alone together with a
person of Quality, and the Candle be to be snuffed^
yon must do it with the Snuffers, not your fingers,
and that neatly and quick, lest the person of Honour
be offended with the smell.

The instructions given to ladies contain
frequent reference to the masks they wore,
a custom which enabled them to visit the
theatres to witness the wickedly witty
comedies of the Restoration period. What
other and better ends they served the muse
of history telleth not.

As to the Ladies, it is convenient for them to know
that, besides the Punctilio of their Courtesies, there
is the Ceremony of the Mask, the Hoods, and the
Trains ; for it is no less than rudeness in a woman to
enter into any ones Chamber, to whom she owes anv
respect, with her Gown tucked up, with her Mask
upon her face, or a Hood about her head, unless it be
tmn and perspicuous.

It is not civil to have their Masks on before persons
of honour, in any place where they may be seen ; im-
less they be in the same Coach together at the same
time.

It is uncivil to keep their Masks on when they are
saluting any one, unless it be at a good distance : But
even in that case they pull it off before any person of
the blood.

If a person of Quality be in the Companv of
Ladies, tis too juvenile and light to play wim them,
to toss or tumble them ; to kiss them by surprise, to
force aMray their Hoods, their Fans, or their Ruffs.
It is unhandsome among Ladies, or any other serious
Company, to throw off ones Cloak, to pull off ones
Pemique, or Doublet, to cut ones Nails, to tye ones
Garter, to change shoes if they pinch ; to call for
ones night gown, and slippers to be at ease, nor sins
between the teeth, nor drum with ones fingers ; aU
which are as incongruous, as for xm officer of Horse
to appear in shoes when he is called to attend the
GeneraL

Directions for our Demeanour in the Coach,

Being in the Coach, we are not to put on our Hats,
but by command, nor to turn our hacks upon the
person of Quality upon any occasion.''

The latter injunction does indeed strike
one as being somewhat superfluous, unless
our polite ancestors possessed the enviable
power of sitting the wrong side up with care.

It is observable likewise, when we meet with a
consecrated Host, a Procession, Funeral, the Kin^,
Queen, Princes of the Blood, or persons of extraordi-
nary Dignity, as the Popes Legate etc.; that it is a
respect due to them, for us to stop our Coach till they
be passed ; the Men to be uncovered, and the Ladies
to pull off their Masks.

But if it be the Sacrament, we must out of the
Coach if we can, and down upon our knees, though in
the middle of the street.

Honour to whom honour is due, but the
perusal of this book makes one sad, for be
It remembered it was originally written for
the French people, and all this " booing and
booing," this unreasoning and unreasonable
worship of the Great and Titled of the
World, broke down most fatally a hundred
years later, when the mock ceremony and
servility of ages were swept away in tonents
of blood.

We are happier now in the possession of
a more manly and independent kind of
politeness, which is as honourable to those
who receive it, as to those who offer it, and
let us hope that toadyism is nearly extinct,
although indeed the satirist says that '* Para-
sites exist alway."

Walter Hamilton, F.R.G.S., F.R. Hist S.

F 3

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.

Boofi6 Curiou0 an^ 1?are-

By Cornelius Walford, F.I. A.

Being the substance of a Paper read before the Library
Association of the United Kingdom^ yune^ 1 880.

Reprinted, with corrections and additions, from
" Monthly Notes'* of the Association.

OME few years since, when esta-
blishing a system of boxes for lite-
rary gatherings, I allotted one to
" Books Curious and Rare," and in
a moment of pedantic reverie, scribbled inside
its lid the following words which might have
constituted the tide of this Article : — " Books

I HAVE SEEN ; BoOKS I HAVE NOT SEEN ;

Books I should like to see ; Books I
NEVER expect TO SEE." From time to time
I deposited in it memoranda of books and
tracts, to a very large extent clippings from
secondhand book catalogues. I had never
made any detailed examination of the con-
tents of this box, and probably should not
have done so for a long period, but from the
fact of receiving an invitation to read a Paper
before the members of the above-named As-
sociation. In my perplexity for a subject
ready to hand, I turned to the said box, and
the following lines will convey some idea of
its contents, poor as I fear they will be found.

It will be a foregone conclusion that a
collection of odds and ends thus gathered
together, mainly because they admitted of no
more scientific arrangement, constitute a
species of literary scavenging from which little
can be hoped.

I need hardly say that the clippings from
catalogues were preserved only as mdications
of the existence of the publications to which
they are supposed to relate. They were
never designed to be accepted as conclusive,
but they constitute very fair prima facie evi-
dence upon which to found further inquiry.
In the absence of anything even approaching
to a general catalogue of English literature,
these miscellaneous records occasionally
throw light where otherwise all had been
darkness. In this sense I speak with thank-
fulness of them. If I were to say that mis-
prints, unscientific abridgment of titles, and
slips as to dates and authorship, were never
found in these catalogues, I fear I should
not secure absolute credence. I will, there-
fore, make no assertion of the kind. I might

accomplbh the task before me, by the con-
struction of four several lists, corresponding
with the divisions of my tide, from Uie cxm-
tents of the box \ but such a mode of pro-
ceeding would be defective in many respects^
more particularly as regards the books I have
seen, for of these my memory and my library,
rather than my box, contain the record.
There is yet another difi^culty. The scene
is changing all the time ; every book or tract
which falls into the category of those I have
seen, lessens in some degree the lists of each
of the other classes ; and perhaps, I ought to
state, by way of avoiding confusion, Uiat I
only speak here after the manner of a special
collector in certain walks of literature, and
a lover of odds and ends in general To
apply any such fancied classification as that
now assumed to books en bloc, would be out
of the question, the more so that I have
seen nearly all the great libraries of Europe
and America. In many of the more impor-
tant libraries the out-of-the-way things do not
seem to exist ; they have probably been ac-
counted as trash, and made away with ac-
cordingly ; or, if they do exist, they are not
brought into the catalogues specifically. I will
illustrate more in detail my meaning about
the transition from class to class by the fol-
lowing narration, the main incidents of which
are of very recent occurrence.

The first book set up in type at the print-
ing-office of the illustrious Benjamin Franklin,
in Philadelphia, is one with a very remark-
able history. Its tide was as follows:
" Ways and Means for the Inhabitants of
Dehmare to become Rich : Wherein the several
growths and products of these Countries are
demonstrated to be a sufficient Fund for a
flourishing Trade. Humbly submitted io the
Legislative Authority of three Colonics. ....
Printed and sold by S. Keimer, in Phila-
delphia, MDCCXXV." I was anxious to sec
this book, or, more properly speaking, tract of
sixty-five pages, mainly for the reason that it
contained a reference to a proposed scheme
of marine insurance which I Uiought might
have borne some fruit, as probably it md.
I found that the author of this tract was
Francis Rawle. With this fact before me, I
searched Watt, but found not a word : the
same with Allibone, and this was the more
remarkable, in that this latter work was itsdf

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.

published in Philadelphia, and there is a
good deal about the Rawle family — descen-
dants of the person wanted. I tried the British
Museum, and in the Catalogue Uiere I found
its tide, but that was all : the tract itself was
not to be met with. I consoled myself with
the thought that in a few months I should be
in the United States, and a visit to Phila-
delphia would of course accomplish all I
wished. I searched the libraries diere, but
the residt was disappointing; finally in the
Loganian Library I found it — i.^., the entry in
the catalogue : the tract itself could not be
found. It was known indeed to be in the
building, and was believed to be the only
copy extant My disappointment was great,
but as there seemed to be no help for it, I
made the best of my bad luck, and (mentally
^ least) consigned this tract to the box, to
' take its place in the list of those I never
expected to see ! In this last proceeding I
was premature. Quite a history has since
been developed concerning this tract, which
was found in the autumn of 1878, and pri-
vately reprinted, as a correspondence which
I have had with Mr. William Brooke Rawle, of
Philadelphia, subsequently proved. The
el^ant reprint of the tract which I possess,
deserves attention, if for no other reason than
that of exhibiting an act of generous regard
on the part of a descendant of the original
author. I trust that many other rare books
and tracts may yet share a like practical
resurrection. It is a feature of our age to
love revivals of the past.

I . Books I have seen : — First, I will instance
a few in my own possession : ** Two Godlie
and profitable Sermons earnestly em^eying
against the Sins of this Land in generally and
in particular against the Sins of this City of
London. Preached in the City of London by
Thomas Hopkins, minister at Yeardley, in the
Countie of Worcester^^ [Then, by way of
indicating the drift of the contents, several
texts are given in the title-page.] **....
At London, imprinted by Felix Kyngeston,
and are to be sold under Saint Peter's Church
inComehill, 1615." This publication created
a great deal of attention at the time, per-
haps more particularly in the light of the
plague visitations then prevalent * * London^ s
Deliver anu Predicted : In a short Discourse ^
showing the causes of Plagues in general^ and

the probable time {God not contradicting the
course of second causes) when this present Pest
may abate, etc. By John Gadbury, London,
1665." " A True and Faithful Account of
the several Informations exhibited to the
Honourable Committee appointed by the Parlia-
ment to Inquire into the late dreadful Burning
of the City of London. Together with other
Information touching the Insolency of Popish
Priests cmdyesuits; and the Increase of Popery,
brought to the Honorable Committee appointed
by the Parliament for that purpose. Printed
in the year 1667." Pepys, in his Diary, under
date Sept 14, 1667, says, ** Here I saw a
printed account of the examination taken
touching the burning of the City of London,
showing the plot of the Papists therein ; which
it seems has been ordered to be burned by
the hands of the common hangman in West-
minster Palace." This is a copy which sur-
vived. " Usury at Six per cent., examined
and found unjustly charged by Sir Thomas
Culpepper, and P. C with many crimes and
oppressions, whereof *tis altogether innocent
Wherein is showed the necessity of retrenching
our Luxury, and vain consumption of Foreign
Commodities, imported by English Money ; also
the reducing the Wages of Servants, Labourers,
and Workmen of all sorts, which raiseth the
value of our manufacturers 15 or 20 per cent
dearer than our neighbours do afford them, by
rrason of their cheaper wayes ; wherein is like-
wise hinted some of the many mischiefs that
will ensue upon retrenching Usury; humbly
presented to the High Court of Parliament noiu
sitting. By Thomas Manley, Gent London,
printed by Thomas Ratcliffe and Thomas
Daniel, and are to be sold by Ambrose Isted,
at the Golden Anchor, over against St Dun-
stan's Church, in Fleet Street, MDCLXIX."
This tract, I have reason to believe, accom-
plished a good deal in the way of diverting
the current of anti-usury legislation, and hence
of advancing our commercial prosperity. The
mere titles of the large number of tracts for
and against usiuy would constitute a very
curious collection.

'* An Alarm to Europe: By a late prodigious
Comet, seen Nov. and Dec. 1680. With a
i>redictive Discourse, Together with some pre-
ceding and some succeeding Causes of its sad
Effects to the East and North Eastemparts
of the Worlds namely England, Scotland,

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.

Ireland^ France, Spain^ Holland, Germany,
Italy, and many other places. By John Hill,
Physitian and Astrologer." Then a diagram
on title-page, " the form of the Comet with
its Blaze or Stream as it was seen Dec. the
24th, anno 1680. In the evening. London,
printed by H. Brugis for William Thackery,
at the Angel in Duck Lane." [1680.]

This same comet led to the publication of
another very curious folio tract : The Petition-
ing Cornet^ Or, a Brief Chronology of all the
Famous Cornels, And their Events, that have
happened from the Birth of Christ to this very
day. Together with a Modest Enquiry into
this present Comet. London : printed by Nat
Thompson, next door to the Cross-Keys in
Fetter Lane, i68i.

" The Sinner's Thundering Warning-piece.
Being an Account of the great Damage done
by the late Dreadful Thunder and Lightning
on the 16th of yuly last, both in City and
Country ; particularly at Talnum-court, Isling-
ton, and severed other places in and about the
City of London, by beating down Chimnies,
part 9 Houses, striking some decui, and others
speechless, in a sad and deplorable manner ; as
also how one Mr. WooUar, of Ipswich in Suf-
folk, and six of his pcLssengers wets struck
dead in his Wherry the same day by the light-
ning, and many others dangerously scorched and
burnt. TTie truth of which will be attested any
day of the week by Ipswich Hoy-men at Bear-
key near Billingsgate, or at the Pewter Flatter
in BuUingbrook's^ents, near Spittle Yard. To
which is added a Sermon preached at Mr.
Wollar's Funeral on the satd occasion at St.
Margarefs Church in Ipswich, by Mr. Wm.
Elemy, Minister of the said Parish, his text
being PscUm Ixxyn. 17, 18, 6r*cJ' '^Licensed
according to order. London, printed by H.
Hills, in Blackfiyars, near the water-side."
By local inquiries at Ipswich I fixed the year
of this event at 1708, whereas the title-page
and appearance of this tract would place it a
century earlier.

Among other curious and rare books which
I have seen, may be enumerated : •* An
Apologie, I, Or Rather a Retractation ; 2, Or
Rather a Recantation; 3, Or Rather a Reca-
pitulation; 4, Or Rather a Repliccdioti ; 5,
Or Rather an Examination ; 6, Or Rather
an Accusation ; 7, Or Rather an Explication ;
8, Or Rather an Exhortation ; 9, Or Rather

a ConsidercUion ; 10, Or Rather a Cor^irmO'
turn; II, Or Rather all of them; 12, Or
Rather none of them. 1596." By Sir John
Haiington. ^^ Rot among the Bishops, or a
Terrible Tempest in the Su of Canterbury set
forth in Lively Emblems to please the yucUdous
Reader, 1640/' a satire against Archbishop
Laud. By Thomas Stirry. ^* A certain Re-
lation of a Hog-faced Gentlewoman, coiled
Mistris Tannahin Skinker, who was bom at

Whirkham on the Rhyne 1640.**

" March of the Lion; or, the Conclusion of the

War between Dunce and the Dunces^ ....

containing the progress of the Golden Savage

from the Bedford Coffee House in search of new

quarters • 1752."

2. Books I have not seen : — Among the
books to be classed under this heading are :
" yoyfi^^ Newes out of the newefounde warld^
wherein is declared the rare and singular vir-
tues of diverse and sundrie Herbes^ T^ees^
Oyles, Plantes, and Stones, by Dr. Monaidus
of Sevill, Englished by Jhon Frafnpton,i577."
^^ A Discovery of Subterraneall Treasure, ©m.,
of all Manner of Mines and Minerals, from
the Gold to the Coale, Art of Melting, Raining
and Assaying of them, etc, 1639." ByQibriel
Plattes. " The Doctrine of the Asse, an ac-
count of their Principles and Practice, in whose
behalf the complaint was written, that it may
serve for advice to others ; whereunto is added,
.... Balaam's Reply and the Author's Re-
ply, 1661." By Lewis Griffin. " A DicUt^ue
concerning Decency .... 1751."

3. Books I should like to see : — Under the
heading I might name, among other books
for which space does not admit, such works
as the following ; — " The Enemie of Securitie;
or, a Daily Exercise of Godlie Meditations, for
the Profit of all Persons ofAnie State or CcUl-
ing, translated by Thomas Rogers, 1583." By
Dr. John Avenar, Professor at Witebeige
\sic\. " A Purge for Pluralites, showing the
Unlawfulnesse of Men to have Two Livings;
or the Downe-fall of Double Ben^es ; bang
in the Clymactericall and fatall yeare of the
proud Prelates, but the year of jubilee to all
poor hunger-pincHd SchoUers, '1642." ^^ Essay
in Praise of Woman, a Looking-glass for Ladies
to see their Perfections in . , . . Edinburgh,
1767." By J. Bland. " Cupid and Hymen^
or a Voyage to Isle of Love and Matrimony^
containing a diverting Account of their Inha-

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.

bitantSj with the Bachelor^ s Estimate of Ex-
penses^ and the Married Matins Answer to it^
by John Single, 1742."

4. Books I never expect to see: — Regarding
these books I will be vain enough or sanguine
enough to hope that they may constitute a
constantly decreasing number. Accident
rather than design seems to help one respect-
ing them : they turn up unexpectedly in the
most imlikely places. ^Vhile the number
thus seems to be steadily decreasing, it is, in
feet, rather rapidly increasing, in the sense
tha^ so long as we know nothing of the actual
existence of a book, we are necessarily indif-
ferent about seeing it ; but from the moment
that we do get to know that it was once a
veritable feet, we are put upon our mettle,
and do not readily abandon hope. One's
literary acquaintance here come m of great
service — ^not to b^ or to borrow, but to cast
about for us. We constitute them into a
corps of skirmishers, to search for, verify, and,
perchance, produce to our vision that whidi
without them we should at least have a
lessened chance of seeing. I have the good
fortune to possess several such friends ; they
fall within the category of Burton's Book-
hunter — ^they are mighty book-hunters. I
name two as samples — Mr. Samuel Timmins,
and Professor W. Stanley Jevons. In the trade
they are legion. But, notwithstanding the
aid of such friends, I own to a misgiving if I
shall ever see the following, or any consider-
able proportion of them : — " The Miserie of
Flaimdersy Calamitie of Fraunce, Misfortune
ofPortugally UnqiHetness of Ireland y Troubles
of Scotland^ and the blessed state of England.
1579." By Thos. Churcheyarde. «* 73S^
Lawyer^ s Logike^ exemplifying the Pnecepts of
Logike by the Practise of tks Common Lawe.
1588." By Abraham Fraunce. " The Counter-
Scuffle^ whereunto is added the Counter-Rat^
written by R. S. 1670." " The Miraailous
Power of Clothes^ and Dignity of the Taylors ^
being an Essay on the u^ords * Clothes make
men.' Translated from the German. Phila-
delphia, Mentz, MDCCLXXII."

I trust that the foregoing remarks may
prove of sufficient interest to induce others
to follow up the subject of special collections,
of tracts more particularly, and to note the
peculiarities Of title-pages at different periods
of our book-history.

tTbe Sbafiespeare 2)eatb^

flDasfi.

|HERE are few people of any cultiu*e
who have not longed in moments
of their lives to have seen some
of the greater dead— of the im-
mortals as they were when in the flesh — if
but for one minute. Who that loves art has
not attempted to imagine when in Florence
or Rome the massive face of Buonarotti, or
the imperial visage of Sanzio; who that
cares for poetry has not conjured up the thin
close-set lips and beaked nose of Dante or
the dome-shaped brow of Shakespeare ?

It has been my privilege recently to have
seen, not indeed one of these faces in the
flesh or in a vision, but (if self-conviction be
allowed) as near to what it was once when
still in our conmion mould as human skill
can reproduce — ^namely, a mask of the dead
face of Shakespeare.

At the present time of writing these
lines there is staying at Windsor Castle (as
private secretary to the household of the
Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt) Doctor
Ernest Becker, whose brother, Ludwig
Becker, Court painter at Darmstadt, dis-
covered the mask or cast of Shakespeare's
face in an old curiosity shop at Mayence in
1849, and brought it in the following year to
London, where it was exhibited. In the
same year he left England for Australia, and
was one of the victims of the expedition led
by Burke and Wills, to which he had attached
himself as naturalist. Between the years
1849 and 1 86 1 this cast was kept in the
chaige of Professor Owen. I recollect seeing
it under a glass case in his department in the
British Museum, probably about a quarter of
a century ago.

The impression of an individual, especially
if he be of an artistic temperament, I know,
goes for little in such a question as whether
the cast now in Dr. E. Becker's possession
is, or is not, actually the one taken from the
face of the dead poet Without evidence,
and without even a tradition, such impressions
are but worth the ink with which they are
written. As for the very slight history
relating to this cast, I will give it in as few
words as I can.

THE SHAKESPEARE DEATH-MASK.

It appears that a tradition had long been
current in the artistic and scientific com-
panies of Germans about Cologne and
Mayeoce that, besides a curious miniature,
representing a Shakespearean fealured-like
corpse — laurel croivned and lying in stale,
which had passed for generations in the
family of its owner. Count Francis von
Kessclstadt, as being the likeness of Shakes-
peare ; that besides this little picture, there
had been kept in the same family a plaster-

Mayence among rags and articles of the
meanest description.

On seeing the cast, he was convinced that
it was the original from which the Kesscl-
stadt portrait (said to be Chat of Shakespeare)
was copied.

On the back of the mask is inscribed
A,D. 1 6 16, the year of the poet's death. Ex-
amined underthe critical eyes of the authorities
of the Museum, this inscription was declared
to be of the same time as the cast, and not

of-Paris cast, from which this little p.iiniing
had been copied. Count Kesselstadt died in
1843, and his collections and pictures were
sold. An antiquary of Mayence bought the
little funereal picture, and re-sold it to
Ludwig Becker (the painter and naturalist
aheady mentioned) in 1847, Becker, having
obtained the picture, now sought for what
was supposed to be iu original — namely, the
cast, and after a hunt of a couple of years
lighted upon it in a broker's shop at

produced after the plaster had hardened.
This is the most interesting portion of the
very slender chain of evidence, technicaUy 1
speaking, that exists to point it as being the
mask of the poet.

Human hair of an auburn hue are still
adhering to the moustache and peaked
beard, such as they were coloured on the
bust in Stratford Church. That this cast is
the original of the liitle Kesselstadt corpse-
picture, always considered in that family

THE SHAKESPEARE DEATH-MASK.

that of a jury of matrons should undertake
to view the opened grave at Stratford : they
at any rate would not need to fear the curse
that is written above the grave — for it says,
*' ciursed be he (and not she), who stirs that
sacred dust."

For your readers of a scientific turn of
mind I will give the following dimensions of
this mask — copied from an article in that
admirable American publication Scribner^s
Monthly for July, 1874. They are as
follows : —

1. Length of a straight line from es^: to ear
(the exterior part of the ear excluded)^to'2 in.

2. Distance. between the eyebrows^ i'6 in.
N.B. — ^The extreme ends of the eyjebrows
are not exactly equidistant from the'middle
line of the face, the right being distant
07s in., and the left 0*85 in,

3. The length of a straight line, from the
centre of the pupil of one eye to the centre
of the other, 275 in.

This enormous distance between the eye-
brows is the most striking feature of the face,
and gives it much of its peculiar chaxacten

4. Supposing a line drawn honsontally
through the eyes, .and another dirawn at
right angles down tfie line of the nose,
mouth, and diin, we have from the line of
the eyes the following distances :

From the line of t£e eyes to the centre of
the mouth, o'93 in.

From the mouth to the bottom of the chin
(not the beard), i'8 in.

The whole distance from the line of the
eyes to the bottom of the chin, 4*4 in.

In these days of general doubt, and when
it is the fashion to pooh-pooh religious as
well as historical matters, one <^ hardly
expect that this cast of Shakespeare's brow
and face can be accepted by the savans and
wise men of arts and letters ; but I should
like any unprejudiced person to be shown
this death-mask, and, after a thorough and
complete investigation of it, to say whether
he does not think that it comes up to the
very highest conception that he has formed
of his own ideal, as well as from the very
poor representations that have been handed
down to us of what William Shakespeare
looked on that April morn in 16 16, when
the everlasting day had cast over the dead
poet's face a light not of this world.

Sentiment is not proof, and facts, not
fimcies, I may be told^ are what is required
in ascertaining the authenticity of such a
relic as this death-mask. These, indeed, are
not to be obtained, as I have already said ;
but even without these I for one would con-
sider the acquisition of this cast for this
country as one of immense interest and im-
portance. Ronald Gower.

Memoir of G. Biranger. By the late Sir William
Wilde, M.D. (M. H. GUI & Son, Dublin, i88a)
OST of our readers, we imagine, will be more
likely to associate the name of B^ranger
with Frendi songs than with Irish ecclesi-
astical antiquities ; and we expect that, on
this side of tne Channel atleast,few persons
know anything of the labours of Gabriel B^ranger, just
a century ago, in the cause of art and antiquities in Ire-
land. Of Huguenot extraction, and an adopted son of
Ireland, he devoted the best years of a laborious and
not very well-paid life to an examination of the many
remains of early ages which had been spared through
all ihe civil wars that had devastated that island ; imd
he claims the credit of the first person in modem times
who set himself earnestly to work to read the riddle
of the Round Towers which there form so striking a
feature. Hiese he considers as decidedly ecclesiastical
structures, built also with a view to defence and secu-
rity ; and he does not at all accept the theory that they
were intended as beacons. It is almost needless to add
that the researches of more recent times have fully
confirmed this view, and that the name of B^ranger,
the pioneer, has been undeservedly forgotten, being
thrown into the cold shade of oblivion by those who
came after him — Dn Petrie, Mr. Madden, and the
leading spirits of the Archaeological Association of
Ireland.

Sir Willi^im Wilde has given us, in a preface and in
the body pf the work, a short but complete biography
of B^ranger; and has amplified the diary of his
various antiquarian tours into a consecutive narrative
which is full of interest, aiid as rich in local anecdote
as in topographical description ; letting the reader
into the condition of the Insh peasantry as well as of
the upper and wealthier classes during the first decade
of the reign of George III. The memoir was about
two-thirds completed when its continuity was broken
off by the long illness and death of Sir William
Wilde ; but the thread has been taken up, and the
concluding portion faithfully given to the world by
Lady Wikle, first in the columns of the Kilkenny
Archaological Jaumalj and now in the volume before
us. It should be added that the book is adorned
with no less than seventeen illustrations^ carefully
drawn on wood, showing a variety of other Iriui
antiquities besides the Round Towers — stones, cabins^
arches, crosses, &c. Even many a well-informed
Irishman may learn from this work for the first time
that a Round Tower was standing in the City of
Dublin a little more than a century ago.

Our Aruunt Mimutnaiis, and the Ltatd AraunJ Ihem.

By C. P. Kains-Jackson ; with an Introducticm by

Sir John W. LUBBOCK, Bart., M.P, (Elliot

Slock, iSSo.)

It is not a little singular that, in spite of the great
ncrease which aTcbxol<^|y has made wiihio the
present generation, only a very slight interest has been
shown by the public at large in the efforts of Sir John
Lubbock, Lotd CamarvoD, and other members of the
two Honses of Parliament to carry into law a measure
which has been proposed annually for some years past,
to protect the chief . ancient monmnents which lie
scattered up and down the country. To remove this
apathy, and to excite a wholesome interest in these
moQumeats of past ages, is a task which any man of
average attainment tnight set to himself with advan-
tage ; and we are glad to welcome Mr. Kains-Jaclcson's
eKirt in this direction. There are few edncated
EngUsbmea to whom the topt^iaphy of their country
offers no attractions ; and therefore we cannot doau
that a popular and untechnical guide to such places as
Stooebenge, Avebury, Old Sarum, Stanton Drew,

EWS. 67

have, from tirst to last, the guidance of established and

ascertained lacts, and are not left to draw our own
inferences : Mr. Kains-Jacluon writes thus of it :

' ' Tlius Old Saium is an antique monument, raised to
Christianity as well as deemai worth preserving by
the general archiologist and antiquary. Those vriio
agree with Lord Francis Hervey in despising the
ancient Britons will yet be willing to assist in preserv-
ing what is at once a Celtic stronghold, a Roman for-
tress, a Saxon burgh, and a feudal castle. Twelre
centuries of history and six of tradition unite in ren-
dering the preservation of Old Sarum an object of
national interest, while its Parliamentary history and
the return, by its solitary tavern fannhouse, of some of
■ " ' ■ - — ■"- itry has known,

Tlie accompanying cut of Old Sarum is one of the
most attractive of the illustrations in which the
work abounds. Sir John Lubbock's Preface, explana-
tory of the general character of those monuments which
his Bill is iniettded to protect from destrocticm, adda

Kit's Coty House, Cadbury Castle, Casar's Camp at
Wimbledon, Wayland Smith's Cave, the Rollnght
.Stones, Arthur's Round Table, and the other thirty or
or forty chief objects of anliquarian enthuaasm which
are named or "scheduled" in Ibe Bill before Parlia-

. inhardlyben
we feu-; for it counts of Upwards ofa hundred pages
quarto, onifonn in plan and type, and on the same
hand-wove paper with which the readers of The
AlfnQDARV are so &miliar.

It is not easy to set forth in the space of a few
pages the views of ancient and modern writers on such
" moot " subjects as the true dale and the real design
of the m^alithic circles of Stonehenge and Avebury ;
but here vox history of both will be found summed up
and epitomized,

" Volivi veluti paleat depicta tabelli."

Perhaps the very best historical sketch which the
volume contains is that of .Old Sanun, for in this we

much to the value of the volume ; and we must feel
grateful to the author for the boon of an index. The
only defect that we notice is the absence of all men-
tion of the chief ancient monuments in Cornwall which
need preservation. We know that ihey were omitted
from the schedule of the Bill brought into Parliament
on the ground that Cornwall is a Royal Duchy ;
but that consideiation need not, we think, have

Borlase, have made a schedule of Cornish monuments
for himself. This omission strikes us as all ths more
strange since the writer gives us tolen,bly fiill accoonu
of the chief ancient monuments of Scotland and of

Ireland.

Lightning Conductors. By RICHARD Anderson,
F.G.S., &c. (Spon& Co., Charing Cross, 1880.)
Though Ihe practical and technical part of this work
does not fall within the scope of antiquarian natters,
yet the accounts which it gives of Franklin's cmIj
researches into electricity, and the difficoltle* igaintt

REVIEWS.

which the unknown and friendless discoverer had to
contend before he could obtain a hearing from the
Royal Society, are here given with so much of cir-
cumstance and detail, that they- unfold to the reader
a forgotten page of the history of the last century.
It is a matter of pride to the editor of an antiquarian
magazine to record the fact that public attention was
first drawn in any marked manner or degree to
Franklin's discovoy, not by the officials of the Royal
Society, but by Edmund Cave, the editor and pro-
prietor of the GentleniarCs Magazine^ who was in-
strumental in enlisting on Franklin's behalf the good
offices of the naturalist Buffi:>n, which endea in
Franklin's triumphal admission into the Academy of
Sciences at Pans, when the President greeted him
with the words Eripuit cah fulmen. It will scarcely
be believed that for years after Franklin had made
his great discoveiy of electric rods as protectors to
spires, towers, and lofty buildings, English prejudice
refused to sanction the adoption of so useful an in-
strument ; and that it was not until the tower of St.
Bride's Church, Fleet Street had been seriously
damaged by lightning, about a century ago, that the
authorities allowed a safety apparatus to be put up
for the preservation of St. Paul s. The work is well
illustrated ; and Mr. Anderson's tabular list of public
buildings struck by lightning during the past three
centuries will be of great service to those who are
studying or writing on matters connected with Fire
Insurance.

TTu Mysteria of All Nations, By James Grant.
(Simpkin, Marshall & Co., London ; W. Paterson,
Edinburgh ; Reid & Son, Leith, N.B.)
With an abundance, indeed a profusion, of the
most interesting material, amounting to an embarras
de rkhessff before him, or rather in his hands, Mr.
Grant has contrived to put together a work which is
sadly disappointing to the genuine antiquary. Such
ouestions as to the rise and progress of superstition,
the laws against witchcraft and the trials of witches,
the chief delusions of ancient and modem times,
strange local tales, fables, and customs, mythology,
ma^c, astrology, demonology, signs, omens, and
divmations, forming as they do the chief subjects of
the pen of Mr. Grant, ought to have been woven,
and might easily have been woven by a skilful hand,
into a book of real value. But to bring about such
an end, S3rstem, order, method, comparison, breadth
of view, and a genial sympathy with the past in spite
of all its shortcomings, these and other cognate

Sualities would be necessary ; and of these we can
etect but few signs in Mr. Grant, who, to judge
from his remarks about asserted miracles, ancient
belie&, pilgrimages, &c., considers that most of Uiem
are a delusion pur et simple. He considers that
Shakespeare, Milton, and most of our English poets,
including Cowper, Scott, and Longfellow, have sadly
contributed to prolong the existence of " superstitions.
A work written in such a spirit, though its individual
pages are full of most attractive matter, can hardly
escape proving a failure in a literary point of view.
The l)ook, too, is one which we are Dound to con-
demn strongly on the ground of its having no index
to such a mass of facts and names of persons, places,
and books; though we are bound, per contra^ to

credit him with having prefixed to his volume, and
repeating at the head of each chapter, a very long
table of Its contents. ^_^^

Diary of a Tour in Sweden, Norway and Russia^ in

1827. By the Marchioness of Westminstbr.

(Hurst & Blackett, 1880.)

We do not often review books of travel ; but an
exception must be made for this volume on account of
its antiquarian interest : for not only was the " Tour "
which It describes made more than fifty years ago,
when the old-fashioned difficulties of roads, inns, and
vehicles were still in existence, but the work itself gives
us some most interesting "glints" — as they sa^ in Norfolk
—of persons and places which have long smce become
historic, and of ' society ' as it existed in foreign Counts
" when George the Fourth was King." The portions
which readers of The Antiquary will find most
interesting are Lady Westminster's descriptions of the
Cathedral, the Churches, the Museum, and the
Winter Palace at St. Petersburgh, with its pictures
and other relics of the past. The following description
of an old mansion in Sweden called Skocloster, will
serve as a proof of Lady Westminster's power of ap-
preciating the antique : —

'* The house was formerly a monastery, and stands
round a square^ court, the cloisters, with columns of
white marble still remaining. In that part through
which you enter there is a large gallery round each
story, looking into the court. It is full of curious old
family pictures and others of all kinds, and the walls
are, besides, painted all over with mottoes in LAtin,
French, and Italian ; the staircases, which are very

wide, arc also full of pictures The rooms are

endless as to number. In the first which we entered
there is a cabinet full of objects of curiosity and beauty,
in the way of cups, boxes of stones, jasper, &c., finely
set, nautilus-shells beautifully mounted, amber caskets,
cabinets of ebony and ivory, and manv other things of
that sort. In the room adjoinining there is a strange
ceiling in plaster, representing all sorts of creatures —
men, animals, and birds, particularly large fat swans,
very coarse and coarsely coloured, but so mucrh fn
relief as to seem as if they must tumble down on the
floor."

We venture to think that these last few observations
will remind our readers of the " Emblems" engraved
on the ceiling of the Library at Blickling Hall, Nor-
folk, so carefidly and elaborately described in The
Antiquary, vol. iv. p. 248. Lady Westminster ooo-
tinues : —

" Every room is full of pictures of the Brahms— the
oldest family in Sweden — and all their connexions ;
Field Marshal Wrangel, who built the house, and
whose bed is there; remarkable people of all times
and nations, French, Swedish, and G^erman, some
very bad, others curious ; particularlv two venr pretty
ones of La Duchesse de Bouillon and La Duchesse de
la Fert(5 on horseback, and quantities of the Kings of
Denmark and Sweden. .... There'are several rooms
full of old armour, firelocks, swords, sabres, extremely
ancient and curious, some of them havipg belonged to
kings of remarkable people. One rifle had been nsed
by Gustavus Adolphus, in Germany ; and there were
many other trophies of the Thirty Years' War.
Altogether [it is] the finest collection that exists in the

REVIEWS.

North of Europe : including a great number of ancient
saddles, bridles, and bits, and Queen Christina's
slippers, and those of Eric XIV. These are arranged
in rooms on the third floor, at the top of the house.
Several other apartments were occupied by a great
quantity of books of all languages, which, if arranged,
would make a fine library ; other rooms also, on the
same floor, and never used, had their bare walls covered
with some of the most magnificent tapestry we ever
saw, and in great profusion. The subjects were mostly
figures in the most vivid colours, with magnificent
rich borders, such as would fetch any price in
Enrfand."

It is clear firom these extracts that Lady West-
minster, when she travelled abroad in 1827, carried
with her the eye of a connoisseur; and that her zeal
for the arts is not abated at the present day the
handsome volume on our table is a proof.

DtUu^ in Days Gone by. By J. Cave-Browne, Vicar.
(London : Simpkin & Co.)
By careful and judicious utilization of information
derived fipom local sources, the Public Records, and
the British Museum, the author of this

written little historv of Detling has added a valuable
contribution towards Kentish county history. These
are the works which help alon^ the county historian in
his ginuitic task, and render his aim attamable. Mr.
Cave-0rowne*s labour of love has, moreover, a most
praiseworthy object in view. From the profits of the
sale of this work he proposes to restore the lectern of
Detling Church, one of the oldest, and perhap the
most ornamental, of our remaining wooden specmiens.
It dates from the middle of the 14th century, and may
be regarded as unique in the richness and delicacy of
its tracery. We commend the volume to the notice
cS. oar readers, antiquarian and otherwise.

flDeetingd of Hntiquarian
Societies.

METROPOLITAN.

Society of Antiquaries.— June 17.— Mr. G.
Knight Watson read, in the absimce of the author,
Mr. R. S. Ferguson, M.A. (load secretary of the
Society for Cumberland), a Paper entitled ** A risumi
or Report on Recent Important Antiquarian Discoveries
in tiie Counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland."
In it he gave a detailed account of some excavations
near Brcmgh, which had resulted in the discovery of
two or three curious dsts containing skeletons, with
the vessels for food, as usual, by their side, and sundry
other dnerarv remains, implements, and pottery of a
mde trpe. He also recorded the partial examination
of a Roman camp situated on tne sea coast near
Manmort, in Cumberland, on the property of Mrs.
Poacungton-Senhonse, of Netherhall ; and intimated
that further researches were about to be made on the
^pot. Here had been found a mutilated inscription
on stone mentionmg the XXth Roman legion: and
also the foundations of a Roman road. Also in a

cist in the neighbourhood had been discovered sundry
rude implements of the Bronze period. Many of these
had been dug up under the supervision of Mr. Robin-
son. Mr. £. Peacock also read a short Paper on the
antiquities of the parish of Scotton, in Lincolnshire,
whicn once belonged to the Nevilles and the Busseysi,
who had erected in it a church which had some in-
teresting features, and at present had almost entirely
escaped the hands of the restorer. The old stained
glass which adorned its windows was full of armorial
bearings of the Nevilles and Busseys, and so were the
bosses of the ceiling. Thanks were voted to the
authors of the above two Papers and to the donors of
sundry books to the library of the Society. Among
the objects of interest exhibited were three old wooden
panels from an old house at Baston, in the parish of
Keston, Kent, painted with portraits of Athelstan and
other Saxon kings, and executed probably as ei^'ly
as the reign of Edward IV.; a rubbing ot a curious
Runic inscription which had been found on a stone in
Cumberland, and had been submitted to Professor
Stephens, of Copenhagen, to be deciphered ; also
sundry photographs of the articles mentioned in
Mr. Ferguson's Paper as having been lately found in
CumberUnd and Westmoreland ; and lastly some
coins of the reigns of Constantine and of tne later
Roman Emperors, forming part of a large hoard which
had lately oeen found accidentally by an artisan on
the banks of the river, at Bitton, near Bristol.

June 24. — H. Reeve, Esq., V.P., in the Chair. — ^The
Hon. C. L. Wood and Mr. J. W. Cripps were admitted
Fellows. — Mr. E. W. Brabrook presented a squeeze of
an inscription of an Irish tombstone in the County of
Wicklow. It appeared to read OROIT do echtain —
i.r., '*Pray for the soul of Echtan,'* but the name
was somewhat obscure. — Mr. W. J. Thoms presented
a patent (bein^ an assignment of the next presenta-
tion of the parish church of Hastings, Sussex) under
the Great Seal of Queen Katherine Parr, dated 30th
of March, 37 Hen. VIII., 1546.— Mr. C. E. Davis
communicated a P^per on recent excavations on the
site of the Roman Baths at Bath. — At the conclusion
of the Paper a resolution was passed expressing a
hope that the Mavor and Corporation of mth might
see their way to throw open the large Roman baths as
a memorial of one of the most interesting periods in
the annals of that city. — During the evening the Ash-
bumham MS. of the Gospels (see p. ilbanU) was
again exhibited to the Fellows and visitors.

Royal ARCHiCOLocicAL Institute.— July i. —
Lord Talbot de Malahide in the Chair.— Mr. F. C. J.
Spurrell read a Paper entitled '* Notes on -Implements
and Chips from the floor of a Palaeolithic Flint Work-
shop," which was illustrated by a number of diagrams
and flint implements and chips. Professor Bunnell
Lewis next read some " Notes on Antiquities in the
Museum of Palermo," which was illustrated by a large
number of coins, engravings, and photographs. This
was followed by Mr. W. M. Flinders Petrie's Notes
on " Plans of Earthworks and Stone Remains of
Kent, Wiltshire, and the Land's End," some forty of
which were suspended on the walls, the peculiarities
of the several earthworks and remains being ably
pointed out by Mr. Petrie. Among the other articles
exhibited was a drawing of an inscribed altar lately
found at Cirencester, by Mr. W. Thompson

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

Anthropological Institute.— May 25. — Mr,
E. B. Tylor, President, in the Chair.— Dr. H. Wood-
ward read extracts from a Paper by Profl J. Milne
** On the Stone Age in Japan.*' The author described
from personal examination many of the archaeological
remains in Japan. Kitchen middens are abun<£uit,
and are ascribed to the Ainos, the ornamentation on
the potteryresembling'that still used by the Ainos of
to-day. The shells and bones found in the middens
were enumerated and described. The stone imple-
ments found in Japan include axes, arrow-heads, and
scrapers. Msiny of these occur in the middens ; the
axes are formed generally of a greenish stone, which
appears to be a decomposed trachytic porphyry or
andesite. The Ainos used stone implements up to a
comparatively modem date. Tumuli occur in many
parts of Japan, as well as caves, both natural and
artificial. Frof. Milne opened one of the latter, and
found the interior covered with inscriptions. The
Japanese themselves make valuable collections of stone
implements, old pottery, &c., the favourite notion
among them being that such things were freaks of
Nature. Several fragments of crockery, shells, and
other remains from kitchen middens were exhibited.
— Mr. C. Pfoundes read a Paper ** On the Japanese
People, and their Origin.'* Passing over the fabulous
period, we find the Japanese commence their era about
the same time as tliat of Rome, B.C. 660 ; the first
emperor, mikado, or ruler established himself in the
vicinity of Kiote, not veiy far from the present treaty
ports, Osaka-Kipgo. For centuries history teems
with accounts of efibrts to civilize the people, and the
wild and intractable aborigines were gradually driven
northward, imtil they settled in the North Island,
where they still exist, and form the bulk of the present
inhabitants. Mr. Pfoundes exhibited a valuable col-
lection of photographs and drawings in illustration of
his Paper, together with articles of Japanese manufac-
ture and some fine specimens of tapestry.

June 8. — ^Major-General A. Pitt-Rivers, V.P., in
the Chair.— Mr. F. C. H. Price read a Paper "On
Camps on the Malvern Hills." Last September, having
obtamed permission from Lord Somers to excavate in '
any part of the camps, he set his labourers to work,
first on Hollybush Hill, on the south side of the
Malvern range, and afterwards on Midsummer Hill,
both of whioi were encircled by a deep ditch and
a rampart, while in a glen between the two on the
south side was the site of a British tow^, about 1, 100
feet in length. In the interior of the ancient camp
on Hollybush Hill were many hut hollows, some of
which he opened, but fruitlessly. On the east face
of Midsummer HUl were several lines of such hollows,
which, like the rest had been habitations, and no
fewer than 214 had been counted. Along; the ravine
between the two hills were four tanks, still having the
ancient dams for holding back the water. More pro-
ductive were the excavations on the Herefordsnire
Beacon Camp, one of the largest earthworks in the
district. It had usually been looked upon as of
British origin, and Mr. Price saw no special reason
for doubting it In one hut hollow much coarse black
pottery was met with, and there were besides many
bones of the ox, pig, norse, sheep, dog, some kind of
gallinaceous fowl, and of the deer. A description was
given of the huge block of syenite known as the

*' Divination Stone." It was mentioned that in 1650
a jewelled gold crown or bracelet was found in a ditch
at the base of Herefordshire Beacon. Camden had
written of it, and in a MS. said to belong to Jesus
College, Oxford, it was stated to have been sold to a
Gloucester goldsmith for ;f 37, who sold it to a jeweller
in Lombard Street for;^250, who sold the stones alone
for ;£^i,5oo. There were many traditions as to coins
found there, but their dates were uncertain. Mr.
Price thoughtUhis large camp, as well as those on
Hollybush and Midsummer Hill, was of late Cyxntic
or Celtic orign, that the latter camp was of earlier
date than that on the Herefordshire Beacon, and that
in all likelihood they were occupied by the Romano-
British, as many remains of those tribes existed in the
district, and the pottery seemed to date from that
period. — A Paper was read "On Religious Belie&
and Practices in Melanesia," by the Rev. H. Codring-
ton.

St. Paitl's Ecclesiological Society.— June 5.
— By the consent of the Dean of Westminster, the
members visited the Abbey. The party was divided
into sections, which were respectively conducted by
Mr. George H. Birch, Mr. J. T. Mickkthwaite, and
Mr. J. L» Pearson.

Jime 19. — The members paid a visit to the inte-
resting churches of Stone and Swanscombe, near Dart-
ford, Kent. At Stone they were conducted over the
building by the Rev. Canon Murray, the rector, and
Mr. Hugh R. Gough, who read a Paper descriptive of
its chief features. The fine north-western doorway
and the richly-carved arcading in the choir were mncn
admired, llie church has been beautiiullv restored
by Mr. Street, and it is a reproduction in miniature of
much of the grand style of Westminster Abbey. At
Swanscombe the church was shown by the Rev. Mr.
Candy, who drew attention to the great variety of
styles which it exhibited, from the Saxon down to the
Perpendicular. The members afterwards inspected
the remains of an early British camp near Swans-
combe, and the old church of St. Botolph's, North-
fleet, which is almost a cathedral in its plan and
proportions. The afternoon was brought to a conclu-
sion by a hasty visit to Sprin£;head, in the course of
which the company inspected the Roman Via.

July 3. — An excursion was made to Canterbury.
Canon Rawlinson conducted the members over the
Cathedral; after which St Augustine's Missionary
College was visited, the company being received by
the Rev. Professor Watkins. The members next
visited St. Martin's Church, in the outskirts of the
city.

Society for the Encouragement of the Fine
Arts. — ^Jime 1 7. — By permission of the Archbishop
of Canterbury, this Society held their morning meeting
at Lambeth Palace. About 400 of the members i^t
their friends attended and were received in the library.
An explanation of the objects of interest was given by
Mr. S. W. Kershaw, F.S.A., the librarian. The
company then visited the chapel and the picture
gallery, and were received by the Primate himself,
who gave them an interesting history of the pictures
and points of interest in these parts of the palace.

Society of Biblical ARCHiEOLOOY.— July 6. —
Dr. Samuel Birch, President, in the Chair. — Pro-
fessor A« H. Sayce, M.A., r^ a Paper on "The

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

Hittite Monuments.'' In referring to a previous
Paper communicated to the Society, and prmted in
the Transactions (vol. v. pp. 22-32), in which it
was suggested that the so-called Hamathite inscrip-
tions ought rather to be termed Hittite, as the hiero-
|;l3rphics in which they were written were of Hittit^
invention, and that the existence of these inscriptions
indicated an early connection between the city of
Carchemish and the Hittit^ people ; it was now
pointed out by Mr. Sayce that his suggestions had
been abundantly proved, and that for the future the
monuments in Question must be spoken of as Hittit^,
and not Hamathite. The various inscriptions known
were then referred to, and the sculptures noticed by
Torier, Hamilton, and Perrot in different parts of
Asia Minor were considered. These bear some re-
semblance to Egyptian art on one side, and still more
to Assyrian art on the other, but yet have a very
marked and peculiar character of their own. The
various Hittite monuments known were described,
and the hieroglyphic names of various gods and
goddesses from the sculptures at Boghaz Keni,
Hamath, Aleppo, Carchemish, &c., considered. — A
communication from M. Terrien de Lacouperie, on
the Common Origin of the Akkadian and Chinese
Writing was read. — ^The Rev. J. N. Strassmaier com-
municated the translation of a contract tablet of the
17th year ot Nabonidus. This tablet, which is in the
collection of the Louvre, is marked M.N.B. 1133,
and contains rather an unusual form of contract.— Mr.
Richard Cull, F.S.A., read some remarks on the
Form and Function of the Infinitive Mood in the
As^rrian language.

Nbw Shakspeabe Society.— June 11. — F. J.
Fumivall, Esq., Director, in the Chair. — The Papers
read were " On the Seasons of Shakspeare's Plays,"
\n the Rev. H. N. Ellacombe, M. A. ; ** On the Utter
Failure of Mr. Swinburne's Metrical Argument
apinst Fletcher's Share in Henry VIII., by F. J.
I^imivall, M.A. ; and ** On Suicide in Shakspeare,**
by the Rev. J. Kirkman.

Statistical Society.— June 22. — Anniversary
meeting. Mr. T. Brassey, M.P., President, in the
Chair. — From the Report of the council it appeared
that in the past year the number of members had
risen from 746 to 783. Great progress has been made
during the last decade, the number of Fellows having
been nearly doubled, while the income and amount
invested have been more than doubled in that time. —
Mr. James Caird was appointed President for the
conung year. The council also was appointed.

Free and Open Church Association. — At the
anniversarv of this Society, Lord Forbes, V.P., in the
Chair. — ^The Report was read and adopted. It con-
tained a list of seventy-five old chiirches in which the
pew system had been abolished, and of new free
churches erected during the past year, but the list " is
not put forth as a complete recoid of the progress of
the movement, as many churches have, no doubt,
been made fi^ in a quiet way without any public ^
notice having appeared of the change. "

City Church and Churchyard Protection
Society. — ^June 23. — The first annual meetingof this
Society was held at the Mansion House, the Earl of
Devon, President, in the Chair. — ^The Report showed
that since the formation of this Society no scheme for

the removal of a church had been set on foot, and no
church had been destroyed. Having referred to the
need for fiinds to carry on the work of the Society,
the Report went on to acknowledge the exertions c^
Mr. H. Wright in securing so long and influential a
list of supporters of the movement. The work of the
Society was of no ordinary character in an age which
was, above all things, utilitarian ; but reverence for
art, antiquity, and religion still retained some domi-
nion over the minds and affections of the thoughtful
and the cultivated. Mr. Henry Wright read a Paper
on " City Churches," written by the late Sir Gilbert
Scott. — The Hon. Percy Wyndham, M.P., moved :
" That this meeting regrets the destruction of so many
of the ancient parish churches of the City of London,
both on aesthetic and religious grounds, and pledges
itself to watch and oppose in the absence of urgent
necessity any and every futiu'e scheme for the re-
moval of a City church, or the desecration of the
resting-place of the dead within the City of London."
— At the last Council meeting of the City Church
and Churchyard Protection Society, Mr. Edwin
Freshfield, F.S.A, presiding, the Hon. Sec., Mr.
Henry Wright, stated that the result of the late
meeting held at the Mansion House, at whidi
Lord Devon took the Chair, had been the increase ot^
120 new members, all of whom were then elected.
It was resolved, on the motion of Mr. Tomkins, Q.C.,
" That the best thanks of the Council be accorded to
Mr. Wright for his labours for the welfiauv of the
Society." A letter was read from the solicitors of the
Metropolitan Railway, Messrs. Baxter, definitely
stating that no City church nor church3rard will bie
interfered with by the railway. Mr. Alderman
Fowler, M.P^ and Mr. Grantham, Q.C., M.P., have
become Vice-Presidents of the Society.

Royal Asiatic Society.— June 21. — Sir H. C.
Rawlinson, K.C.B., in the Chair. — Mr, R. N. Cust
(Hon. Sec.) laid before the Society a revised trans-
lation, by Prof. Kern, of Leiden, of the additional
edicts of King Asoka at Dhauli and Taugada on the
east coast of India, and gave a general description of
the other inscriptions of that monarch which have
been met with, not only on rocks, but in caves, and
on pillars, especially set up to receive them. Having
stated that the date of Asoka's reign was fairly cer-
tain, as he is known to have been the grandson of
Chandra Gupta (Sandracottus), Mr. Cust mentioned
the various localities in the North, West, and East of
India where these inscriptions have been copied, and
added that, while, in his opinion, both the forms of
characters used could be traced back to a Phoeniciaii
original, the language of the inscriptions was an early
form of the Praknt into which the Sanskrit had
degenerated. He then read Prof. Kern's tnuulAp
tion. — A discussioA ensued, in which Sir Walter
Elliot, the discoverer of the Jaugada tablet, and othen
took part.

Folk-Lore Society.— June 23. — ^Eail Beaa^
champ, F.S.A., in the Chair. — ^The Annual Report
was rcEui, and the treasurer's statement of acoo oa te
for 1879 received. The officers for the ensuing j^tat
having been duly elected, and other bunnev tn
acted, a motion was submitted to the «*^fH*y fs^
appointment of a conmiittee to consider av^
the Council as to the best wmm o*

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

arranging English proverbs. Another subject to
which the Council drew special attention was the
desirability of forming a Folk-Lore library.

Library Association of the United King-
dom.— June 4.— Prof. W. Stanley Jevons in the
Chair. — Mr. Cornelius Walford, F.S.A., read a Paper
entitled "Books I have Seen ; Books I have Not Seen ;
Books I should Like to See ; Books I Never Expect to
See," the substance of which we print in another
column. In the discussion which followed the read-
ing of the Paper, Prof. Jevons thought that it would
be well if the Association were to take up the matter
of publication of books without a date — a practice
which had extended to some important works, and
would hereafter cause much trouble.

Cymmrodorion Society.— June 30. — A Paper
was read by Mr. H. W. Lloyd on Welsh Books
Printed oh the Continent in the i6th and 17th Cen-
turies.

Society for the Protection of Ancient
Buildings.— June 28.— Mr. Stanley Leighton, M.P.,
in the Chair. — Mr. W. Morris, Hon. Sec., read the
Annual Report, from which it appears that the Society
has been instrumental, more or less, in preventing the
so-called restoration of the churches of Chesterton,
near Cambridge ; Aldborough, Suffolk ; Studland,
Dorset, and others ; St. Germain's Cathedral, Isle of
Man ; the Old Town Hall, Leicester ; Malmesbury
Market Cross ; the Baptistry, Ravenna ; St. Albans
Cathedral ; and St. Mark's, Venice. The Report was
adopted, on the motion of Lord Talbot de Malahide,
seconded by Mr. Sidney Colvin, Slade Professor of
Fine Arts at Cambridge, and supported by Professor
Hales. Mr. T. J. Stevenson read a Paper on St.
Mark's Church, at Venice, and moved the following
resolution : ** That this meeting having noted the
opinions of Mr. J. J. Stevenson, Mr. G. E. Street,
R.A., and other architects, who have recently visited
St Mark's at Venice, is convmced that the west
front is, on the whole, in good repair, and most
earnestly deprecates any restoration of^ it ; and that a
copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Minister
of Public Instruction and Fine Arts in Italy." Mr.
W. R. Richmond, Slade Professor of Fine Arts at
Oxford, seconded the resolution, which was carried
unanimously.

PROVINCIAL.

Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.— May 9.
—Mr. John R. Findlay, V.P., in the Chair.— Dr. R.
Anmis Smith read a Paper on some Stone Circles at
and near Durris. While staying with Dr. James
Young, the proprietor of Durris, Dr. Smith was struck
with the number of cairns on the hillside of Cluny,
many of which may be clearance heaps, though the
number of stone circles in the neighbourhood lends
countenance to the opinion that they may not all be
so. He described nrst the circle on Rees o'Kleen,
which is nearly perfect, fourteen yards in diameter
and having five stones still standing. On Garrol
farm there is a second circle, sixty feet internal
diameter, nine stones standing, the highest five feet
high, and the lying stone in the usual position, facing
the south, with a standing stone at each end of it.
At Esslie is a third circle of a remarkable character.

The base appears as if raised about two feet above
the ordinary level The circle is composite, consist-
ing of a large circle enclosing two smaller ones. The
main circle is twenty-seven yards in diameter. Of the
two enclosed circles the eastern was complete. The
stones are scarcely a foot above the groandt and
almost concealed by the grass. A space of seven or
eight feet in diameter was laid bare, and in three places
there were found what seemed to have been burials
placed round the circumference of the circle. In the
centre was a cist built of boulder stones. Nothing
was found in the graves but Pigments of bone. On
West Mullach there is another circle forty-eight feet
in diameter, consisting of six standing stones, and %
lying one at the south. In the centre is a circle of
smaller stones, but destroyed by previous investigators.
At Cairmfauld is another circle twenty-four yards in
diameter, with five stones remaining. At East
Mullach are the remains of another. Dr. Angus
Smith quoted largely from a manuscript description,
with measurements of these circles, sent him by Dr.
William Brown, of Edinburgh, comparing and com-
bining both sets of observations. He also noticed
several other stone circles in the east of Kincardine-
shire, which he had merely seen. He drew no con-
clusions from the facts he had placed on record, bat
he hoped that some day the accumulation of sndi
observations would lead to a knowledge of the point
from which the people who built the stone circles bad
come into Scotland. The Paper was illustrated by
photographs of the circles, taken for the pmpose by
Dr. Angus Smith. — The Rev. Dr. StrutherSyOf Pretfton-
pans, conmiunicated an account of the discovery of a
large sepulchral urn found in tirring a quany belong-
ing to Mr. John Wilson, of Tranent, near tike old
house of Birseley. The urn, which was broken to
pieces by the workmen, has been reconstmcted, and
placed in the Museum by the donation of the Rer. Dr.
Struthers. It measures fourteen inches high and
twelve-and-a-half inches diameter, and is well shaped
and ornamented. When found it was inverted over
the burnt bones of the person for whose interment it
had been made. — Mr. J. R. Findlay, vice-presddent,
gave a short account of the discovery of an um of
larger size and more elaborate omamentatiop, at
Stenton, in 1877. In the course of removing a laige
mound, no yards in circumference, and ten to
twelve feet high in the centre, at Meiklerig, the
fanner found on the east side of the monno, and
near the level of the original surface, a square dst,
containing the urn, which was full of bunt bones.
A flint Imife and a small whetstone partially per-
forated were also found in the cairn. — The next
notice was a description of the discovery of an nzn
and bronze blade at Shuttlefield, Lockmie, com-
municated by Mr. William Rae, RosdiilL Mr.
W. R. M'Diarmid read an accoimt of a stone vnth an
incised cross, similar to that at Ratho» which had been
recently described by Mr. J. R. Findlay. This stone
was found in a cairn at Daltallochan, in the parish of
Carsphaim, Kirkcudbrightshire, a locality abounding
with cairns, stone circles, and other ancient remains.
— Professor Duns gave a notice of an ancient Cdtic
reliquary found in the Shannon, which bore a strong
resemblance to the beautiful one from Monymosk,
and which he intimated he now presented to the

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

Museum. — ^Mr. R. B. Annstrong gave an account of
a map of the debateable ground between England
and Scotland, marked in Lord Burleigh's handMrnting,
a tracing of which, from the original in the British
Moseom, Mras exhibited. — Mr. Ralph Carr-Ellison

fave an additional Note on the Translation of the
nscription of the Newton Stone, which he had com-
municated to the Society some time ago.

Batley (Yorkshire) Ahtiquarian Society. —
June 14. — Mr. Geo. Jubb in the Chair. — Mr. Wm.
Carr, of Gomersal, President, read a Paper on the An-
tiquities of Batley. He proceeded to speak of the im-
portance of the etymology of a ptarish being considered,
and any prehistoric remains investigated. He quoted
the Domesday Book mention of Batley, and next
gave an account of the origin of kni^ts' fees, and
showed that it ^-as necessary, for the purposes of the
Crown, to ascertain from time to time the position of
the vassals and sub-vassals, and that this was done by
inquisitions. Returns of these inquiries as to the fees
were amongst the earliest of our national records, and
they might be consulted with advantage. Taking
next the ecclesiastical portion of his subject, Mr. Carr
touched on the origin of parishes, mentioned the early
connection of Batley with the priory at Nostel, and
gave a running list of the documents that might
advantageously be consulted, with special mention of
sobae of the more curious, as, for instance, the vahr
tcclesiasHcus^ the certificates of colleges, and the
Commonwealth Survey. He aftem-ards spoke of the
grant of the advowson of Batley, and made reference
to the smcient stained glass in the Mdndows of the old
church, to some of the monuments, and to the connec-
tion of the Copleys with the parish.

June 26. — The members of the above Society paid a
visit to Wakefield, in order to inspect the parish
diurch and the Rolls Court of the Manor, permission
havin|^ been kindly given by the Vicar and Air. Stewart.
Arrivmg first at the Rolls Court, Mr. Townend in-
fonned them that the rolls commenced with the year
1273, ^^'^ yftn continued down to the present, with
slight intermission, thus forming one of the finest
coUections in England. The visitors had pointed out
to them documents of rare interest, including a lieu-
tenant's commission, issued in 1643, and signed by
Ix>rd Faiifu ; also a similar commission issued and
signed by Bradshawe, President of the Parliament,
who signed the death warrant of King Charles. The
axe and manacles, formerly attached to the gibbet at
HalifsLx, came in for a fair share of attention, as did
also the other deadly weapon used by murderers in
the Manor of Wakefield. Having looked round the
old Moot Hall, the party then visited the parish
church, where Mr. Michael Sheard, one of the Vice-
Presidents of the Society, explained the various points
of interest in it, pointing out the old carvings, &c,
which alone remain of the former building. The
Clerk exhibited the parish register and chiuxhwarden
account books, and drew the attention of the visitors
to certain remarkable entries therein made ; notably,
one in reference to bad coin. In addition to the tower
being 105 feethifh, the spire measures 135 feet, and
the vane seven feel more, making the total height
247 feet ; being thus the highest in Yorkshire.

Cambrian ARCHiCOLOGicAL Association. — The
annual meeting will be held at Pembroke, and will

VOL. II.

begin on Monday, August 23. Mr. C. £. G. Phil-
lips, of Picton Castle, has accepted the office of Pre-
sident for the ensuing year.

Cambridge Antiquarian Society. — Annual
Meeting, May 24. — Professor Hughes, F.S. A., Presi-
dent, in the Chair. — ^The Annual Report mentioned
successful excavations by members of this Society at
Great Chesterfbrd and Barrington, and promised the
issue of several books during the coming year. Pro-
fessor Hughes made the folk)wing remarks upon the
present manufacture of pottery in the Pyrenees : — We
nave not many descriptions of the mode of manufac-
ture of pottery among rude tribes or people where
primitive modes are still kept up, and yet it is from
such observations alone that we can hope to obtain
any satisfactory evidence as to the conditions which
we may infer prevailed among the makers of the

Srimeval pottery we find in caves, in graves, or refuse
caps. One such case I had an opportunity of exam-
ining with Sir Charles Lyell under the guidance of M.
Vausennat some years ago. At Ordizan, near Bag-
n^res de Bigorre, in the Pyrenees, there is a day de-
rived firom the subaerial decomposition of various
igneous and metamorphic rocks, which has been found
by experience to be especially adapted for making
pottery. The process is very simple. The clay is
kneaded in small quantities at a time, and the potter,
generally a woman, sets herself down by a lump of it,
having in front of her a round piece of wood about
eighteen inches across, fastened by V-shaped braces
to a peg which turns in a heavy wooden stand. A
piece of clay is placed on this round moveable table^
and while the table is turned by the left hand the day
is moulded with the right Lump after lump b added,
and the whole worked into form with the fingers, a
simple wooden scraper about six inches long, and a
wet rag. A hole about six feet across and two feet
deep is dug in the ground. The vessels having been
allowed to dry and harden in the air for a time are
packed in dry fern in this hole, each vessd being also
filled with fern. They are thus built up into a bee-
hive-shaped mass rising about four feet above the
ground, and the whole is covered with sods, leaving
openings for draught here and there. The fern is
fired, and when the fire is burned out the vessels are
finished. In this way, M. Vausennat informed us,
vessels resembling exactly those found in the caves
and dolmens are now manufactured and used in the
Pyrenees. The additions are made in lumps, and
therefore when a spiral is seen, it is due to the fingers
being withdrawn from the centre as the table is turned
by the hand, and does not indicate the day coil
method described by Mr. Hartt as so common in
Brazil and the rest of South America. — Mr. Neville
Goodman exhibited and described some burial urns
found near the mouth of the river Amazon. They
were taken firom a small bland of some two or three
acres in extent, lying near the bank of a long, narrow
and shallow lalce called Arar^, which was almost at
the centre of the Island of Marajou (Long. 49' W.,
Lat. i" S.). The urns were partially projecting from
the low d^. They were buned at no great depth in
the soil. No. i was a highly ornamented and curi-
ously shaped urn. Thb contained human bones of
very snIaU size. The urn had one or two coatings of
finer day, superimposed on the day forming the main

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

structure. The elaborate pattern was formed by cut-
ting through the superficial white clay, and thus re-
vealing the salmon-coloured clay below ; paint and
bosses had also been added to complete the design.
No. 3 was a rough globular vessel without pattern.
This contained no bones. A rude conventionalized
representation of a clothed human head, conjectured
to be the knob or handle of the cover of the vessel,
was found in iL An almost precisely similar knob or
head found at Par^ is in the British Museum. No. 3
was an urn with a ruder pattern, formed in the same
way as No. i, which also contained fragments of
human bones. From another vessel without pattern,
was taken a singular triangular piece of porcelain,
probably an article of clothing or suiomment. No. 4.
Besides these were some fr^ments of a large and
elaborately ornamented vessel which must have been
iive or six feet in circumference. Tlie pattern was
made as in No. I by adding two coatings of fine clay ;
then it was traced by an indented line ; then the lines
had a border left on each side of them, and the re-
maining surface was worked away with a tool after
ithe clay had attained to some degree of hardness.
Nos. 5 and 6 were portions of two other vessels of
similar shape and probably like use. They were hol-
low short cylinders with horizontal shelves on the
upper edges. No. 5 presents perhaps the best speci-
men of workmanship. In this case the chasing seems
to have been done while the clay was yet sofl — the
tool squeezing it up in some places. It had on its
upper and under borders well defined and well execu-
ted designs of the key or Greek pattern. No. 6 had
a rough sketch of the eyes, eyebrows, and ridiculously
small nose, in rude imitation of the human head.
The large boss was to lift it by, and probably was not
intended to correspond with any feature of the face.
No. 7. Portions of other vessels with patterns painted
on them. The facts adduced showed conclusively
that these were burial urns of an ancient people, and
the place firom which they were taken an ancient
cemetery. The aboriginal Indians had ceased to exist
in Marajou with anything like tribal relations or dis-
tinctive customs for more than a century, and had
become absorbed in the mixed Brazilian people. The
works of art of the modem Indians dwelling on vari-
ous branches of the Amazon higher up present nothing
similar to these urns. On the other hand an exami-
nation of these vessels and their ornamentation proves
that their manufacturers must have had some relations
with the ancient peoples of Peru, Granada, Central
America, and Mexico. The art indicated by the
pottery was a branch of that wide-spread civilization
which extended from Central America through the
lands of the Incas to the southern hemisphere along
the Andes, and which seemed to shrivel and totally
disappear at the rude civilization of the West, whose
forces were wielded by the Spaniards under Cortes,
Pizarro, &c. To illustrate this Mr. Goodman showed
that No. I was a highly conventional representation
of the human figure, with its head, trunk, arms, nose,
breasts, feet, and other organs presented on each side
in a bifacial arrangement. The correspondence of
this, not only in the main but in minor features of
detail, with the burial jars of Peru and Granada, of
which pictures were shown, proved a close and imita-
tive connection. After calling attention to the many

points of correspondence between Egyptian arts and
customs and those of the South American ancient
races, and explaining the uses as he conjectured of the
short cylindrical vessels, Mr. Goodman stated that the
burial urns were too small and had too narrow moaths
to admit of a human body being placed in them, in
whatever manner doubled up, without matUation.
Hence it would appear that the bodies were first
dried in the sun and then broken up and introduced
into the urns. There were no signs ot carbonizatioii —
i,e,, of cremation. There are no vessels in English
collections of similar quality from the same ne^-
bourhood, except the few fragmentary ones from
Pari in the British Museum before spoken of.^Mr.
Griffith exhibited two urns from rem, from the
tombs of the Incas, of similar pottery, and with
coatings of fine clay, of red and light yeUowidh
colour, exactly similar in this respect to those ex-
hibited by Mr. Goodman ; they also had the hunuui
figure, in one case with the hands and arms held in
the same position as on his, in the other with just
a homan face as it were carved on the stem of the
Mandiora, the roots representing the body and legs.
He suggested that the key pattern might have arisen
from a repetition of lines representing in a cooYen-
tional way the eyes, eyebrows, and nose, comparing
the Anglo-Saxon ornament sprinkling from the same
origin, passing through the T (upsilon) on their coins
and culminating in the Fleur-de-lis. — Mr. Griffith ex-
hibited a perforated flat sandstone pebble, lately found
at Ditton, with two worked tynes of red deer. A
number of Roman remains are found in the same spot^
but these ara apparently confined to holes filled with
black earth, ''ash pits," which were dog into the
clunchy soil underneath the surface soil. Iniese three
specimens, however, came from this clunchy soil»
where it had not been disturbed, and were probably
pre- Roman. The stone might have been used as a
net-weight. — Mr. White read a Paper on the Chester^
ford kiln, which Professor Hughes stated was a kiln
for baking or burning pottery, but this Mr. White
thought very improbable ; both from its shape and
size it much resembled the lime kiln of the present
day. He then showed the shape of the potter^ kihiy
by giving as examples one discovered by Mr. Lajrton
at Caistor, near Norwich, the ancient Venta Icenoninv
and sketched in vol. xxii. of the Arch^ologia ; anodier
found by the Hon. R. C Neville, which Mr. White
thought was the flues only of a kiln, sketched in v^ z.
of the ArchaologiccU Journal, He then exhibited
a drawing of a more perfect, one, found by Mr. Joslin,
at Colchester, where the flues and furnaces are
nearly identical in shape with those of Mr. Neville's,
but on the top of the flues was built the kiln. The
bottom of this flue was pierced through at regular
intervals to allow the heat the more readily to escape
into the kiln. The tops of the flues were much vitri-
fied, which he proved by a specimen be exhibited.
When the kiln was loaded it was then arched over
with clay, which was, wholly or in praurt, broken down
to take out the pottery when baked. And another,
figured by Mr. Artis, from amongst the remains at
Castor, in Northamptonshire, the Durobrivae of
Antoninus, showed the bottom perforated in a simi^
lar manner to the one mentioned above. — Mr.
Redfem exhibited an ancient tally-board, which he

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

described as probabljr of late sixteenth-centurj or early
seventeenth-century work, of dark oak, carved in
relief^ and dhnded into small panels, each of which
contains a representation of a peacock, a hooded
falcon, a swan, or some other bud ; the lower part
is formed as a ^shield, which has on its face two
smaller shields, ' sospended from a hunting horn.
One of these ^elds bears the arms of the Lucy
fiunil^, and the other what appears to be the arms of
the aty of Amsterdam. This tally-board is supposed
to have been used for keeping the record of the
game supply at some house A importance. Shakes-
pears makes mention of the tally in the play of
Henry VL and in Sonnet 122.

Cumberland AND Wkstmoreland Antiquarian
AND ARCHiCOLOGiCAL SOCIETY.— Tune 16. — Annual
meeting at the Senhouse Arms Hotel, Maryport.
The Rev. Canon Simpson, LL.D., Chairman of the
Council, presided. Tne officers for the ensuing year
having been appointed, and other routine business
transacted, the company visited the site of the Roman
Camp above the town, under the guidance of Mr.
Toseph Robinson, and afterwards proceeded to
Netherhall, where Mr. Senhouse's collection of
Roman altars, and other remains, which had from
time to time been found in the neighbourhood, were
inspected. The first day's proceedings were brought
to a close by a visit to Workington H^l, the ancestral
residence of the Curwen family, where several inter-
estii^ Papers were read. The programme included a
carriage excursion on the following day, when several
places of historical interest were visited. This Society
has recently issued its ninth annual volume of Trans-
actions. They contain a great amount of interesting
local matter, and are well illustrated. The number
of members of this Society has increased fivefold within
the last fewyears.

Eppikg Forest and County of Essex Natu-
RALiSTS* Field Club.— July 3.— The members met
for an examination of Ainesbury Banks earthwork,
which tradition reports to have been an encampment
of Queen Boadicea, and of another ancient camp,
recently discovered near Loughton by Mr. William
lyOylejr. The conductor of the party was Major-
General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S., who afterwards dis-
coursed on the indistinct lines of banks which they
had been inspecting. The council of the club
announce an early geological field meeting, to be con-
ducted by Sir Antonio Brady, F.G.S., and Mr. Henry
Walker, F.G.S., to the Elephant Pits at Ilford.

Glasgow Arcil«ological Society.— June 24-
— Special general meeting. — Papers by Mr. James
Napier, F.R.S.E., " On Folk-lore among the Upper
and Middle Classes," and by the Secr^ary on the
canoe recently discovered in a small island in the
Clyde, were read. Prof. Young exhibited coins in •
the Hunterian Museum, which have not jret been
catalogued.

Hull Literary Club.— June 26.— The members
paid a visit to Hedon, where the vicar, the Rev. H.
L. Clarke, gave an Address on the History and Archi-
tecture of the Church. He directed attention to the
points of interest in the building, and furnished much
biographical information respecting the vicars and
other notable persons buried in the church. In this
chmch is mtened the Rev. John Tidcell, the

historian of Hull. The party afterwards went to the
Town Hall, where the maces and fine collection of
plate belonging to the Hedon Corporation were sulft-
mitted for inspection. Mr. Park gave brief particu-
lars of the objects of interest, and afterwards read a
short Paper on the History of Hedon.

Liverpool Notes and Queries Society. —
From the Report of the third Session lately issued,
it appears that this Society has met with most gratify-
ing success. Professor Dowdte presided over the
inaugural meeting of the Society ; Mr. Henry Irvii\g
presided over the opening meeting of the second
session, and Professor Graham over that of the
session just closed. A Conference on the question
of Arcmtectural Restoration was held in December,
1878, at which papers were read by Mr. William
Morris, Mr. Samuel Huggins, Mr. J . J. Stevenson,
Mr. James Bromley, and bvMr. T. H. Hall Caine, the
founder of the Society. During the recent contro-
versy on the proposal to restore the west fa9ade of
St Mark's, Venice, a meeting under the auspices of
the Society was held (by permission of the Libraries*
Committee) in the Free Library, when Papers by
Mr. WiUiam Morris, Mr. T. H. HaU Caine, Mr.
J. M. Hay, Mr. G. A. Audsley, Mr. S. Huggins,
Mr. J. Bromley and by the President, the Rev. S.
Fletcher Williams were read. Papers on subjects
of Shakspearean interest have beoi submitted to
the Society by Professor Dowden, Professor T.
Ruskin, Mr. F. J. Fumivall, Mr. Frank MarshaU,
Mr. Henry Irving, Mr. William Tirebuck, Mr. J.
Whiteley, Rev. J. Kirkman, and Rev. S. Fletcher
Williams. Papers on general art Questions have been
read by Mr. W. G. Herdman, Mr, J. F. Drink-
water, Mr. W. Tirebuck, Mr. W. Lewin, Mr. Evelyn
Pyne, Mr. J. Ashcroft Noble and othersL A lecture
on ** The Relation of Politics to Art" was delivered by
Mr. T. H. Hall Caine, and has recently provoked
much discussion.

Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian
Society.— June 15. — Mr. C. C. Ross in the Chair. —
On the motion of Mr. F. Boese, seconded by Mr. W,
Bolitho, jun., Mr. C. Ross was appointed first Presi-
dent of the Society, and Mr. Inomas Cornish and
Mr. W. C. Borlase were nominated as vice-presidents.
The other officers having been duly elected, Mr. Cor-
nish stated that Sergeant Wallis intended presenting
to the Society a portion of one of the beams of the
main deck ot the Royal George; and he had also been
informed that some workmen, whilst engaged in a
crofl at Roseworthy, had discovered a large flat stone,
under which was a "kist" which contained several
remains of what they believed to be copper implements
of great antiquity, which it was intended to present to
the Society. — Mr. Bolitho delivered a short address on
" Prehistoric Remains," and, on the motion of the
Rev. W. S. Lach-Srjrrma, it was agreed to forward a
petition to Parliament in-support of the Bill for the
Preservation of Ancient Monuments.

Somerset ARCiLeoLOGiCAL and Natural His-
tory Society.— This Society has lately effected the
purchase of the historical records and manuscripts
collected by Mr. T. Serel, of Wells, and these have
recently been forwarded to Taunton Castle, whtcj^
after being properly classified, they will be open to
public inspectioD. This tare colleotion was IMMt Ifl

G a

MEETINGS OF AN27Q UARIAN SOCIETIES.

ago likely to pass out of the county, but in order to
prevent this loss Mr. W. Long, of Wrington, bought it
of Mr. Serel for;^ 130, and generously^ offered it to the
Somersetshire Society for ^100, retaining only some
printed volumes of no local value. Nearly all the
money required to secure the collection has been sub-
scribed by members of the Archaeological Society,
and the books will afford a rich source of research to
archaeological, historical, and genealogical students in
the county. The collection consists of abstracts of
title, boundaries of manors, awards, terriers and tithe
accounts, facts connected with the histories of many
county families, among others the families of P3rm,
Strode, Popham, Phelips, Tynte, Mordaunt, &c. ;
various original charters and deeds of the nth, I3ih,
and 14th centuries; records of mining laws, manorial
customs, ecclesiastical antiquities of the diocese rela-
ting to Bishops, to the Dean and Chapter and the
Vicars Choral of Wells, and to the Abbey of Glaston-
bury ; and also too ther parishes in different parts of
the county ; two curious volumes of briefs, one set for
the redemption of captives taken by Barbary pirates,
and the other for the relief of the Huguenot sufferers
of the Principality of Orange, with the returns of the
collections made in each parish ; lists of collations,
notices of the institution and government of grammar
schools, parochial and church accounts, particulars
connectea with the history of the church and city of
Wells, and the ecclesiastical and municipal history of
Glastonbury, &c., and several curious and valuable
printed books which treat for the most part on the his-
tory and antiquities of the county. — The annual meet-
ing of the Somerset Archseol(^cal Society has been
fixed for the 24th August, and will be held at Glaston-
bury under the presidency of Dr. £. A. Freeman.

ZTbe Hntiauan^'0 Dote^Kooft.

A Curious Surname. — On the Quo Warranto
Roll, Cumberland, appears a name which, in its con-
struction, reminds us of the remarkable cognomina of
the Puritan period, though the one in question,
"Robertus SkirUs-ful-of-hve,^* would hardly have
found an adopter in those severe times.

The ancient manor house at Streatham, which came
into the possession of the Russells by the marriage of
Wriothesley, Duke of Bedford, with Elizabeth,
daughter and heiress of John Howland, Esq., of that
place, is now, and has been for about eight or nine
years, occupied by the Discharged Prisoners' Aid
Society. It still, however, retains its name of
"Russell House." It stands at the comer of a lane
leading to Tooting Common, and overlooks the village
churchyard.

Shakespeare's Bed. — The significance of
Shakespeare's bequest of the second l^t bed to his
wife, has often been explained. It is a curious fact,
and one perhaps little known, that the carved head-
board of an Elizabethan bedstead, confidently affirmed
by tradition to have been part of the very bed in
question, and bearing the imtials A. H., is still pre-
served in a private residence near Evesham. What
more natural than that the bride's (amily should have

set up the young couple with a bed ; and that Shake-
speare should have been anxious for this, if for no
other reason, to acknowledge the obligation ?

Phonetic Spelling.— In an audit office accoupt
relating to the siege of Newhaven in 1562, Rouen is
written throughout as "Roane,"— not **Roone"as
might have been expected. This may be of interest
in connection with the pronunciation of '* Room-
roam- Rome;" and in other passages of Shakespeare.
It is almost certain that "Roane" is the phonetic
spelling of Rouen according to the constant nabit of
these official verities. In the same account, " fife** is
written throughout "phiph," a phonetic liberty al-
most as serious as that taken by an Irish candidate at
a recent army medical examination who spelt *' oofiee"
without using a single right letter, to wit, " kan^y.**

Lord Chatham and Junius. — The following is
an extract from a letter addressed to Mr. W. Hone,
the author of the " Year Book," &c., and dated from
Leeds, May sth, 1 831, "during a snow-storm": —
"On the nth May, 1778, died the great Earl of
Chatham. I should have much liked to have sent
you twenty reasons for the belief I have that this per-
sonage was, in reality, the celebrated Tunitts. I do
not know one subject upon which there has been
written such a proportion of nonsense as upon this
authorship. Many people like Boyd« Wilmot, and
Francis would have given the ears off their heads, and
a leg besides, to be thought the author ; and so would
their descendants or dependants, &c. ; but, tlust me,
the secret is in the Grenvilleand Buckingham families,
who Aave had good reasons for keeping the thing
snug. I wish I had opportunity to give you a ' bird's-
eye view' only of this subject, you would need no
more. Two thinc;s only have deluded the pnUic —
spurious letters called " miscellaneous," and assertioiis
of ignorant or designing men. A friend of mine has
blown them skies high; but, alas! his azrangemcnt
of the aigument is bod, and his stvle of writing still
worse. I will send you a copy 01 his pamphlet by
the first opportunity." It would be interestiDg to
know who was this friend of the writer, and what the
name of the pamphlet to which he refers.

*« Vermin'* and "The House."— This headu^

has no reference to an incident in a recent debate in

the House of Commons, but is only intended to

serve as an introduction to a curious entry on the

Treasurer of the Chamher's RoU^ 1694 to 1698 :—

"William Hester, rat-killer, for destroying vermin

at Kensington and the two Hoxises of Parliament,

between Michaelmas 1693 and Lady-day 1 697, by

vij. warrants, ciiij**xviij/f. inx." Another roll, i6q2

to 1694, contains : — " Mrs. Barry for herself and the

rest of the Comedians, for Acting the Playes called

Caius Marius, The Old Batchelour, and Thi Orfhan^

» at xxv/f. each, Ixxv//." And a third one, liigS to

1 70 1 has : — " Sir Godfrey Kneller for xix. Pictures

of the King and Queen at Length, for Barbadoes,

Maryland, and for the Plenipotentiarysfor the Treaty

of Peace, &c., at Mi, each. And for several pictnres

for his Ma*** use yj*l/i., myjV/.

« « « • •

Alexander Fort, master joyner, for a cofl^ of State

for the Duke of Gloucester, and a chest for the

Bowells covered with velvet, by warrant, Ix/t." — Owl*

An Old Political Connbction.— The ownets

THE ANTIQUARVS NOTE-BOOK.

of Claydon have represented the county of Backs
and its five boroughs — Buckingham, Wycombe,
Aylesbury, Amersham, Wendover — at different times
from the year 1552 to 1880, and alwajrs on the
liberal side in politics. Edward VI., 1552, Sir
Edmund Vemey, for Buckinghamshire, and Sir
Francis Vemey, for Buckin^iam ; Philip and Mary,
i$55» S^ Edmund Vemey, for Buckinghamshire, and
Sir Francis Vemey, for Buckingham ; James I.,
1625, Sir Edmund Vemey (Standsuxl B^rer), Buck-
ingham ; Charles I., 1627, Sir Edmund Vemey
(Standard Bearer), Buckingham ; Charles I., 1640^
Sir Edmund Vemey (Standard Bearer), Wycombe ;
and Mr. Ralph Vemey, Aylesbury ; 1640, Sir
Edmund Vemey (Standard Bearer), Wycombe ;
Charles I. (Long Parliament), Sir Ralph Vemey,
Aylesbury ; Charles II., 1680, Sir Ralph Vemey,
Buckingham ; Tames II., 1684, Sir Ralph Vemey,
Buckingham ; William and Mary (Convention Parlia-
ment), 1688, Sir Ralph Vemey, Buckingham ; Anne,
1710^ Sir John Vemey, Buckinghamshire ; 1713, J.
Vemey, Lord Fermanagh, Amersham ; (jeorge I.,
1714, J. Vemey, Viscount Fermanagh, Amersham
(in his place, deceased, Ralph Vemey, Viscount Fer-
managh) ; 1722, Ralph Vemey, Viscount Fermanagh,
Amenham ; (jeorge III., 1754, Ralph, Earl Vemey,
WcndoYcr ; 1768, Ralph, 2nd Earl Vemey, Bucking-
hamshire; 1790, Ralph, 2nd Earl Vemey, Bucking-
hamshire; la^ male of the old family of Vemey.
William IV., 1832 and 1835, Victoria 1837 (1847
during this Parliament M.P. for Bedford), 1857,
1859, 1865, 1868, and iSSo, Sir Harry Vemey,
Buckingham. In 1472, Sir Ralph Vemey, Lord
Mayor, was M.P. for London, "on the side of pro-
gress*** — Tima,

LiNTEN Fahe ys Olden Times. — Our forefathers
were fax more particular in the celebration of Lent
than we are, and fish was the diet all through the
season. And what kind of fish do our readers imagine
were eaten in this country in the olden time, and at
what cost? Anaccountof the3ist£dwardIII. (1358)
contains payments out of the Exchequer of fifty marks
for five usts (9000) red herrings; ill. for two lasts
white herrings ; 6/. for two barreb of sturgeon ; 1 1/. 5/.
for 1,300 stockfish ; \y. ^. for eighty-mne congers ;
and twenty nurks for 320 nmlwells. Herring-pies or
pasties were considered a very great delicacy. Yar-
mouth, by ancient charter, was bound to send annually
to the kmg one hundred herrings, baked in twenty-
four pies or pasties, while in Edward I.'s reign,
Enstace de Corson, Thomas de Berkediche, amd
Robert de Within hdd thirty acres of land on the
tenure of supplying annually for the kingf s use on their
first comii^ mto season twenty-four pasties of fresh
herrings. Lampreys also were highly appreciated —
too mnchso, inaeed, in the case of one of our English
sovereigns, Henry L, who b said to have died in con-
sequence of haviztt^ eaten of them to excess. King
John granted his ucence to one Sampion to go to
Nantes to buy lampreys for the use of the Comitev
of Blob. In Edwara IIL's reign they were some-
times sobi for eightpence and tenpence apiece, while
in 1341 Walter Eastjm, sherifi' of Gloucester, re-
ceived 12/. y. %d. (or forty-four lampreys nmpUed
for the use 01 the king. Cfoocester, whidi was fomoss
for its mode of tU:wiag thcK fob, as the Semn

for their quality, used to send the king at Christ-
mas a lamprey pie, and when it b remembered that
at that season lamprejrs could hardly be bought for a
guinea each, it will be seen that the gift was a costly
one. But the queerest of the fish eaten in Lent were
unquestionably the whale, porpoise, grampas ^i>d
sea-wolf^ which in those days were held to be fish,
and choice morseb of which were served at table.
Carp, tench, halibut, pike, barbel, bream, &c., were
also among those fish which found a place at Royal
and other tables both on ordinary and State occasions,
and a great deal of care and skill was bestowed on the
manner of serving them. — Land and Water.

Heralds.— The office of Somerset Herald, vacated
lately by the death of Mr. Planche, has no special
connection with the county of Somerset, any more
than the York Herald has to do with York or Lan-
caster Herald with Lancaster. They are designations
which come down to us finom the factions and rivalries
of the Wars of the Roses. There are six heralds, all
of whom are appointed by the Eari Marshal under
the C^een's warrant. The creation of a herald b a
matter of some little ceremony. The nominee is re-
quired to take an oath, and afterwards wine b poured
upon hb head out of a " gilt cup with a cover. He
b then declared to be York Herald, Richmond
Herald, Somerset Herald, or whichever of the six it
may be, after which he b invested with a tabard of
the royal arms embroidered upon satin, ** not so rich
as the king's" — a king at arms, that is — " but better
than the pursuivant's, and a collar of the SS." Mr.
Thoms telb us that the heralds, like the kings at
arms, are sworn upon a sword as well as a book, to
show that they are military as well as civil officers.
They are esquires, and they enjoy a salary of
;f 26 1 y, 4i/. per annum — not a very magnificent stipend
for gentlemen so gorgeously attired as heralds are
wont to be on public occasions. Thb, however, b
but the nominal mcome pertaining to the office. The
real income b derived from fees paid by those who
go to the Heralds' College in quest of information
respecting family pedigrees. Tne heralds, in fact,
are the great authorities on matters of pedigree, and
make it their business to assist aspirants for family
honours in tracing back their line oif ancestors wfaere-
ever that line may have become obscure. One or
two of them, we believe, are always to be found at
the Cx>Ilege of Arms ready to attend to all applicants.
They sit in rotation for a month at a time, the fees
payable to them depending on their degree, which b
determined by seniority. These officers trace pedi-
grees, suggest and regulate armorial bearings, and on
public occasions, as most persons are aware, they are
the marshals and superintendents of the cer e monies.—
Clohf. _

^^%^z>

HntiQuarian Detvs.

Mr. Vicat Cole, painter, and Mr. John L. Pearson,
architect of the new cathedral at Truro, have been
elected Royal Academicians. •

Mr. Oxmcillor Fewster, of Hull, b about to pub-
lish, for private circolation, a work on the outns and
tokens oif that town.

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

His Holiness the Pope has pjaciously accepted a
copy of Mr. Elliot Stock's facsimile reprint of ** The
Imitation of Christ/' and has expressed his approval
of the publication.

The death is announced of Mr. Frederick Blackettt
of Woodhouse, near Leeds. Mr. Blackett was a well-
knpwn Yorkshire antiquary, and possessed a vast fund
of curious information.

A Professorship of Archaeology has been instituted
at University CoU^e, London, and Mr. C. T. New-
ton, of the British Museuni, has been appointed first
Professor.

A series of interesting papers on " Parliamentary
Elections in Lincolnshire, from the earliest period
down to a recent date, are appearing in the " Notes
and Queries" column of the Lincoln Gazette.

Among other items lately sold by Messrs. Puttick
and Simpson was an autograph letter of the poet
Bums, in which he quotes his "Scots wha hae,"
for the sum of £^/^ The letter is addressed to
Dr. Currie, and dated December 15 to 25, 1795.

Professor Simering, of Berlin, has been commis-
sioned to execute an equestrian monument to George
Washington, to be erected in Philadelphia. Among
the competitors were artists of many nations —
American, English, French, and Italian.

The British Museum has purchased a vaulted wooden
Egyptian coffin, well preserved, and a gilded mask
and mummy of a lady named Tahutisa or Thothsi,
one of the court or family of the queen of Amasis I.
of the eighteenth dynasty.

Messrs. Hamilton, Adams, & Co. have announced
for sale, at a guinea each, the whole of the remain-
ing copies of Mr. J. T. Wood's "Discoveries at
Ephesus," a work originally published in 1877 at three
guineas.

St. Stephen's Church, Walbrook, at the back of the
Mansion House, is undergoing extensive repairs and
restorations, both exteriuilly and internally. This
church, often regarded as chef d'ceuvre of Sir Chris-
topher Wren, it would seem, is at least to be spared
in the projected demolition of City sanctuaries.

The Elgin and Nairn Gazette records the death of
" Widow Phimister," the oldest residenter in Forres,
at the extreme age of one hundred and three and a
iialf years. Deceased, who enjoyed remarkably good
health until recently, was attended latterly by her
daughter, who is eighty-two years of age.

A statue of Robert Raikes, the founder of Sunday
Schools, has been placed in the gardens opposite
Cleopatra's Needle, on the Victoria Embankment.
The statue, which is 9ft. 6in. in height, represents
Raikes in the costume of the^ last century, having in
his hand an open Bible.

Mr. Hanson, Chairman of the Library Committee
of the City of London, is engaged in collecting
materials, from the Records of the Corporation and
other places, for a series of biographical notices of the
Aldermen of the Ward of Billingsgate, from the
earliest time.

The comer stone of the new church of St. Michael's,
Camden Town, was laid recently by the youthful
Marquis Camden. The church is a memorial of

St. Michael's, Queenhithe, part of the fimds

been derived from the sale of the materials of that

building.

The old parish church of Buckland, Bnckingham-
shire, has recently been re-opened after restoration of
the chancel. The work, externally, has been pro-
moted by the Ecclesiastical Conmiissioners, and iuter-
nally, by the curate in charge, the Rev. £. Bomc^
who is also rector of Hulcot.

The Dean and Chapter of Lincoln have ordered a
new cathedral clock from Messrs. Potts and Sons, of
Leeds. The expense will be borne by the Dean and
Cltapter, and Mrs. C. Seely and Mr. N. Clajrton
have offered two additional bells, costing £ico each,
so that the Cambridge quarters may be chimed.

Mr. Robert White, of Worksop, proposes to issue
by subscription a fiacsimile of the unique copy of
" Robin Hood's Garland," dated 1663, discovered by
him in the Bodleian Library. This copy is seven
years earlier in date than the oldest example known
to Chatto and others who have written on early wood
engraving and on Robin Hood literature.

A lecture on " Epitaphs" was recently ddiveied in
the Aldersgate Ward School Room, AJdersg^
Street, by Mr. Thomas Sangster, in aid of the
Sustentation Fund of the ancient Priory Church of St.
Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield. Gantri-
butions are much needed towards repairing the
venerable edifice.

The chalybeate spring in Well Walk, Hampstead,
celebrated in the hterature of the 17th ana i8di
centuries, has been again set in order. Some heavy-
looking masonry has been erected over it, but the
flow and the chalybeate properties of the well are
much lessened, so that the peculiar but well-known
flavour is scarcely to be perceived in its waters.

Major Bailie, of Ringdufferin, the author of
" Franking Memoranda," in vol. i. p. 25, has lately
obtained a frank of earlier date than any hitherto
known. to exist. It is that of Thurloe, S^anetaxy of
State under Oliver Cromwell, and is dated in 165S.
The letter so firanked is addressed to Henry Cromwdl
a few dajTS only before Oliver's death.

A facsimile of Dame Juliana Beraer's " Treatvse of
Fysshyinge wyth an Angle," is now being pubushed
by subscription by Mr. Elliot Stock. It will be im-
mediately followed by a facsimile of the- "Book of
Saint Alban's." The former has an introdnction by
Rev. M.' G. Watkins ; the latter will have a piefiioe
by Mr. W. Blades.

An exhibition of ecclesiastical art will take place
at Leicester during the forthcoming Church Congress,
opening on September 27 and closing on October 4.
An important feature of the exhibition will be a loan
collection of ancient church plate, mediaeval silver-
smith's work, embroidery, and similar objects, towatds
which many well-known collectors will contribute.

The British Museum has received five boxes of
antiquities from Babylon, the result of late excavations.
Amongst them are additions to the legend of the
Creation. Amongst the recent arrivals are some
tablets containing the names Kandalann afid Nabo-

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

nastir, the Kinneladanos and Nabonassar of the Canon
of Ptolemy, the last the celebrated monarch of the era
dating from B.C. 747.

The Masonic diploma of John Laughlin, better
known as "Souter Johnnie,'' the sale of which has
been already noticed in The Antiquary (see vol.
i. p. 184) is, we are informed, duly authenticated by
the signature of the Worshipful Master and officers of
the St. James's Lodge, Ayr, to which Laughlin be-
longed, and it is also further certified by a resident of
Ayr.

The arms for the new diocese of Liverpool, which
have just been "passed" at the Heralds' College, are —
Argent, an eagle sable, with wings expanded, beak
and legs Or, holding in the claws of the right foot an
ancient writing-case, and having round its head a
nimbus of the third ; a chief, party per pale, gules
and argent ; on the dexter half an ancient galley with
three masts Or, and on the sinister half an open Bible,
with the It^iend "Thy Word is truth."

The Duke of Connaught, accompanied by the Lord
Mayor snd a few others, lately paid his first visit as
Ranger to Epping Forest. The Duke opened a new
road which the conservators have made through
the forest, from Chin^ford to Loughton, and which,
in honour of his visit, was named "The Ranger's
Road." He subsequently visited High Beech and
the ancient British camp, popularly known as
Boadicea's.

The Church of All Saints, Hinton Ampner,
Hampshire, has been reopened, after undergoing
restoration. A new nave has been rebuilt on the
lines of the old, with the exception of a further
extension of ten feet westward, exclusive of a new
tower. A new south porch is also added. A small
vestry is placed at the north-west extremity of the
nave. A west tower has been constructed, surmounted
by an oak turret, containing the three bells, of seven-
teenth-century date.

With a view to put a stop to the largely increased
manufacture of "antique" plate bearing forged Hall
marks of ancient dates, pnncipally of the period of
Queen Anne, the Goldsmith's Company offer a reward
qI£\qo to any one who ^dll divulge the name of the
forger. To such an extent is this fraud practised that,
(mly lately, 647 pieces were found in the possession
of a collector who had purchased a service of so-
called " Queen Anne" plate, at an enormous price,
as genuine.

General Plantagenet- Harrison has now ready for
the printer the second volume of his " History of the
County of York." It contains the Wapentakes of
GilUng East and Hang West, and will be a com-
plete work as a separate volume. This instalment
will contain about 200 pedigrees, numerous illustra-
tions, and some 300 coats of arms. The third
volume will consist of the Wapentakes of the Hang
East and Halikeld, with Allertonshire. The price
of each pArt ^o subscribers js fifteen guineas, and to
non-subsdribers twenty-five guineas.

Mons. V. Bouton, of Brussels, has nearly completed
bis reproduction of the armorial of Gehre^ herald-at-
arms of the 14th century (i 334-1 390). The TabU

Prcvisoire of the names contained in this collection
shows that the leading families of England and Scot-
land are fairly represented. As M. Souton remarks,
this precious monument is a living commentary on
the Chronicles of the 14th century, and particularly
on Froissart. The text will contain ample historicid
notes on the personages noticed in this important
Roll of Arms.

Mr. Robert E. Chester Waters, M.A., Barrisler-
at-Law, has just produced a new work entitled
"Genealogical Memoirs of the Kindred Families of
Chester of Bristol, Barton Regis, Almondsbury, and
London, descended from Henry Chester, who died
Sheriff of Bristol in 1470 ; and also of the Families
of Astry of London, Kent, Beds, Bucks, and
Gloucestershire, descended- from Sir Ralph Astry,
Knt., Lord Mayor of London in 1493." The work
is illustrated by shields of arms and numerous tabular
pedigrees.

The Rev. J. W. Ebsworth is preparing for the
Printing Times a series of illustrated Papers on
the Early Printers of Shakespeare's Works. He
hopes to be able, very shortly, to issue " The Amanda
Group of Bagford Poems" to the Ballad Society for
the same ; and he is also far advanced in his work on
the first part of the new volume of "Roxburghe
Ballads," naving made great progress in one volume,
so far as instructions, notes, and pictures are con-
cerned. Part X. will probably be ready for issue
early in the autumn.

With reference to the sentence relating to "the
period assigned to hammered coins," in our report of
the Bradford Historical Society (see p. 33, ante), we
are requested by Mr. Skevington to say that it should
read : — "All our English coins prior to the second
vear of Elizabeth's reign were made by a process of
hammering, and are called ' hammered' coins to dis-
tinguish them from those made by the 'mill' and
* screw* of succeeding years, but this process was not
entirely discarded until the reign of Charles IL, 1662."

The late Mr. F. Mothersill beaueathed fifty pictures
to the " Manchester Fine Arts Gallery." The ambiguity
of the description led to claims from more than one
body which deemed itself the intended recipient, and
the direction of the Court of Chancery had to be
sought The Registrar has decided m favour of
the Manchester Art Museum > Committee, which is
composed of gentlemen united for the puipose of
establishing a collection of works of art on the plan
advocated by Mr. T. C. Horsfall and approved by
Mr. Ruskin.

Natural caverns of enormous size — one being 600
feet long — have lately been discovered in the nd|^*
bourhood of West Harptree, near Wells, in Soawr-
seL The investigations are still being carried on, ani
the discoveries have excited some interest ftHMM
antiouaries and archaeologists. The public wUl w
be allowed access to the caverns till tne prelimintt;
arrangements have been completed, so tnat they di.
be entered with safety. It is stated that with nW&
to the extent of the caverns, and the beauty and nqii^
tastic forms of the stalactites, they are fax saperior i'
those of Cheddar.

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

We have to record the death of a very old and well-
known member of the Society of London Antiquaries,
Mr. Daniel Gumey, of Runcton Hall, Norfolk, who
has died at the a^ of eighty-nine. He was the author
of a very elaMrate genealogical work, privately
printed, entitled "The Records of the House of Gour-
nay.'' The deceased gentleman was first cousin of
the late Mr. Hudson Gumey, M.P., who was also a
distinguished antiquary, some time a vice-president of
the Society of Antiquaries, and the author of several
valuable communications made to that learned body,
and printed in the Archaologia,

In a sale recently held at Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkin-
son & Hodge's Rooms, a collection of iUustrations
of Lincolnshire, made by Sir Joseph Banks, sold for
£iS2. In this sale the Bible translated by T. Mat-
thew, 1537, imperfect, sold for ;f2l ; an imperfect
copy of die first English version of the Bible by
Coverdale, printed in 1J35, £Si ; Caxton*s "Chro-
nicles of England," 1482, imperfect, £*ib ; Hoare's
"Modem Wiltshire," on large paper, ;f26 lor. ;
"Tennyson's Poems," 1833, £^ V- w. ; " Spenser's
Faerie Queene, first edition, miperfect, £1^ lOf. ;
Miisee Fran^ais, £2!^ The sale produced about

£i.S^S'

A centennial cricket match was played on the
ground of the Vine Club at Sevenoaks on Saturday,
June 26th. The players were gentlemen amateurs,
and consisted of two elevens, chosen respectively by
Lords Amherst and Stanhope. The match was
organized to celebrate the centenary of one played on
the same S]>ot on June 27th and 28th, 1780, tor five
hundred guineas, between Sir Horace Mann's eleven
and another of which the Duke of Dorset, lord of the
adjoining manor of Knowle, was the captain. A
quaint woodcut, showing the positions of the players
in this historic match, is preser\'ed in the pavilion of
the Vine Club.

The Print Room of the British Museum has been
lately enriched by the purchase on the Continent of
a numerous collection of German broadsides, illus-
trated with engravings and woodcuts of historical and
satirical subjects, dating from 1534, and including a
considerable proportion of anti-papal satires— ^^., a
striking one of the Pope driving his clergy m a
chariot to hell ; behind are many briefs hanging on a
tree ; in front devils are tormenting a monk. A
similar work is dated 1588. Among other subjects of
these prints are the great clock at Strasbourg, 1574,
views of towns, castles, and other buildings, arms,
armorials, costumes, and some good specimens of
early stencil colouring of a vivid kind.

The annual meeting of the Somerset Archaeological
and Natural History Society will be held at Glaston-
bury on Tuesday, August 17, and the following days,
unoer the presidency of Mr. E. A. Freeman, D.C.L.
The programme embraces a visit to the Abbey build-
ings, with a discourse on the abbey by Mr. J. Parker;
also visits to the hospitals and other buildings of inte-
rest in Glastonbury. Excursions will also be made to
Meare, Shapwick, Walton, Sharpham, the earthwork
at Pouter's Ball, West Pennard, West Bradlev, Bal-
stonbury. Barton St. David, Butleigh, and tne lias
quarries at Street. There will be a meeting on the

first day, at the Town Hall, Glastonbury, for the
reading of papers on subjects of local interest and for

discussion.

A collection of silver plate which was sold leoently
fetched enormous prices. A fluted porringer was
sold at the rate of 3Qr. an ounce ; another of silver

filt, and of the time of the Merrv Monarch, iSetclied
alf as much again ; a plain Elizaoethan cup brought
38; . ; a teapot, out of which Queen Anne may have
taken tea m the intervals of council, 46^..; and a
sugar ^basin of William III.'s reign, 52J. an ounce.
Now, as bar silver was selling the same day in the
bullion market at about 41. 3^. an ounce, it does not
require a very elaborate arithmetical operation to ad-
just the difference paid for age and workmanship.
The cheapest of the objects which we have just
enumerated went for nearly seven times its intrinsic
value ; the dearest for almost twelve times.

Mr. Joseph Foster has issued the prospectus of his
new volume, " Royal Descents of our Nobility and
Gentry," to be completed in six volumes. Mr.
Foster states that the collection will include neariy all
the chief historical personages of the Middle Ages»
the majority of whom are now only represented
through females. Manjr persons who are probublv
unaware of possessing this distinction of descent^ will
find their names here represented, and " the pedigrees
of many of the aristocracy, once ranked among the
landed gentry, but now classed among the great
unacred," will be rescued firom oblivion. The price
of a separate volume will be a guinea and a mu^ a
price wnich the compiler believes will render them
accessible to every person descending firom the blood
ruyal.

An extensive sale of autographs, which lately took
place in Leipzig, contained some English specimens
of no small interest. Amongst others was a letter
from Queen Elizabeth, in her own handwriting
which fetched 300 marks. A letter firom John Locke to
Thoyrard, in Paris, sold for 161 marks. A manuscript
of Haydn, which, two years ago, sold for 90 marks, has
now fetched 275 marks ; a manuscript of Schubert
realized 130 ; one of Beethoven, 115 ; and a letter
bv C. M. von Weber, 140 marks. A letter of Cal-
vin, formerly in the Pericourt collection, remlized
100 marks ; a small billet of Frederick the Great
was knocked down for 79 marks, one of Voltaire for
119, a Goethe for 70 marks 95 pfennige, and two
Schillers for 90 and 181 marks. Two letters oT
Lessing realized 307 and 281 marks respectively.

The most arid spot on the Roman Campagna, that
where the sulphur stream intersects the road, was
recently the scene of a revival of a page of ancient
Roman life. At that spot a spacious and most com-
plete Imthing establishment hi^ been built. A portion
of it, in fact, says the Times* correspondent, has been
in use for some months, but it is now completed, and
was inaugurated in the presence of the Minister of
Public Works, the Prefect of Rome, and a large
number of guests. The stream of the Aooue Albule,
whose benencent medicinal ^-aters were celebrated hf
Horace, and according to Suetonius, were used \yf
Augustus and Nero, flows directly through the estab-
lishment, which covers a huge area of ground, and is

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

surroonded by gardens, tofoim which many thousand
tons of earth nave been conveyed there.

The tenth Part of the facsimiles of the Pabeographi-
cal Society contains specimens from the fragments of
the works of Philodemus and Metrodorus recovered
from the ruins of Herculaneum, the papyrus fragment
of the Iliad, Bk. xviii., known as the "Bankea
Homer," and other Greek MSS. from the tenth cen-
tury to the fifteenth. The Latin series comprises
specimens from the waxen tablets recently discovered
at Pompeii, of the date A.D. 55 and 56 ; the Vatican
palimpsest of Cicero*s " Republic" of the fourth cen-
tury ; interesting MSS. vrritten in England in the
eighth and ninth century; a deed relating to the
Primacy of the See of Canterbury, A. 0/1072 ; and the
"Book of Hours" of John, Duke of Bedford, better
known as the *' Bedfora Missal ;" and Queen Isabella's
Breviary, of the fifteenth century.

The Wellin^on College Natural Science Society's
Report contams some interesting notes on dis-
coveries of Roman remains lately made at Wickham
Bushes. A few pieces of broken pottery having been
found near the spot known as Cscsar*s Camp, two of
the masters of Wellington College, Mr. Lane and Mr.
Goodchild, began to search systematically, and some
of the boys joining, a coin of the reign of the Emperor
Probos was dug up. Other coins and pieces of white,
red, and black ware rewarded the explorers, and the
"diggings" became so popular that it was found
necessary to declare the place out of bounds, lest
injury should be done to private property. By the
kindness of the Marchioness of Downshire, however,
permission was cpranted to a few of the masters and
some of the prefects to continue the search for such
interesting relics.

On the 24th of June, St. John the Baptist's Day,
the annual commemoration service of the Order of St.
John of Jerusalem in England, was held in the Chapel
Royal, Savoy, the sermon being preached by the Rev.
John Oakley. The general assembly of knights,
members, and honorary associates was afterwards
held at the Chapter-room, St. John's Gate, Clerken-
well, when a report was made as to the various
branches of the Order's philanthropic work during
the past year, and notably as to the remarkable pro-
gress of the "St. John Ambulance Association, *^the
movement established about four years since for the
formation of classes to teach ** first aid to the injured."
A Paper was also read b^ the Rev. W. K. R. Bedford,
one ot the chaplains, entitled " Gleanings from Malta,"
being notes on the buildings and other relics of the
Knights of St. John still extant on the island.

A plaster cast of a sphinx, coloured to look like
bronze, has been fixed by the Metropolitan Board of
Works on the Victoria Embankment, in order to judge
of the effect, prior to the casting in bronze, of the two
sphinxes which the Board have deoided to place on
the pedestals on either side of Cleopatra's Needle.
The model is an enlarged copy of a small sphinx in
stone in the collection of the Duke of Nortnumber-
land, at Alnwick Castle, which is supposed to be of
the same period as the obelisk itself; as it bears on
its breast the cartouche of Thotmes III. Certain
additions have also been made in the manner above

described to the base and pedestal of the obelisk in
order to hide the broken angles, and, if approved,
these will eventually be executed in bronze. The
works have been carried out from the design of
Mr. Vulliamy, the Board's architect.

The larger portion of the library of Mr. Cecil Dunn-
Gardner was disposed of, in June, by Messrs. Sotheby,
and many rare books realized high prices. The follow-
ing may serve as specimens : — Caxton's Chronicle,
very imperfect, £2'^ ; Dugdale's Monasticon and St
Paul's, 9 vols., £6^ 8j. ; Fleury, Histoire Ecclesi-
astiaue, 40 vols., £2^ ; Froissart's Chronicles, printed
by Myddelton and Pynson, ;f 57 ; Glanvill de Pro-
prietatibus Rerum, Englished by John de Trevisa and
by Wynkyn de Worde, wanting leaf of device and
slightly wormed, £6y ; Hamiltoirs Memoirs of Count
Grammont, illustratai with engravings, £^ ; Holin-
shed's Chronicles, the Shakspeare edition, 2 vols.,
£6t\ Horse, manuscript, with fifteen minatures, /'43y
recently purchased in the sale of M. Double for^2i ;
Hone, manuscript, illuminated for the fiunily of the
Lords Grey de Ruthyn, £^^ ; and various other
Horse, varying in prices from ^ 9, tO;f5o.

According to the Bundy Professor Dr. Hagen, of
Berne, has discovered in a Bernese manuscript of the
loth century a hitherto unknown epigram of the
Emperor Augustus. The greater part of the epigram
is written in Tironian notes (ancient stenographic
characters), and, according to the Professor's rendermg,
it runs as follows : —

" OCTAVIANI AUGUSTL

" Convivse ! tetricas hodie secludite curas !

Ne maculent niveum nubila corda diem I
Omnia sollicitae pellantur murmura mentis,

Ut vacet indomitum pectus amicitise.
Non semper gaudere licet : ftigit hora ! jocemur !

Difficile est Fatis subripuisse diem."

A collection of epigrams by Augustus is mentioned in
his biography by Suetonius, cap. 85, and by MartiiU,
Epigr. XL, n. 21 ; and it is supposed that the one in
question may have formed a part of it.

Mr. William Henry Turner, of the Bodleian Library,
Oxford, died lately, aged fifty-two. He served his ap-
prenticeship as a chemist, but soon betook himself to
scientific and antiauarian pursuits, and of late years
was employed by the Curators of the Bodleian Library
in deciphering old doctmients which had not seen the
light of day for centuries. In connexion with the
Bodleian work he was engaged on the Calendar of
Charters which bears his name, and, until his illness,
on the work of indexing the Dodsworth MSS., under
the authority of the Corporation of Otford. Under
the direction of the Town Clerk he recently produced
the first of a series entitled " Selections nrom the
Records of the City of Oxford," with extracts from
other documents, illustrating the municipal histonr of
that city from Henry VIII. to Elizabeth, 1509-1603.
Mr. Turner was entrusted some years ago with the
important task of editing the Harleian Society's
work on "Oxfordshire."

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson have been instructed
by the Duke of Marlborough to sell by auction during
the ensuing season the whole of the valuable col-
lection of books known as the Sunderland libnury,

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

formed by Charles, third Earl of Sunderland, during
the reigns of Queen Anne and George I. This
library consists of some 30,000 volumes, and includes,
besides the first and other rare editions of the great
Italian authors, a collection of early printed Bibles in
all languages (including a beautiful copy on vellum of
the first I^tin Bible with a date) ; valuable English
county histories ; first and early editions of the chief
French poets and prose writers ; a series of French
and English pamphlets relating to the Reformation
and the political events of the i6th and 17th cen-
turies ; a large number of early printed French
chronicles and memoirs ; books of prints ; a few
ancient manuscripts ; collections of councils, histories,
lives of saints, bodies of laws, &c.

• The Mitchell Library at Glasgow has lately received
some important donations ; among them the following
books: — From Councillor Wilson — Volume of the
Aberdeen Magazine, containing early notice of Bums;
and parcel of pamphlets for Glasgow division. From
Mrs. Paton — Edinburgh Magazine, July to December,
'1776, containing ^the earliest known review of the
poems of Bums. From Dr. Johnston — Collection of
Prose and Verse from best English Authors, by Arthur
Masson ; Visit to Flanders in 18 15, by James Simpsoru
From Dr. Thomas — Parcel of Reports of the Glasgow
Royal Infirmary and School of Medicine. From Mr.
Tolm Anderson — Catalogue illustr^ du Salon, i88a
From Mr. W. Perrett — Poems by Mr. Richardson
(Foulis), 1774. From the Faculty of Procurators —
Catalogue of their Library, 2 vols. From Mr. H.
Hopkins — M.S. Poems by Wm. Campbell, of Glas-
gow ; Rhymes and Recollections of a Hand-Loom
Weaver, by W. Thom ; Selection of Short Poetical
Pieces, W. Anciis, Glasgow, 1809. From J. M*Oscar,
M.D.— Poeticjd Works of WUliam M'Oscar, &c.

During some excavations for building purposes
recently commenced in a field near the town of
Randers in Jutland, an interesting discovery has been
made by a Danish workman. At a depth of about
seven feet from the surface he came upon a grave con-
taining the remains of a woman gorgeously attired in
brocaded robes, the golden threa£ of which still
retained their lustre although the stuff was fallen to
decay. Across the breast lay two broad ribands
edged with gold lace and embroidered with coloured
gU^ beads, some of which were gilt, while others
were cut in the shape of rose-diamonds. To the left
of the body lay a knife, a pair of scissors, a small
whetstone, and a broken glass vial ; to the right, the
firagments of a wooden, iron-hooped tub, which had
probably contained provisions for the departed lady's
jbumey to the other world. One silver coin, trans-
pierced with a hole, but otherwise in good condition,
was found among the debris of the coffin, and is stated
to be an excellent specimen of the Scandinavian sixth-
century coinage. This discovery is regarded by
Northern savants as conclusive oidence of the high
consideration in which women were held in Scanm-
navian countries during the Pagan epoch, as compared
with the position they then occupied in other heathen
Umds.

, On the 14th of July an ancient custom was observed
by the Merchant Taylors' Company, who entertained
at dinner the Company of Skinners and other guests.

including the Master of the Skinnen' Coinpuiy>
Viscount Ranelagh, Mr. Beresford-Hope, M.P^ Vioe-
Chancellor Hall, General Sir J. Bisset, Sir H. Tyler,
M.P., and Mr. Onslow, M.P. After the qsimI ioytl
toasts the Master of the Merchant Taylors' Cxanpany
gave the toast of the evening — " Skinners and Mer-
chant Taylors, Merchant Taylors uid Skinners, root
and branch, may they flourish for ever." He re-
minded the guests that in the year 142(4 a fend had
arisen between the Merchant Taylon and the Skin-
ners with respect to a question of precedency, and
that the rivalry on that occasion had resulted in bloirSa
fatal injuries being given and received. The mstter
was referred to the Lord Mayor of the period, who
fortimately possessed the gooa sense that had ever
since characterized his successors, and his award, on
April 10, 14S4, was that each company; should
entertain the other at dinner once a year, and settk
their differences over the wine. Twice a year, thore-
fore, the two companies had dined together frum that
day to the present time. It was only to be regretted
that the nunu of the first diimer had not been pre-
served. The Master of the Skinners' Company re-
tumed thanks for the toast.

Some workmen engaged recently in molri^g
vations for the foundations of an addition to the :
of Cross and Bumess in the Island of Sandy, Oxkney,
discovered that the old building, recently demolished,
had been standing on the ruins of an ancient "broch."
The whole mound, says the Scotsman^ is a confused
heap of partly overthrown circular walls, shells, ad-
cined stones, wood ashes, &c. Three "knockipg
stones" were found. One of these was peculiar, from
being indented on both sides ; and another ftom the
shape and large size of the cavity. Part of the lower
stone of a well- worn quem, irr^;ular in e xterna l form,
with a central hole for the pin on which the runner or
upper stone revolved, was also found among the rub-
bish. It was made of close-grained sandstone. No
pottery or implements have as yet been discovered.
The excavations had to be continued to a depth of
twelve, icnd in some places to over fourteen feet, be-
fore a sufficiently firm footing for the walls of the new
building could be obtained, and a portiop was under
water at that depth. The broch must have been of
very large size, as the back wing of the wn^p^, some
portions of the walls of which »have cracked, is also
standing upon it. Several of the old undressed stooe
jambs of doors and supports of the roof of the biocfa
were seven feet high by two feet wide, and stones of
considerable size were also among the masonry.

The department of printed books in the Biblio-
theque Nationale, at Paris, comprises, it is known, two
halls, the Salle de Travail, for admission to which a
Government order, obtained on certain conditions, is
required, and the Salle Publique, open daily to all
without restriction. Some interesthag statistics rcgaid-
ing these rooms since the present organization came
into force in 1868 are fumished by M. Letoit in Lm
Nature, While the number of readers in the wotk-
ing-room is generally less than in the public Tt^i|r-
room, though the former is larger and better manageS,
the avenge number of volumes perused by eadi
reader daily is greater — ^^., in 1879 it was 3*53 in the
former, and 1*44 in the Utter. A pretty constant

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

progressioD is apparent in both rooms. The number
of readers and volmnes in both together, which in
1869 were 80,808 and 229,095 respectively, showed a
considerable falling off in 1870-I-2 ; but m 1879 they
had risen to 124,771 readers and 310,009 volumes.
Last year, in the Salle de Travail, 65,391 readers con-
sulted 221,840 books ; while in the Salle Publique
61,380 readers consolted 88,169 books. As in all
similar fstabUshmfnts, the number of visitors is much
grnter in winter thsui in summer, and the tables
which VL Pothier gives for 1876 to 1879 show that
the ma xima occur in February, March, or November ;
the minima in August, June, or July.

Tanfield Court, in the Inner Temple, or what little
remains of it, is doomed, and the work of pulling
it down will shortly conmience. According to Dug-
dale, it was so-called from Sir Lawrence Tanfield,
who was Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1697.
At No. 3, according to Peter Cunningham, lived
Robert Keck, who DO^;ht the Chandos portrait of
Shakespeare from Mrs. Barry, and who died at Paris
in 1 719, leaving his chambers and the contents of
them to his cousin Fiands Keck. No. 3, Tan-
field Court, was pulled down to make room for the
present Inner Temple Library, and No. 2 is at this
mom e nt all that remains of the old buildings. This,
old house, however, is fiunous for having been the
scene of a very terrible murder. In chambers on the
top floor there lived in the year 1733 a Mrs. Dun-
OOTib, an old lady, with two servants, named Ann
Price, and Elixabeth Harrison. There was also em-
plqyed on the staircase a woman named Saiah
Malcolm, a laundress, who, for the sake of such
small plunder as Mrs. Duncomb's chamber 3rielded,
murdered, veiy brutally, both Mrs. Duncomb and her
two servants. She was tried at the Old Bailey, con-
victed, and executed at the bottom of Fetter Lane,
Dear the gate of Clifford's Inn. Her portrait was
engraved by Hogarth. It is to be found in all com-
plete collecticms of his works, and it represents her
as a woman of determined features, but of singular
and striking beauty. Beyond this incident Tanfield
Court has little history of general interest.

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson have lately sold an
extraordinary collection of rare books and important
MSS. relating to Spanish America, formed by the late
Sefior Don Jose Ramirez, President of the late
Emperor Maximilian's first Ministry. Many of the lots
reamed exceedingly high prices, as those mentioned
below will testify. Lot 81, Libros de las Actas del
Cabildo de Mexico ; an important collection of muni-
cipal documents, dating from 1529 to 1564, some of
which have been printed in the " Boletin Municipal de
Mexico,'';^ i4a~lQ2, ''Beristain Biblioteca Espafiola,"
with MS. Editions, 4 vols, folio, Mexico, 1816-21,
/80. — 155, *• Cabe9a de Vaca, Reladon y comentarios
de Alvar Nufiez," printed in Valladolid, 1555, jf 32 lor.
— 164, Notidas oe la Nueva California, a collection
of MS. reports of missionaries made in the last cen-
tury, 3 vols. foL ;f65.— 295, Documentos Historicos
sobre Durango, a number of MSS. relating to
Durango, collected bv Sefior Ramirez, £y> los. — 365,
"Gerson (Juan) Tripartito del Chnstianissimo,"
Mexico, por Juan Cromberger^ 1544 (one of the rarest
prodnctionsof Crombeiger'sMexicaapress), jf 54. — 384,

'< Guillevila, £1 Pek^grino de la Vida Hmnana," 72»^^
1490, most interesting from its resemblance to Ban-
yan's ** Pilgrim's Progress," jf 80. — ^405, a collection of
documents relating to the Inauisition of Mexico, from
1 57 1 to 1802, £^6y &c. Many other lots brought
equally high prices, and the whole of the Ramirez
collection, numbering only 934 lots, realized jf 6,395 Cr.
Many of the rare books were bought fur uie
British Museum and for the Bodleian Library ;
others were bought by a Spanish nobleman, the
possessor of one of the finest libraries in Europe ;
but the largest buyer was Mr. Bernard Quahtch, of
Piccadilly.

An interesting collection of ancient helmets and
other armour, b^ foreign and English, was open to
the inspection of visitors, at the rooms of the Royal
Archaeological Institute in New Buiiington Street,
during the first fortnight in June. The articles ex-
hibited were about 200 or 250 in number, and ranged
from the tenth century before Christ down to the
Stuart era in our own country. Among the exhibiton
were Sir Richard Wallace, Sir Nod Paton, Miss
Ffarington, of Worden ; Mr. T. H. Vipan, of Sutton,
in the Isle of Ely ; Mr. Wentworth Huyshe, Mr. W.
H. Bulges, Mr. Matthew R. Bloxam, the Baron de
Cosson, Mr. Clement Milward, Mr. W. Pretvman,
and the authorities of the Royal Armoury at Wool-
wich. The examples were arrai^ed chronologically ;
there were several specimens of Etruscan and Grecian
art, and still more of Roman and Oriental workman-
ship. Of these, the most interesting, perhaps, were
a brazen helmet of the time of the Roman occupation
of this island, found at Witcham Gravel, in the fen
countij, and exhibited by Mr. Vipan ; a Persian hel-
met of the seventeenth century, exnibited by Mr. John
Latham, F.S.A. ; four Etruscan helmets of bronze,
and another found in the Tigris, near the supposed
passage of the " Ten Thousand," sent by Mr. Bloxam ;
a fine Greek helmet belonging to Mr. W. J. Belt,
a FIorei\tine casque with three combs, exhibited
by the executors of the late Mr. John W. Bailv ;
and an open casque of Italian steel repoussSe work, Dv
the same. This is a very fine specimen and in excel-
lent condition ; the subject engraved upon it is the
god Mars, with Victory and Fame holdii^ his beard ;
its date is probably about 1540. There were also
a variety of morions, beavers, dose helmets, lobster-
tailed helmets, early Indian head-pieces, spider hel-
mets, casques, tiltinf helmets, &;c Considerable
interest attaches to the tilting helmet of Sir Giles
Capel, one of the knights who, in the suite of Henry
VIII., challenged all comers for thirty dajrs in succes-
sion on the "Field of the Qoth of Gold." This
helmet, which was exhibited by the Baron de Cosson,
used to hang in the parish church of Rayne, near
Braintree, Elssex, down to about the year 1840, when
it was removed. Some German fluted helmets, " cas-
quetels" with movable visors, and Italian visored
helmets of the early sixteenth century, were well worthv
of inspection, and so were Sir Richard Wallace^
*' peak-faced" helmet, of the time of Richard II., and
Mr. Bums*s spider helmet, which was said to have
belonged to a regiment of horse formed by Henry IV.
of France. To the helmets exhibited by Mr. Bloxam
the greater interest attaches, as three of them, of

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

Etruscan manufacture, were bought at the sale of the
effects of Samuel Rogers, the poet, while a fourth, of
bronze, was found in the bed of the Djrssus, at Athens.
Besides the helmets, the exhibition contained various
specimens of hauberks, brigandines, and coats of mail
and of chain armour, both Italian, English, and Irish ;
one of these, found in the Phoenix Park at Dublin, and
exhibited by Mr. Robert Day, bears the armorial badge
of the ancient 0*Neills. The collection was arranged
under the care, and to a great extent by the hands, of
the Baron de Cosson and Mr. Biurges. The case
exhibited by Mr. W. Burges contained some plaster
casts from effigies at Tewkesbury, Dodford, Tollard,
and Newton Solney, an Indian collar, and some
suggestions for banded mail founded upon it by
Mr. C. £. M. Holmes. The case also contained some
models of banded mail showing the suggestions by
Mr. William G. B. Lewis of the probable construc-
tion, being made of rings sewn on to cloth and covered
with leather, and presenting the same appearance on
both sides. To prove the correctness of the theory,
there were added three pieces made to imitate the
mail shown on the three last-named effigies, to
demonstrate that the same principle produces the
different varieties according to the strength required.

CorrceponDcncc*

ENGLISH PAROCHIAL REGISTERS.

I am bold enough to believe that I did not over-
look the *' important considerations" to which Mr.
Hockin refers at page 141, and I now take leave to
reply to his statements seriatim,

1. The old Parochial Registers of Scotland were
practically in the same position as those of England
Defore the passing of the Act 17 and 18 Vic c. 80
(modified by 23 and 24 Vic. c. 85), having been,
since the Reformation, the property of the Kirk
Session of the parish to which they pertained, and
kept by the Session clerk. Even if my proposal
should be leearded in some quarters as "an act of
confiscation, I consider that it would be fully justi-
fied by the benefits which would result to the public.

2. If local searchers are as numerous in England
as Mr. Hockin indicates, which I venture to doubt,
the Parochial Registers must be much more frequently
referred to by such persons than in this part of the
kingdom, where records are chiefly consulted by pro-
fessional and literary searchers.

3. For most le^ purposes, the Parochial Registers
are more convenienuv placed in the metropolis than
in the provinces. This is certainly the case in Scot-
land, and I feel satisfied that the same assertion may
be safely made Mrith reference to England. I should
imagine that the English registers are likely to be
much more frequently required at Westminster than
at the Assize Courts ; and the special circumstances of
** John 0*Groats" and "Lands End" must give way
to the reouirements of the country generally.

4. With regard to Mr. Hockin's plea on behalf of
the ''poor," it is as easy to write to London as to
" the parson ;" and where the applicant does not
happen to be a "ready writer," the said parson will,

no doubt, be prepared to act as his amanuensis. The
Registrar-General and Somerset House can hardly be
described as an "unknown person" and an "unknown
place ; " and it is hardly necessary to refer to the well-
known courtesy and attention of all the officers in the
General Registry Office. The Scotch Registration
Act (sect. 57) provides that " it shall be competent to
the Registrar-General to permit gratis searches to be
made by or on behalf of and extracts to be gxren
gratis to persons of whose inability to pay he sbul be
satisfied," and this enactment is very generously inter-
preted. The usual evidence of ** ini3>ility to pay*' is
a certificate to that effect from a clergyman, etder, or
justice of peace.

5. The cost of making "official copies" of all the
English Parochial Registers would amount to a Tery
laige sum, to say nothing of other difficulties and
objections.

Geo. Seton.

St. Bennett's, Edinburgh.

SWlNBURN.*

The derivation of the prefix to this place-name is to
my mind scarcely so clear as Mr. Fumival makes it
out to be. From the spelling and sound he takes it
for granted that it is derived from Swine (A. S.,
S7uin) ; but knowing the locality, I have my doubts
whether its derivation has anything at all to do with
the porcine race. Most of the place-names in the
North, with this prefix, are, in my opinion, derived
from Swin, Swyn, or Sweyn — a northern word mndi
used in Northumberland, signifying athwart or across;
and very much akin to the old Scotch word swet^
which means inclining or bending to a side. In
Cumberland the same word is used to conrey the
same meaning, but it is generaUy spelt swent, or
swint. Now the valley of the North Tyne mns
nearly direct north firom Hexham, and the two Swin-
bums — for there are two bums — take their rise amoi^
a range of lumpy hills to the north-east, and nm right
" swin" or athwart this billowy range, until th^ bdl
into the North Tyne, near Houghton Castle. When
a horse has difficulty in drawing its load up a hill, it
** siuins" it — that is to say, it goes obliquely from
side to side of the road until it gets to the top. Be-
fore being quite sure about the derivation of a place-
name, I find it very important to get at the ancient
local idioms and nomenclature of the district. May
not Swindale, in Westmoreland, be derived finom the
same source ? It is a small dale, running acron a
range of hills into a lai|;e glen. No doubt some of
the place-names with this prefix are taken from the
worcf Swine. For instance, the old family of Swin-
ton, in Berwickshire, have a sow and p^ for their
coat of arms, with a suitable motto. The fidds in
the immediate vicinity of the small village of Swinton,
near to which this family have their seat, have mostly
names connecting them with Swine — Sow Mire^ Sow
Mire Shot, Pigs Field, &c. &c. J. C.

• This letter must end the controversy. — Ed, A.

CORRESPONDENCE.

" BY HOOK OR BY CROOK.

The letter from Mr. George R. Wright, F.S.A-,
intiodaced in The Antiquary (sec p. ii8), will,
I have no doubt, been interesting to many readers,
bat I believe that the true origin of the expression
** By Hook or by Crook" is not therein disclcKsed.

In addition to the two quotatioas ffom Spenser
there given, the expression, as existing at an early
date, is to be found m Sir Thomas More's ** Utopia"
(page 35 of the edition of 1630), where, speaking of
the aggregation of land by $eep-masters, he sa3rs,
** by one means therefore, or by other, either b^ hooke
or by crooke, they (husbandmen and their umilies)
must needs depart away."

It is evident therefore, that the expression is too
early to admit of reference to two learned judges
named Hooke and Crooke, in the time of Charles I.,
if there were such a pair. I can trace no such person
as Judge Hooke, though we are all, of coarse, ac-
quaint^ with Sir George Crook, or Croke, as the
name is commonly written.

I believe, however, that the origin of the ex-

fression is received to be as old as the invasion of
reland by Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke.

When Strongbow was plarming a safe and ad-
vantageous spot for landing his forces, he secured a
Wateribrd piiot, or one, at least, who well knew the
Waterford river. The wind bore him safely to the
mouth of the estuary, but as it blew strong and was
shifty the task was a difficult one. Near the mouth
of thie estuary there is a place named Hook, in the
Barony of Shelboume, Co. Wexford. On the other
hand, further north and nearer Waterford, there is a
place named Crook, in the Barony of Gaultier, Co.
Waterford. The Earl demanded of the pilot where
he would be able to land in the shifting state of the
wind. " Well," said the pilot, " you must land by
Hook or by Crook." Then, said the Earl, ** Land I
will, by Hook or by Crook." The landing was
effected, and the expression became ever after estab-
lished as indicating alternative courses.

At Lcrfhis House, the seat of the Marquis of Ely,
in the vicinity of Hook, a massive and apparently
two-handed sword is preserved, which is said tra-
ditionally to have belonged to Strongbow.

Charles Walpole, C.B.

Broadford, Chobham.

Mr. G. Wright asks (on page 1 18) for an explana-
tion of the origin of this phrase, and gives an idea
of his own on the subject, which does not commend
itself to my judgment. I am of opinion that it arose
from the liberty given to the dwellers in, or near, the
Royal forests to gather the branches lopped off the
felled timber for fuel, and such decayed branches of
the growing trees as Uiey could reach " by hook or by
crook* — f.^., by sach instruments tied to long poles,
but not to use an axe or cutting weapon of any scfrt,
or climb the trees, ander heavy penalty.

This, I think, b by far the most reasonable expla-
nation, that of the two lawyers, " Hook and Crook,"
being manifestly jocular, l&e the novelist's " Snap,
Gammon, and Quirk.**

W. Dkan Fairless, M.D.

OxfonL

As you seem to invite an answer to Mr. Wright's
interesting communication about the origin of the
expression " By Hook or by Crook," on pa^ 118, I
venture to suggest that the full meaning of^this expres-
sion, if not quite so strong as per fas out nefas^ still
hints at the obtaining of a thing in some way or other,
with an insinuation of fraud, and that the monks used
it as though to say, that if the Lord Abbot did not get
a " good piece of meat** by hook^ he would get it 1^
crook — ix., by ordering the Coquins to put it aside for
him ; the crook being an emblem of his abbatial
authority. R.S.

New Jersey, U.S.A.

Another correspondent writes : — Strongbow, on
entering Waterford Harbour, observed a castle on
one shore and a church on the other. Inquiring what
they were, he was told it was the Castle of Hook and
the Church of Crook. "Then," said he, "we must
enter and take the town by Hook or by Crook."
Hence the proverb.

The suggestion of Mr. George R. Wright (p. 118)
that this time-honoured phrase may have arisen from
the dealings of the Abbot of Battle and his flesh-hook
with the meat-cauldron of the society, is certainly an
ingenious addition to the possible solutions of a diffi-
cult verbal riddle.

I believe, however, that the sajring has a more ex-
tended, and perhaps less ancient origin, than that
which he assigns to it. Is not "By hook or by
crook " simply an old law term, and does it not refer
to the tenure of land, arable or pastoral, comland or
grassland ; the reaping-hook bemg the sign of one,
the shepherd's crook of the other ? In this sense ab-
solute and inclusive possession is signified. I hold

the estate by hook or by crook, that is, I hold every
field of it.

I am unable at the moment to offer any example in
literature of such a use, or to say when the meaning
" by one way or another," per fas aui nefas, became
attached to the proverb. It was obviously so attached
when Spenser wrote, as Mr. Wright's citations prove.
It was used even earlier in Du Bartas (or by his trans-
lator) and in Florie, as Mr. HalliwoU points out.
And I cannot help suspecting that in this later mean-
ing there is an allusion to the ingathering or grasping
of on object in two ways, by the direct pull, as it
were, of the hook, and by the indirect or sidelong
action of the crook ; or by any means, direct or
ob/saite, as Johnson explains it " Rem quocunque
moao rem!

It is possible, after all, that there is no alternative
of meaning in " by hook or by crook," but that both
words signify the same thing. //00k was commonly
used by our old writers for em/ in a person or an ob-
ject Crook is familiar to' us in ''crooked ways."
BolA may stand as the opposite to fair and honesL
If I cannot attain my end by fair means, I will by
hook or by crook, that is, by foul means, the nefas of
the dilemma.

J. Kenward, F.S.A.

Harbom^ near Birmingham.

CORRESPONDENCE,

(See vol. i. p. ii8.)

At Waterford it is supposed that we are indebted
to Cromwell for the above expression. The headland
at the east entrance to Waterford Harbour is called
" Hook," and the opposite land "Crook ;" and when
Cromwell contemplated attacking Waterford, he said
he would take the city by ** Hook or by Crook." It
seems clear that the expression was a common one
before Cromwell's time, and was no doubt known to
him ; and in hearing of the names of these headlands
he might very naturally have used the expression —
and t^ed it as we do, but with a more apposite
meaning.

A. G.

Melksham.

i«J"^^'x»)<y

THE ROSICRUCIANS.

(See vol. i. p. 286.)

The best modem work on the Rosicrucians is that
by Hargrave Jennings, and is published by Messrs.
Chatto & Windus, of Piccadilly. The book (though
a general work on the subject, treats more especially
of the great English Rosicrucian Robert Fludd, Flood,
or ** de Fluctifiis.'' TTie only Rosicrucians I know
of at present (and some of whose works I possess) are
Raymond Lully, Robert Fludd, and Michael Maier.
Can " Rosy Cross" add to my list ? if he would do so
I should be grateful.

G. Oakeley-Fisher.

21, Maida Vale, W.

Rosy Cross should consult " The Rosicrucians, their
Rites and Mysteries," by Hargravejennings, published
by the late Mr. J. C. Hotten, in 1870, of which a new
edition was issued last year.

fEvERARD Home Coleman.

71, Brecknock Road, N.

OUR EARLY BELLS.

In an article entitled "Our Early Bells" which
appears in the July number of The Antiquary (see
p. x8), there is a slight inaccuracy which it would be
as well to correct I am not one of those who deny
that the Phoenicians traded with the inhabitants of
West Cornwall for tin, and who contend that "Ictis"
is the Isle of Wight ; but I think that theories should
not be foimded on wrong premises.

There is no such place as "Market Jew Street"
near Penzance. Market Jew Street is the name of
a street in Penzance which leads towards the town of
"Market Jew" or "Marazion," distant about three
miles, on the shores of Mount's Bay. The names
** Market Jew*' and "Marazion" are merely corruptions
of the Cornish name of the town "Marghasiewc,"
which is the plural of the Cornish word ** Marghas,"
a market, and this name has no more to do with
"bitterness," "Zion," or "Jews," than "London."

The name was very appropriate when the town
was the chief einporium or market-place at the head
of the Bay, and Penzance was, as a town, non-existent.
These cormptions have taken their present form to

suit preconceived opinions, and that of "Marazion" is
especially modem. When I was a boy aU old penoos
in West Cornwall spoke of the town as "Market
Jew" (Maighasiewe).

A CORKISHMAN.

MAY-DAY GARLANDS.

(See vol. i. p. 285.)

As your correspondent, Mr. T. B. Trowsdale* gives
an account of some May-Day customs yet observed at
Sevenoaks, in West Kent, perhaps a record of a sunilar
observance of the day, with variations, at Whitstable^
in East Kent, forty years ago, may not be uninterest-
ing to the readers of The Antiqua&y. May-Day
at the time named, was, as it possibly still is» a time
of great gladness with young and old, the andent
Roman festival of Maia^ the mother of Mercury^ re-
taining its hold upon the men of Kent as stzongly as
in any part of the country. The little oyster town,
upon this occasion, presented a very gay and joyous
appearance. For two or three days previoius to the
anniversary flowers were got together from all avail-
able sources — woods, fid£, lanes, and gardens (and at
that time almost every house had a garden) — ^while the
request made by the children, " Please give me a few
flowers for my garland," was generally met with a
smile and a " posy," so that the quantity collected was
something wonderful. Next came their dispoad; and
for this purpose hoops were begged finom the grocers ;
being fixed transversely they were then covered widi
bluebells, wallflowers, buttercups, and every odier
obtainable variety from Flora's wealth ; to these were
added ribbons and pendants made by stringing short
pieces of tobacco pipe alternately with smadl discs of
white paper ; and when thus completed, perhaps widi
a doll hung in the centre, the garumd was pat on to a
string and suspended, from window to window, acms
the street ; the string, in some cases, being further deco-
rated with flags or festoons of flowers. It is easy to
imagine the effect of a number of such garUwds sus-
pended about the town, with groups of (£ildren under
their own garlands, making merry with fan ud
dances.

It was a red letter day for many generations, and
deserves to be remembei^ for its hi^py associatiops,
by this iconoclastic age, for "a thing of beanty is a
joy for ever." I do not recollect any rhythmic aooom-
panyment to these festivities.

John T. Bszk.

Leeds, near Maidstone.

A HAND-BELL.

(See vol. i. p. 287.

lias the " Man of Kent" correctly copied the name
from the hand bell at Dover ?

In '* Vetusta Monumentum," vol. ii., 1789, the en-
graving is given of a brass bell three indies high,
exclusive of the handle, inscribed —

PETRUS GHEYNEYS ME FECIT, 1366.

I have a silver gilt bell with the same inscription,
and same date, 1569.

X saw also a copper one a few years ago at Fiaak-

CORRESPONDENCE.

fort for sile with the sune inscription, bat what was
the date I do not recollect, the size of that lo inches.
The sabjed on the whole of these three bells is the
same — Orpheus, who, on a rode kind of violin, has
brought roond him an attentive-looking audience of
birds and beasts, indudii^ a

"Rabbit and hare
And even a bear."

In addition to the name of the maker, there is, also,
the inscription, in capital letters — O Mater Dei
Memento mei— on all three bells.

I have alwm considered that Van der Gheyn, the
bellfoander of the Netherlands, was the person re-
ferred to by the Latin " Petnis Gheynus" or " Petros
Gheinns," bat I cannot understand how the bell figured
in " Vetnsta Monumenta" can be correctly copied as
1368. The art does not seem like that period. Van
der Gheyn was of the sixteenth century.

E, Q.

ClaughtoD, Cheshiie.

"THE IMTTATIO CHRISTI.*

(SeeroLL p. 287.)

On consulting the sumptaous edition issued by
Curmer, of Pauris, in 1858, I find that the Abbe De-
hnmay, considered a competent authority, has, after
web[hing the question of authorship, dedded in fitvour
of Gersoo, bom in 1 563.

E.Q.

Cki^^oo, Cheshire.

THE "RUINS" IN BATTERSEA PARK.

I reoentty paid a visit to Chelsea, and, nerer having
seen Battersea Park, I crossed the Albert Brkige to
have a look at it On the river side of the Park,
dose to die Embankment, I found a great coDectioD
of old stooe^work, carved pillars and capitals, large
oak doors, ftc., stre we d about. There was iiothing
to protect them fixnn injury. Children were clamber-
ing, running, and jumping aboat them ; and some of
these tenifale in£uits were busfly en^ged in diipping
away fragments of the best carved work. Can you
tell me anythii^ about these clasical-looking ruins ?
they are apparently neglected and forgotten by the
authorities. Is it intended to erect the fragments on
the spot where the disjecta wumhra now lie? if so,
would it not be better to do so before they are hope-
lessly damaged by children and roughs ; or else to
rail them in, or otherwise protect them from wanton
injury?

CCTHBERT BEDE.
[These are probably tiie disjecta membra of the
fine screen in front of okl Burlington House, which
were removed in 1865 from Piccadilly to Battersea
Park.]— Ed. Axtiqcaey.

Mr.

JADE IN EUROPE.

interested in the matter of jade, I wotdd a^
Djei; or any antiqaaryy whether he is

aware that it has been stated — though I know not with
what truth— that the tumulus of Mont SL Michel,
near Caraac, when opened some years ago, was found
to contain "a square chamber containing eleven
beautiful jade celts, two large rough celts, twenty-six
small petrolite celts, and no stone beads and frag-
ments of flint, but no trace of metal" Neither am I
aware where these were deposited. The find, if
truly stated, necessarily disposes of the theory that
" some traveller in his journeyings may have brought
it [them] in much later times, from some locality
where jade might be found."

B. Nicholson.
J06, Goldhawk Road,
Shepherd's Bush, W.

Hnewere to Corresponbente.

'* Moss Trooper" is thanked for the BookphUe so
kindly sent

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ST. OLAFAND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM. &»

^Kj^r.

^^>^ <^

The Antiquary.

SEPTEMBER, 1880.

St ®Iaf an^ tbe ^vertbrow of
Dortbem |^a^ani^m.

By WnxiAM Poeter,

Author of** Tlu Norst Imsiswn of 1066, a K^gUded
Chaftn- im Engiish HisUfry-'

PAJtT I.

[HE subject of our Paper is not one
who has enchained the public mind
because of popular knowledge re-
garding his life, his work, and his
character. Bom far back in the dark days
of history, and in the darkened North, Olaf,
though sainted and sumamed the Holy, has
never, to our mind, been suflSciently rescued
firom the oblivion that seemed to await him ;
nor has his character, nor have his deeds,
received either the esteem or the censure they
severally deserve. It is an old and oft-used
saying, that every great man who has reflected
either the virtues or the vices of his age, should
be judged by his surroundings ; that all the
conditions of time, and place, and people
should be considered in forming our estimate
of the man. The difficulty of doing this is
self-evident in niunerous instances ; and the
prevalent ignorance of the early history of
that northern people among whom St Olaf s
lot was cast, and among whom (though by a
very questionable process) he established
Christianity, may be sufficient excuse for the
general want of knowledge regarding the
greatness of the man, and the tardiness with
which he has received our esteem. It will
be our purpose to try to bring his figure
more prominently out of the dark background
of history by which he has so long been en-
shrouded, and to present him, not indeed as
a faultless hero, but as one possessed of high
attributes and stem resolution.

The history of every land, and of every
VOL. u.

people, rises as it were oat of a night of dark-
ness, from wfaidi thoe are few recollections
save those of disordered dreams. This night is
succeeded by a dawn, in which we seem to
distinguish b3rgone objects aiKl occarrences ;
but aB in a light so doubtful that they are
pictured to us in highly perplexing forms.
This is the period during which we find history
blended with myth, corre^xMiding to the
second step of our childhood, from which we
have indeed succeeded in rescuing many re-
collections, but the most of whidh are of a
monstrous and illogical character, because, at
the period of their occurrence, we had not the
understanding righdy to judge of the things
and the issues they affect, and at which recol-
lections in onr riper years we are often moved
to smile. Then atlength the sun rises in the
shape of written history, and from this period
we have a knowlec^ of what has happened,
though at first with fr^uent mistakes as to
the sire and importance of objects — bearing
in this respect a kind of analogy to our youth,
when we are indeed fully conscious of what
we see and of what takes place around us,
but for the most part judge them more by the
light of imagination than from the pladbrm
of trae reality.*

What we have uttered respecting the history
of every land and of every nation in general,
applies with particular force to the history of
the North and its inhabitants. Through long
generations during prehistoric ages, the wild
surroundings of Nature and the stem cha-
racter of the northern seasons, heightened in
their effect also by a barren and unfiruitful
earth, had tended to roughen the character of
that branch of the great Germanic family
which from some still disputed quarter of the
globe had found its way thither.f

Though the ancient Norse conception of reli-
gion may be considered a subject intimately
connected with that of which we now treat, we
shall here dwell upon only one or two points,
insomuch as it will be necessary to repr^ent
some of the gloom that dwelt upon the minds
of men, rightly to comprehend the forces to
be overcome, and the light that banished and
succeeded that gloom. Briefly, then, the
northern races, amongst whom St Olaf s life

♦ See Holmberg: "Nordbon under Hcdnatiden."
+ Keyscr: "Om Nordmaendenes Herkomst og
Folkeslsegtskab," in "Samlede Afhandlinger."

90 ST. OLAF AND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM.

mission was to be wrought, had inherited from
far-away ages a religion which, feeding upon
their peculiarly warlike and adventurous life,
in return also gave back to their character
much of its own roughness, and fostered in
them the spirit of daring and violence. While
its conceptions of morality in their home and
social life stood higher perhaps than those of
most mythical religions, it was not imbued
with the elements of social progress. It con-
tained little to lift the human mind above the
attributes of brute force ; and its field of exer-
cise was closed, and its cruelties exemplified,
by its doctrines of exclusiveness. It was the
religion of a race, and of a race under special
conditions; not the religion of humanity.
To slay those beyond the boundaries of its
domain became of itself a virtue, and the
highest honours of Valhalla were opened to
those who in conflict, or even in cold blood,
sacrificed the greater number of heathen
lives.* The counterpart both of its teaching
and its influence in this respect we see in
Islamism and in the Turk to-day. It was not
altogether from an innate cruelty that the
Norsemen and Danes cast up the children of
Anglo-Saxon England to be impaled upon
their spears ; it was more the result of a doc-
trinal teaching of their religion, and as an
offering to their warrior-gods. Urged by the
tenets of such a code, we need not wonder
at many of the violent and bloody deeds
which the history of such a people furnishes ;
it explains, though it does not palliate, their
crimes. It is true that during different eras
of the Viking period we meet also with dif-
ferent phases of this warlike character ; but
such differences are more those of develop-
ment than of principle. The Viking of the
Swedish poet Gejer is not the Viking of the
Fridthjofs Saga ; neither is either of them
the Viking — at least the ordinary Viking —
of history. Honour and love, and certain
romantic and specific objects to be attained,
have in both these cases played a conspicuous
part, and have thrown their heroes out of the
ordinary course prescribed by their northern
national life. The terrible Hastings, of whom
we read a little in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,
and whose deeds form a still more conspi-
cuous portion of the relations of Continental

* Keyser : "Nordmaendenes Religionsforfatning i
Uedendommen." Holmberg: ante.

chronicles — notably those of France and
Spain* — the terrible Hastings, terrible though
he is, is more the type of the real Viking,
whose course was to be tracked, as it is poeti-
cally expressed, by the blood of his victims
upon the sea. Wherever cause of qtiairel
could be found, wherever death could be
dealt, hither did Hastings wend his way,
giving no quarter, deaf to human woe, and
blind to mercy, slaying for the honour of his
name alone, and whose latest boast it was
that a hundred thousand victims had &]len
as sacrifices to his sworAt Hastings was
the true type of hundreds more that ravaged
far and wide for a period of nearly thxee
centuries, differing only from them by the
duration of his power and by the measure of
his success.

In such a stem and warlike school as this
young Olaf was brought up. Leaving the
home of his step-father, Sigurd Syr, and his
mother, Aaste, under the guidance and pro-
tection of Rane Vidfarle— or "the far-tra-
velled" — he stepped on board his first Viking
ship at twelve years of age, thereafter to be
a leader of old and tried marauders, and a
dealer of terror and of death. His earliest
recorded exploits are in keeping with the
cruel antecedents of his chosen sphere, and
are perhaps more indicative of the dictates of
Rane than of himself. Plundering and de-
stroying for some time along the coasts of
the Bdtic and the eastern shores of tlw
German Ocean, Olaf at length ventures over
to England, which now for over two centuries
had offered such a field for the exercise of
their valour, and such recompense as its
reward. Here, as by chance, a train of cir-
cumstances in the history of otur country was
destined to alter the purposes of the jrondiful
hero, and to tum to better account the forces
obeying his command. On reaching England
he found that King Sweyn had overrun the
country with a Danish army, and had taken
possession of £thelred*s kingdom; but the
sudden death of the Danish conqueror that
same autumn induced Ethelred to make great
offers to all who would help him to regain his
crown ; and, lured by these, Olaf sailed up
the Thames, and mainly contributed to wrest

* Adam of Bremen ; Dudo; Wace, "Roauui de
Rou;" Benoit, "Chronique;" &c. &c
t Cronholm, "Nordboame i Wcsterviking.*

ST. OLAF AND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM. 91

London and Southwark from their Danish
defenders.* He and his followers remained
in England three years, rendering assistance
betimes to the harassed monarch.

Now here, we presume, we have the key
to the future course of Olaf s life ; at least
from this period his actions were not so
much those of the mean and plundering
Vikings of the period. Henceforth his
great abilities for rule, and his warlike
genius, were to be directed to expeditions
of a more national character ; and we find
him now in England, serving the interests of
the troubled rulers, now in Normandy su^-
cpuring the newly-established dynasty of his
own race. But more than all else that tended
to reconvert the genius of Olaf, because it
reconverted his mind (if not also his heart),
was his baptism into Christianity, which he
received at the hands of the Bishop of Rouen,
after being magnificently entertained and wel-
comed by Duke Richard.f Though his pre-
decessor on the throne of Norway, the famous
Olaf Trygvessen, had first planted the stan-
dard of Uie Cross among the mountains of
his native land, and by dint of severity and
resolution had, so to speak, established Chris-
tianity throughout a great portion of his do-
minions, the course of subsequent events had
almost obliterated every trace of it from the
land. The soil was too stubborn, and the
climate too uncongenial for its speedy growth.
Such was the power of the widely-spread
superstitions, and so tenaciously did the war-
like minds of the Norsemen cling to those
tenets which were so peculiarly adapted to
their mode of life, and which so keenly fos-
tered their national prejudices, that during
the anarchy that succeeded Olaf Trygvessen's
rule it was an easy task to make the ancient
rites and ceremonies, with all their rude gran-
deur, general if not universal. Besides, also,
it seemed as if Nature had joined in the
crusade against Christianity. It was cus-
tomary in early spring to invoke the favour
of the gods for the plentiful produce of the
fruits of the earth, and, as it had happened
that during most of that period which Olaf

• ** Anglo-Saxon Chronicle;" Snorre Sturlasson,
"Heimskringla," — " Saga Olafs bins helga,''ed. Unger,
c. 12.

t Steenstnip ; ''Indledning i Normannertiden,"

p. 17a.

Trygvessen had occupied in persuading or
forcing men to forsake their idolatry. Nature
had not been propitious ; so, also, it now
happened that internal peace and plenty
reigned. Superstitious minds were not slow
to misinterpret this fact, first as a sign of
their gods' displeasure with the ways of Olaf,
and, secondly, as a manifestation of the re-
newal of their favours to them. The second
Olafs prosecution, theni was rendered doubly
difiicult, and those evidences of Nature were
pointed to as paramount ; and if, under the
course of our brief history of Olafs life-work,
there seems in his character an ovei:due se-
verity, we shall understand it better by know-
ing the determined nature of that obstinate
resistance which everywhere met his efforts.

It was in the autumn of 1014 that Olaf
Haraldssen sailed with a force of 240 chosen
men from the coasts of Northumbria, and
after a voyage of unusual dangers landed on
the little island of Selje, off* the western coast
of Norway. When Olaf heard the name of
this island ("Selje" in the old Norse tongue
meaning *' success"), he was pleased ^vith the
omen. There is always something in these
old Norse sagas which savours of superstition
and romance. Thus, his coming to Norway
at all is related as the result of a dream, in
which Olaf had seen the vision of a man who
advised him to end his wandering life, and
return to the land of his birth, " for," said
he, "thou shalt be King of Norway." Olafs
oracular interpretation, just mentioned, is in
keeping with this relation ; as is also the next,
which, by the way, loses some of its force by
frequent repetition in one or other form in
the pages of history. Having landed in this
island of Selje, Olaf had the misfortune to
walk carelessly into some morassy part, when
one foot breaking through the grassy covering
he sank up to his knee. Not seeing a speedy
oracular solution of this dilemma, his lofty
visions fell, until his champion Rane inter-
preted it, " Now didst thou fix thy foot in
Norway, King !" * And so Olaf again was
satisfied.

At this time, it must be remembered,
Norway was under Danish rule; and, after
having travelled somewhat, with a view to
learning the minds of some of the chieftains

* Snorre Sturlasson ; "Saga Olafs bins helga,"
C27. **Fagrskinna,''c 89.

92 ST. dLAF AND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM.

whose support he might have hopes of ob-
tainmg, Olaf comes at last to visit his mother
and his stepfather, Sigurd Syr. Here he one
day delivers a memorable speech, the sub-
stance of which is still preserved in the pages
of the Hdmskringla : —

** As you know," said he, *' I am come to this land
after having been a long time abroad ; during all this
time I and my men have had nothing else to support
us save what we have s6ught 'by our arms ; in many
places we have been forced to hazard our lives and
our souls, and many a man without cause has been
called upon to deliver up to us his goods, yea, some
also their very lives. But over those possessions which
my father owned, and his father, and all my ancestors
one after another, and to which I am legitimately
bom— over these sit foreign men. Nor are they
satisfied with this, but have taken possession of all the
estates that belong to our relatives, who in direct line
descend from Harald Haarfagre ; to some they give a
little share, to others nothing. Now I shall reveal to
you what I have long^ had in mind, namely, that I
intend to claim my inheritance, and I will neither
betake me to the Danish nor the Swedish King to b^
the least of either of them, though now for a while
they have called that their possession which comes to
me as Harald Haarfagre's heir ; for, to tell you truly,
I prefer rather to seek my inheritance with the spear
and the sword, and to obtain help for this of all my
relatives and friends, and of whosoever will make
mutual cause with me. And in such manner shall
I make this den^and, either to gain the whole of that
kingdom, which they have taken by the death of Olaf
Trygvcssen, * or fall here upon my native soil. Sigurd,
I now expect that you, and your equals in the country,
who are bom to government after the law given by
Harald Haarfagre, will not be disinclined to bestir
yourselves to avenge this family disgrace ; that you
will all be urged by the most intense desire to
support that man who will lead you to raise once
more our name. Will you but display some man-
hood in this cause, I know the popular feeling well
enough, that everybody wishes nothing more than to
be delivered from the thraldom of those foreign chiefs,
and all are ready so soon as they have someming sure
for their consolation to rest upon. Therefore have I
first brought this question before you, that your under-
.standing might direct my futiu-e course."

We see from this that Olafs character had
a fair share of patriotism, and we shall soon
learn that the experience he had gained
during his long voluntary banishment had
eminently fitted him for the work that lay
before him.

(To be continued,)

* For a graijhic account of the touching death of
Olaf Trygvesscn, see Carlyle's "Early Kings of
Norway.'*

ZCbc Brttieb nDu0Cum*

[HE British Museum accounts, re-
cently presented to the House of
Commons, show that, during 1879,
666,394 persons were admitted
to view the geneial collections, 'a consi-
derable increase over the numbers admitted
in previous years ; for in 1874 there were
461,059 ; in 1875, 523,317 ; in 1876, 563,535 ;
in 1877, 539>28i \ and in 1870, 448,516.
The Trustees report : —

" During the past year progress has been
made in arrangements for the removal of the
natural history collections and in preparatioDS
for their reception in the new building
designed for them at South Kensington. New
cases and fittings have been provided and
erected for the departments of botany and
mineralogy and in part for that of geology ;
and the transference of these three collections
to the new Museum will probably be effected
in the course of the present year. The
galleries vacated by them will be at once
made use of for the exhibition of objects of
archaeological interest, which have been ac-
cumulating for many years, and from want of
space have been stored away in impeifectly-
lighted rooms in the basement In con-
sequence of coming into possession of a
considerable sum of money accruing imder
the will of the late Mr. William White,
barrister-at-law, of Bedford-square, who died
in the year 1823, the tmstees have had it in
their power to consider plans for adding to
the Museum building. These will include a
substantial addition to the south-eastern side
of the Museum, and an extension of the
gallery for exhibition of Greek sculpture:
The latter work will at once be proceeded
with. Two buildings for the reception of the
sculpture hitherto placed in sheds under the
Museum portico have been already erected.
A portion of the sheds thus vacated has been
taken down, and the remainder will be
removed after having served the purpose of
housing temporarily other sculptures recently
received. The whole of the zoological and
geological portions of the India Museum at
South Kensington, together with* the ftiezes
from the Amravati Tope and other remains
of ancient sculpture, have been made over by

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

the Secretary of State and Council of India
to the trustees of the British Museum. The
sculpture will be exhibited in the Museum ;
the zoological and other collections have been
removed to the new Natural History Museum
at South Kensington. Special attention has
been given to the service of the reading-room.
A check has been given to the excessive
growth of the general catalogue by the sub-
stitution of printing for the hand-copying of
catalogue titles. These will be printed in
distinct sections, viz. : — I. English and
American books recently published. II.
Books newly published in foreign countries.
III. Older English and American books
newly purchased. IV. Older foreign books
of the same class. V. Titles taken from the
old catalogue and revised for the new general
catalogue. VI. Cross references. VII.
Titles of Oriental works. The sections will
be printed in parts, some at short, some at
longer intervals, and in each part the titles
will be in alphabetical arrangement Sections
I. and II. will be issued from month to
month, in order to give early reference to the
newest English and foreign literature. The
advantage expected from the use of printing
is not confined to the reduction of bulk in
the catalogue. The tides will be rendered
available much more expeditiously, will be
rendered more correct, and will be more con-
venient for use. When put into circulation
by means of sale they will be available for
bibliographical purposes, and they will exhibit
the recent acquisitions of both new and old
books. The increasing number of readers
has been provided for by the addition of 62
seats in the reading-room ; and, in order to
supply the want of a classed catalogue of the
library, a selection of bibliographies for the
different subjects of literature and of classed
catalogues of other collections has been care-
fully made, and the volumes have been
arranged in separate cases placed con-
spicuously at the extremity of every alternate
table. In this position these cases of biblio-
graphical works correspond with those of
books of reference arranged in classes round
the room, and will serve as guides to authori-
ties in the various branches of literature and
science. By means of the electric light,
worked by Messrs. Siemens and Company,
the reading-room has been kept open until

7 o'clock during the winter months instead of
being closed three hours earher as heretofore,
and has been fully lighted on several occasions
of darkness caused by the weather.'*

Among books of interest acquired during
the year, the following are noted : — An im-
perfect copy of the edition of Tyndale's New
Testament, printed in 1535, distinguished by
the curious spelling of certain words, such as
saiynctes, seynctific, stoene, 00ns, thoese ;
this peculiarity has given rise to the theory
that these words are provincialisms of Glouces-
tershire, intentionally so spelt by Tyndale
himself, in conformity with his promise that
" if God spared his life he would cause a boy
that driveth the plough to know more of the
Scriptures than a priest" Of this edition,
which was probably printed at Antwerp during
the time of Tyndale's imprisonment in the
Castie of Vilvorde, only three copies have
hitherto been known, and of these not one is
perfect " New Zeitung vom Rein," 1542 ;
a satirical tract by Luther, directed against
Albert, Cardinal Archbishop of Magdebui^
and Mentz ; it is of the utmost rarity. A
curious tract, partiy in verse, of John Taylor,
the Water-Poet, entitied, "Taylor, his
Travels : from the Citty of London in Eng-
land to the Citty of Prague in Bohemia ; the
manner of his abode there three weekes, his
observations there, and his returns from
thence." London, 1620. In this tract he
mentions the kindness he received firom the
Queen of Bohemia (the Princess Elizabeth of
England), and his having had in his arms her
youngest son, Prince Robert (Prince Rupert),
whom he celebrates in a set of verses. No
other copy of this tract is known.

The niunbers of manuscripts and docu-
ments acquired during the year are : — General
collection of manuscripts, 155 ; Egerton
manuscripts, 54 ; rolls and charters, 421 :
detached scab, 266. Among them are the
following: — The Orations of the Athenian
orator Hyperides for Lycophron and for
Euxenippus, in Greek, written on papyrus in
the first century, ac Purchased from the
executors of the late Mr. Jq^eph Arden, who
obtained the papyrus in E^ypt The 24th
Book of the " Iliad" of Homer, wanting the
first 126 lines, written on papyrus, probably
in the second century. This papyrus is
known as the ''Bankes Homer," alter its

THE BRITISH MUSEUM,

former owner, Mr. William John Bankes,
who purchased it at the island of Elephantine,
in Egypt, in 1821. Pope Gregory's "Mo-
ralia," or Commentary on the Book of Job,
in Latin, written in Merovingian characters ;
vellum, eighth century. The official and
private correspondence and papers of Sir
Edward Nicholas, Secretary of State under
Charles I. and Charles II., and of his son.
Sir John Nicholas, Clerk to the Privy Coun-
cil; from 1560 to 1733. In 30 volmnes.
The most important part of the correspon-
dence is that carried on by Sir Edward
Nicholas with members of the Royalist party
in different countries of Europe during the
period of the Commonwealth. In the collec-
tion are also the negotiations of M. de Mon-
treuil, the French Ambassador in Scotland,
with Charles I., for the King's surrender to
the Scotch Army, in 1647 ; papers relating
to the arrest of the Five Members, and to
the Eikon Basilike ; and letters of Elizabeth,
Queen of Bohemia, 165 5- 1659. Diary of
Proceedings in the House of Commons, kept
by Lawrence Whitacre, M.P. for Okehamp-
ton, from, October, 1642, to July, 1647, co"^-
taining additional matter not found in the
printed journals. Paper; seventeenth cen-
tury. Official and private correspondence
and papers of Thomas Wentworth, Lord
Raby, and Earl of Strafford, Ambassador to
Prussia in 1703, and Plenipotentiary for
negotiating the Peace of Utrecht in 171 1-
1 7 1 4. In twenty-five volumes. The number
of manuscripts added during the year to the
Oriental collection amounts to 133 — \iz., 11
by donation, and 122 by purchase, as fol-
lows : — Sanscrit and Pracrit, 74 ; Hebrew,
16; Arabic, 12; Persian, 11 ; Pali-Burmese,
8 ; Hindustani, 3 ; Hindi, 2 ; Chinese, 2 ;
Japanese, i ; Ethiopic, i ; Turkish, i ; Uri-
yah, I ; Picture-writing, i. The most im-
portant purchase, in point of numbers, con-
sists of 63 volumes, from the library of the
late Yogapradhana Ratnavijaya Suri, a Jaina
priest of Ahmedabad, Gujrat With the
exception of a few, belonging to the general
Sanscrit literatuK, they all contain Jaina
works, written in Sanscrit and in Pracrit, and
form the largest store of writings of that sect
yet brought to Europe. Their dates range
from the 15 th to the iSth century. The
Sanscrit collection has also received a valu-

able addition from Nepaul — namely, eight
manuscripts, which have been procured by
Dr. D. Wright, late surgeon to the British
Mission in Khatmandoo, through the Munshi
attached to the same mission. They contain
Buddhistic works in Sanscrit, which are only
to be found in NepauL The three earliest
— viz., the Vidyavali, Pragyaparamita, and
Jyotishsastra, have dates corresponding to
A.D. 1227, 1267, and 1320.

In the departinent of Oriental antiquities
the total number of acquisitions, indudipg
fragments, amounts to about 59471. The
number of Assyrian and Babylonian tablets,
fragments, &c., acquired amounts to about
5,232. A long list is given of new Greek
and Roman antiquities obtained by gift or
purchase during the year. Among Uiem is a
head of the youthful Bacchus, remarkable for
the beauty of the features and the general
charm of the expression. In this type the
artist has blended the beauty of boUi sexes
in accordance with the androgynous concep-
tion of Bacchus in later Greek art Traces
of red colour remain in the hair, which is
encircled with an ivy wreath. This head is
published in the Annali of the Roman Insti-
tute, 1875, pi. c, by M. Robert; it has
evidently been detached from the body to
which it originally belonged.

As to British and pre-hi^oric antiquities^
the trustees note that the Museum has
received the most important addition to this
section that has been obtained since the first
foundation of the institution — viz., the Green-
well collection. This collection, presented
by the Rev. W. GreenweU, F.R.S., F.S.A., is
the result of the researches undertaken by
him during the last 20 years in the banows
of Britain, which have been described by
him in "British Barrows" (Oxford, 1877).
The excavations were conducted with great
care and at no little expense, and extended
to 234 barrows, of which 171 were in York-
shire, two in Cifmberland, 20 in Westmoxe-
land, 31 in Northumberland, one in Durham,
and nine in Gloucestershire, and in these
barrows a great number of objects have been
found. The specimens of pottery are about
170 in number, and include good examples
of all the varieties of British funereal vessels,
which are known to antiquaries as cinerary
urns, food vessels, drinking cups, and incense

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

cups, though some of these attributions are
by no means certain. Among the relics
associated with the urns are flakes, knives,
scrapers, arrow-heads, and other implements
of flmt ; implements for making &re, consist-
ing of a flint and part of a nodule of pyrites,
both much worn ; pierced stone axes, bronze
daggers and knives, awls, an axe, &c ; the
personal ornaments consist of beads of jet
and amber, earrings of bronze, and various
other objects. These furnish very valuable
illustrations of the manners, customs, and
manufactiu-es of the early Britons, and they
more than double the collection of this
nature in the Museum. A further portion of
Mr. Greenwell's barrow collections, con-
sisting of specimens not found by himself, or
not described in "British Barrows," has been
acquired by the trustees of the Christy col-
lection, and by them presented to the
MuseuuL These include about 50 funereal
vessels of pottery, and the associated relics ;
among them are specimens from Scotland, a
part of the United Kingdom but very
scantily represented in the Museum collection.

Of N coins and medals 795 have been
acquired during the year, of which 329 are
Greek (157 gold and electrum), four Roman,
144 English, 92 mediaeval and modem, and
226 Oriental

The additions to the departments of
natural history during the year 1879 are
60,022 in number, of which 45,881 have
been placed in the department of zoology,
13,112 in that of geology, and 1,029 in that
of mineralogy, including a collection of rocks
recently presented by Mr. Henry Ludlam,
and exclusive of additions resulting from the
incorporation of the minerals hitherto belong-
ing to the India Museum. The number of
meteorites represented in the collection is
now — of siderites, no; siderolites, 13;
aerolites, 207-330. The zoological additions,
save those received from the " Hewitson
Bequest," have been entered in the manu-
script register. The geological additions
have been similarly registered, as have been
the additions to the mineral(^. In the
department of zoology, during the year
45,881 specimens have been added to the
several parts of the collection. Among the
most important acquisitions was the collec-
tion of exotic butterflies bequeathed by the

late William Chapman Hewitson. This is
one of the most extensive and valuable col-
lections of this group of animals that have
ever been formed ; it consists of 24,625
specimens, referable to 5,795 species de-
scribed by the testator in his "Exotic Butter-
flies" and "Diurnal Lepidoptera." The
collection is in a perfect state of arrange-
ment and preservation, and by Mr. Hewitson's
direction a catalogue of its contents has been
prepared and printed at the expense of his
estate. The testator attached to this bequest
the condition that the collection should be
called the " Hewitson Collection," and
should be kept in good order, preservation,
and condition, and in the same cabinets, and
in the same order and arrangement, and
under the same nomenclature as they should
be at the time of his decease, until the expi-
ration of 2 1 years from that time. Of birds,
the total number of acquisitions amounts to
3,312, of which 700 belong to the series from
the Indian Museum. Fifty-eight species
were entirely new to the collection. Of rep-
tiles and amphibians the additions have been
380 in number. In flshes the total number
of specimens received amounts to 1,414. Of
mollusca the total number of additions has
been 3,134.

In the department of prints and drawings
4,750 new examples have been acquired,
including 460 of the Italian, 363 of the Ger-
i^an, 531 of the Dutch and Flemish, 1002 of
the French, and 1,976 of the English schools.

'«C:i'>w*.-^.'*>:

a lincolnabtre pariab Clerfi
in tbc ©IDcn G;imc*

|N addition to the careful preservation
of parish registers, a word may well
be said for that of churchwardens'
accounts and other parochial
muniments. Such documents, where pie-
served, can scarcely be considered as inftnor
to the registers in illuminating, thioufii
local events, the broad page of national lii»«
tory. But how few are preserved 1 A some-
what careful inquiry, for literary purpoM% JD
the parishes of four contiguous counties hff
proved to me that in few places
documents preserved fiom.p

96 A LINCOLNSHIRE PARISH CLERK IN THE OLDEN TIME.

to the last century. In some instances
I have learned that ancient churchwardens'
accounts have been recently destroyed as
worthless, or as cumbersome waste paper,
and so to be cleared out as worse than worth-
less.

Sometimes is found in the parish chest a
scrap of paper which tells of obsolete cus-
toms and abrogated practices. Such a sheet
of paper has just been placed in my hands by
the Vicar of Barrow-on-Humber for inspec-
tion, whilst seeking examples of the "Peculiar
Uses" of the church bells of Lincolnshire
in past times. I think The Antiquary a
proper depository for a full copy of such a
document :—

**The Office and Duty of the Parish Clark
OF Barrow, as recorded in the Town's
Book, 1713.

First, he is to live in the parish ; and he is to
attend the Church when he is to Officiate in his
functions.

He ought Carefully to lay up the Communion
Cloth and Carpet, the Surplice, Cushion, Books,
and other things belonging to the Church ; he
is to see that the Church, Chancel, and Seats be
swept and kept in decent order ; he ought to
attend the Church when there is any Churchin
or Burrial ; and he is to tole a Bell, and ring a
little according to the Custom of the place ; he
must be Caremll that no Boys or Idle persons
Jangle the Bells or abuse the Church or the Win-
dows ; he is to 'grease or oil the Bells, and to
keep them in good order , and if they be defected
in anything he shall let the CkurchpnEirdens know
that they may be mended in convenient time.

Item. — He is to ring a Bell every working day
from Monday, the first whole week in Lent, untU
Easter, except such days as there is prayers in
the Church.

Item, — He is toeing a Bell every working day
morning at Break of the day, and continue the
ringing thereof until All Saints, and also to ring a
BeU every Evening about the sunsetting until
harvist be fully ended, which Bells are to begin
to ring from the beginning of harvist.

Item, — He is to provide and pay a workman
for mowing and strawing upon the Westcote 14
acre dale, and to see the ordering and bringing
to the Church before midsomer day ; and to pay
the waineman Leading thereof for every Load four
pence. He is to give notice to the o^^'ner or
farmer or oqupier of the Westcote about a week
before Christmas and Easter, that he, before Either
of those feasts, send one Load of straw to the
Church Stile, where the Clark shall receive it, and
lake Care to Lay it in the Seats ; and in Like-
manner to pay the wainman for Every Load four-
pence, which strawing and straw shall at last
belong to the dark.

Item, — He is to ring a Bell for the ringing of

the Corphew (sic) beginning at St. Andrew's Eve,
and ending at Candlemas; and to provide Candles
for the ringers, and Continue in tne Bellhoose all
the time of ringing, and be CarefuU that nothing
there suffer abuse or Damage.''

**The Clarks fee and wages as recorded in
thb Town's book.

** First He is to receive at Easter for cveiy
plough Land 8d., and after that rate for Every
greater or lesser quantity of Land. Likewise
of Every Cottager, except of such as receive
Collection, threepence.

Likewise he is to have for Every plow-land
for ringing the nine o'clock Bell, the four o'clock
Bell, the day Bell, and the night Bell, two pecks
of wheat or misheldine, and after that rate for
Every greater or lesser quantity of Land.

He is to have for Every Weding or marriage
within the Parish, sixpence: and for Every passing
Bell fourpence, and for Every Soul Bell foiirpence.

If the friends of any deceased person desire to
have the great bell rung a Little before the Corpse
is brought to the Chur<m, the Clark for his ringmg
the said Bell shall have one shilling.

If any person vrilfully or Careleisly overturn a
Bell the Clark may demand of him one shilling
for the offence, which if he refuse to pay the
Clark may sue for it in the Court, and be by the
parishioners indamnified therein."

In this document we have, after provision
made for the care-taking of the bells, an order
for ringing of a bell twice daily (at the hours
of 9 A.M. and 4 P.M. — ^that is, at the accus-
tomed hours of Mattins and Evensong, as we
learn from an undated ** Survey ^ relating to
the Vicarage) during Lent, on such days as
prayers were not said in the church; meaning,
I suppose, that such an echo of neglect^
services need not be heard on the litany and
Holydays when the service would actually be
said at, probably, a later hour in the fore-
noon ; then we have an order for the ringing
of the harvest bell at daybreak to call the
reapers to theu: work; the ringing of the
Curfew is next ordered ; and then, not only
the ringing of the real passing-bell, according
to ancient practice, is mentioned, but the
ringing of the soul-bell, which, in this case,
appears to refer to the peal after death in
obedience to the Canon ; and, lastly, the toll-
ing of the great bell is allowed before a
funeral.

Apart from the bells we are reminded of
the old custom of placing hay in the seats to
keep the feet of the worshippers warm during
Divine Service.

The " fees " payable to the clerk, and the
mode of collecting them, are worthy of note.

A LINCOLNSHIRE PARISH CLERK IN THE OLDEN TIME.

The sexton — as we learn from the "Survey"
ah*eady alluded to — received for every grave
with a coffin sixpence, without a coffin three
pence. " The said sexton receiveth of every
householder one penny for making up the
churchyard fences, and four shillings and four
pence by the year from the Churchwardens
for Dogg Whipping.'*

I may add that extracts from parochial
records, notes of peculiar uses, traditions,
anecdotes, &c, relating to the chiurch bells
of Lincolnshire will be very acceptable to me,
and may be sent to me here.

Thomas North, F.S.A.

Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

of Hrmc0/'

EDITED BY JAMES GREEN STREET.

(Continued from vol. i. p. 209.)

52. Jocelyne Badlesmere— d'argent, vne
fees et ij. gemels de goules.

53. Wautier de Wigton — de sable, a iij.
moletz et la bordure engral^e d'or.

54. Aunsel de Gyse — Mascul^e de vairee
et de goules, oue vne quarter d'or.

55. Nichol Wymale — d'argent, a trois
orielle" de goules.

56. John Burdon— d'argent, a trois burdons
de goules.

57. Thomas Paynel — d*or, et deux barrz
d'azure, et vne vrle de merlotz de
goupz].

58. William de Valoynes — Pal^ vndd de
vj. peecz d'argent et de goules.

59. Piers Pigot — Azure, a vne bend en-
gral^e entre sys merlotz d'or.

60. ffouk de Vaux — Eschekerd d'argent et
de goules, ouee vn quartree d'azure.

61. William de Hugefort — d'azure, a trois
palmes* d'or.

62. Rogeir Wapaille — d'argent, a vne
cheueron, demy et vne quartre de
goul[z].

63. Thomas de Halowton — de goules, a
vne palme d'argent.

♦ The additional MS. No. 1 2224 calls him * * Hunger-
ford" rerroneously?) and tricks the charges as three
palm branches, but the charge in No. 63 it tricks as
a hand.

64. John Ragan — d'ar., oue vne cheueron
de sablee, et iij. testes de ceirf les coUes
r[ecouppes d'or].

65. Adam de Clyfton — Chekerd d'or et de
goules, a vne bend d'ermyne.

66. John Caresville — d'argent, a iij. gemels
de sablee.

67. Simon Basset — d'ermyn, a vne quartre
de goules, vne molet d'or en le
quarfter].

68. Robert de Causton port d'argent, a vne
bende de sablee, et iij. croyseletz fitches
d'argent en le bend.

69. John Gerberge— d'ermyne, a vne cheif
de goules, et iij. losengz d'or en le [cheifj.

70. Rauf de Papham — d'ar., a vne cheif de
goules, et deux testz du cerf d'[or].

71. Robert le Ver — de sable, a iij. testz
de singler d'or.

72. John de Raueneshelme — d'aigent, a
vne fees battailld de goules.

73. Esmond Euerard — d'argent, a vne
cheif de goules, et iij. moletz percees
[d'argent].

74. Barthol. de Naunton — de sable, a trois
merlotz d'argent.

75. Esmond de Thorp — d'azur, a trois
cresantz d'argent

76. John Wissham — de sable, a vne fees
et yj. merlotz d'argent

77. John Clyfton — d'argent, a iij. escallops
de goules.

78. Thomas Blount — Quartrel6 d'argent et
de goules, vne bend de sable, et trois
croiseletz d'or fitches.

79. Rauf de Valoynes — Pal^ ound^ de vj.
d'or et de goules, a vne bordure
d'ermyn.

80. John ffeltgraue — d'or, a trois cheuerons
de goules, et ix. flour de licz d'argent en
le ch[euerons].

81. John ffitz Bernard — de verrd, a vne
fees de goulz, et deux moletz d'or
perc[ez en le chief].

82. William Swynford — d'ar., a deux barres
et vne quartre de sablee, et vne quintfoille
d'or en le quartre.

83. John de Huntingfeild port de goules,
a vne bend d'argent, et trois leonceulx
rampantz de sablee en la bend.

84. Norman Sw)mford — d'ar., a vne
cheueron de sable, et iij. testes de
singleir d'or en le[cheueron].

« MR. THOMAS JENYNS BOOKE OF ARMEST

85. RaufBadlesmere — d'aiigent, a vne fees
et deux gemelx de goules.

86. John Aunsell port Pal^e d'argent et
d'azure, a vne baston de goules.

87. John de Hoghton — de sable, a trois
barres d*argent, a vne molet de sab[le].

88. Thomas Asdale — de goules, a vne
cignet d'argent

89. William Bamak— d'argent, a trois
barnaks de sablee.

90. Hugh Esshcote — de sablee, a vj.
escallops d'or.

91. Philep Dandelegh — d'argent, a deux
barrz de goulz, et vj. crosseletz d'or in
les barr[esl.

92. Wautier Skydmore — de gouls, a trois
estrepes d'or oue les cuires

93. ThomasWest — d'argent(read "d'azure,"
from the other versions), a trois testes
du leopard flouretz d'or.

94. John Maunsell — de sable, vne cheue-
ron et trois moletz d'argent perces.

95. Roger Bradeston — d'argent, vne
' estache de goules engral(3 de cynk.

96. Esmond Greyng* — d'argent, a vne
cheueron et trois moletz de goules
percez.

97. Morice Russell — d'argent, vne cheif
de goules, et iij. besantz en le cheif.

98. John le Gorge — Mascl^e d'argent [et
d'azur], a vne cheueron de goules.

99. John la Bere — d'azure, a trois testes
du singler et le champ croisele d*orfiches.

100. John Paule — d'ermyne, a vne fees
d'azure, et trois croise (le) tsd'or en le fees.

1 01. John le Heesee port d'argent, a vne
fees de sablee, et trois leonceulx rampantz
de goules en le champ.

102. John Rever port d*argent, a vne bend
d'azure, et trois cresantz d'or en la bend,
et deux costees de goules.

103. Thomas Pikworth — de goules, a vne
bend et vj. picois d*or.

104. Richard Pikard — de goules, a vne
fees d'or, et trois escallops d'argent en le
champ.

105. Rauf Normanvyle port d'argent, a
vne fees et deux gemelles de goules, et
iij. flore de lucz d'argent en lee fees.

106. John Chamberleyne— de goules, a vne
fees et iij. escallopes d*or en le champ.

* So in Additional MS. 12224, but Charles has
* * Gretyng. " The anns are those of Cretyng.

107. Roberte Trewloue port d'azg^it, a
vne cheueron de sablee, et iij. quatre-
foilles d'or en la cheveron.

108. Wautier Payne — Quaxtrel^ de goulz
et d'azure, oue vne leon ramp., la cowe
fourchde, en la primer quartrey et vne
crois d'or, les boutz fiouretZy en le second
quartree.

109. John Kyryell port d'or, oue vne
cheueron ct demy a vne quarteir de
goules.

no. John Rydell port d'aigent, a vne fees
d'azure, et trois garbes de goules.

111. [Thomas Blount — d'azure, a trois
testes du leopardes flourettes d'or, oue
vne bend d'erm3nie.]*

112. Robert de Waterton — [Barree] de
goules et d'ar^ent de vj., a [trois cres-
cants de sable].

113. Thomas Russell — d'argent, a vne
cheueron et trois croiseletez fytch[ees de
sable].

114. William de Weston — d'ar., a vne fees
de sable, oue vne bordure de [goules
torteux d'argent].

115. Robert de Brytby — de goulz, a vne
fees daunc^ et la champ billett^
d*arg[ent].

116. John de Creseby, de Mersk, — de
goulz, a vne bend et demy d'aigent, et
le quar[ter d'ermyn].

117. Piers Kyrkan— d'argent, a trois foyles
de clete de vert.

118. Wautier Chaunceller port d'ermyne,
a vne quartre d*argent, et vne saulteir
de sable engralee el quarter.

119. Rogeir de EUerton, de Swaldale, port
d'argent, a vne cheueron et trois testz
du cerf de sablee.

120. Robert Apilgarth— d'aigent, a trois
pomes de goiUes.

121. William Beauchamp, de Comberland,
port d'argent, a vne bend de goules, et
trois pellottes d'argent.

122. William de Dent — de vert, a vne
teste du cerf d'or, oue la [bordure d'or
engrel^e].

1 23. Piers de la Hay port d'argent, a deux
cousteeces bendz et trois escalopes de
goules dedans les coustees.

^ The rest of the Roll, from this number, inclusive,
is bound up m another part of the same volume^
beginning at pencil folio 133.

SWBMdS y£JkT3^ SeO^SlE GF ^^MV^'

'IW

24. ThamBB IflLatenuunes — Qe -orhlrft, £
Tue bend Tnaisnil^ d^£Z2;[e!iii d£ nosf T

25. Wicbait Helynn— ^ar, £ tdc lasif*
d'lme DfDjzne de sabkie

r6. ThoniBS Pcrcbe — ^ gnnVK, ii TBt
fees el sj's crojaeieiz d'Hrgffm..

27, Roben de Gerrhffstnn— *d RT^gnt l
vne iees de sable, ex ixak croiefiefe pHir
d'ar en lee fees.

28, Hiomas de Conkfrlde — ^Hrxreni. u
ii}. cockes de goule^^&l.

29, WiDiain CoudeaiT — de gcmlf^ it
champ hiHrstf dor oe [siz^

50. ThamB£ Heronrvle— d JLZure, z. rrd^

heroDcenr daligemX
31. Kaiif Carbeti— ^ or, jl tros corhrnf

de sablee.
32- Thomas CokT^n — ^Lender de joules e:

d'argcnt (^e syx peecesj.

33. 'RirhirrrlTjTOrhf^ — Pmtee gmnfflTtr dor
et dc gonpes}.

34. Jolm Ixmgvale— de gomes, a irois
bcndz de Ta[jixec].

35. Mods' Maubmnej part Mascnk' de
goules ct d'ermmc, [a me qnaner]
d'armc et -me crms recerceie d'or.

36. Mons^ John Coiofree (read '^Gcuc)-
frec," from the other versions) pan
Onnd^ de goules et d'[aigeiil, a m]
bciKi de sable, ei ir^ besamxtz en la
bende.

37. Mods' William Greystock — d'aigent.
a c^ areeBexs de g[oulz].

38- Mans' Rauf Hondesacre— d ennyne,

a ny loka -de gooles.
39. Rauf Monbocher-^'aigeni, a iij.

possenetz de goules.
40- John l>edebrc^e — d azure, a xut

cheoeion dennvne.

41. John Abemoim — daxure, a -n^e
chencnm d'or.

42. William fBfihacree — de goules, a \Tit
dolphine d'azgeni.*

43. Esteven Stiecche— d'aigent, a me
cheueron et demjone la guartree d'azure^
a vz^ flooiie de lice d'oi.

44. Simon Woodhull — dor, a trois cres-
auntz de goules.

45. Rx>bert dc fteiile — de gonla, a iij.
cresantr d'ermyne.

* RmMiTifc of a
now q[Qanered by ?]

in the mai^^iu, xvl. """...

146L W^ilhsiD ^ Wjumm — ^'srsfBOi. n ^ene
chsQcran de sab'tee. c: iiu ^sksxin, d nr
€L pe 'chflRgrcffi ^

147. Snnon de <]aumi — de gemles, e: iu.

14k. John Peroie— dai_ a "^Tne '^aacrm.

de gonlcs. -et m. fiorr de licr id'ar cr li

<iie ,,,-"?■
149. iiaciiErd l^ewiTne — d-erm^^ne, a nou-

t»end de c^'ii (read •'ganiz"), «: ii;.

escallops dor en la bend.
350. Wiiham G?&ird — dsaxtasL ^ ii,.

esirepes de goules one lez cmies.
151^ Mons^ ?.fiTnnnd Hasrzn^ — cwfem.

XL trois TnaTirhf^ de sabk^.
i^z, Mons' Rdban Sfcidbnn^; de Skit-

Seitbj en lincolnsfaire, port dkzure. £

xrois bfarrmrs d'or.
355. Mnns^ Jvcigcir y&ynyoL de Cazkiton.

port de gouleK, a xrois brmnne^ d'arxreni.

cresti d or, iabell d'aznue.
154 Joihn de Bro^^itas port d'sx^^m, dsnx

fees ei ix guarteir de ge»uies. a vnt crour

d azgem plain el qnartei.
255. Mods' JLiciard Xorton — diaccjem, x.

trois oreiHers de sable
15^. Thomas Rygmayden — dais^ant. x.

trois testes du cerf de sable.
157. Tbomas Lampkig^ — d'ai^ a ^Tir

chcueron et ii}, testes du lean lacer. de

sable.
15K. William Oxdiff — d'aigeni,a iij. tester

de boef de sablee.
159. [Thomas Bahtm port de] sable [a

\ii£ cheif d'aigem, ex ix fer de molin de

sable en le cheif j.
360, Mans' Ric' de Houghton — de sable,

a trois banes d aigent.
3 6 J- Thomas Bradschawe — dargenl. a

deux bendes de sable.
162- Lawreiice de Hamerton — d'aiigeni, a

trois martelles de sablee.
363, Robert de Xorton— ^ sable, a 3

bendes d'argent les boxmss fiare92es a

moni.^

• Thii- ccHii ii. omiaed by Charles.

•*■ Ako omiaed by ChE.ries.

Z So &ko hi Additiana] MSv. 12224 — Chazle* hx<
"Stndbm^k'^

I Trick fd hi Addirioxuxl Ms. ,1?7?». and by
CharlfK, a^ : Sahk. three piles m bend, oonjamed m
asusba ba^c, and each lenninaon^ with a Aenr^de-h.^
in finirr diici, argieaL

ibo

" MR. THOMAS JENY BOOKENS OF ARMES.""

164. Ric' Retour— d'argent, a 3 racynes*
de sablee.

165. John de ffletham— de sable, a 3 testes
de vnicome recoupes d'argent. t

166. John de Bank port Quarterlee de
sablee et d'argent, en le primer quarteir
vne crois plame passant et quatre floure
de licz d'argent; et en le second
quartree vne cheueron et trois anneletz
de goules.

67. Thomas fitz Herbert — d'ar., vj.
merlotz vne bend et deux cousteecz
engrales de sabl[es].

68. John Helton, de Westmerland — de
sable, a 3 anneletz d'or, et 2 sautourz
d'argent au [chief].

69. John Manchell— d'argent, a trois
leueres (read "leueriers") de sablee,
collers d'or.

70. Thomas Katerall— d'azure, a trois
losenges perc(e)z d'or.

71. John de ffelton — de goules, a vne
test du cerf d'or.

72. Robert Hopton — d'argent, a deux
barres de sablee, et vj. merlotz (read
" molletz") d'or, perces, en les barres.

73. John Salkeld — de vert, oue vne frett
d'argent

74. Roland Vaux — d'argent, a vne bend
cheker^e d'argent et de goules.

75. Thomas Bo wet — d'argent, a 3 testz
de raindeer de sablee.

76. Robert Edenham, de Swaldale —
d'azure, a vne bend de goules, et iij.
dolphins d'argent en la bende.

77. Robert Thomeham, ffondeur de
Begham, port de goules, a vne leon
passant et deux losengz d'or.

78. Geffrye Sakevyll, de Sussex, port
Quarterly de goules et d'or, a vne bend
vair^ d'argent et d'azuree.

79. Robert Dene, de Sussex, port de
goules, a vne quarteir d'azure embelief,
et vne manch oue la maine d'argent. |

80. Mons' Simon Burlay port d'or, oue

* Tricked in Additional MS. 12224 ^ three tree
stumps eradicated.

t This coat is omitted by Charles.

X Tricked by Charles as Per bend sinister enhanced
azure and gules, over all a maunch and hand argent ;
but the other versions (Additional MS. 12224, and
Vincent MS. 135) trick the coat Per bend sinister en-
hanced azure and gules, on the canton embelief (Le,
on the azure) a maunch and hand argent.

3 barres de sablee, iij. pens recoupes
deux de sable et vne d'or, oue le
comei(r)s gerones, et vne escuchon de
goules, et 3 barrez d'argent

81. William Braddene---de sable^ a vne
bend engral6e d'argent

82. Mons' Edward Carles, de Brigenhale,
port d'ermine, a cheif de goules, et cynq
losengz d'ermyne.

83. Mons' Andrew Hake — d'azure, a
3 barrz d'or, et la bordure engrale
[d'argent].

84. Simon Basset — d'ermyne, a vne
quarter de goules, a vne molet de sys
d'o[r perceej.

85. John Gerberge — d'ermyne, a vne
cheif de goules, et 3 losengz d'or.*

86. Rogeir de Wolsingham port de sable,
a vne cheueron d'argent, et [3] quint-
foyles d'or, voydez, en le champ.

87. Thomas de Retford, de Asby, port
d'ermyne, oue vne cheueron de sable, et
3 escallopes d'argent

88. William Bemack — d'aigent| a trws
bemacks de sablee.

89. Robert West — d'azure, a 3 testes du
leopard flouretz d'or, et la bordure du
goules.

90. Rogeir Suiftywardf porte Bendi
d'azure et d'argent de sys.

91. John ffamehill port d'azure et d'ermyn
bend^ de sys.

92. John de Button port d'ermyne, oue
vne fees de goules.

93. Wauteir Rommesey — d'argent, a vne
fees de goules, et vne labell de 5 points
d'azure.

94. John le fytz Payne— d'aigent, a vne
lowrejde goules.

95. Mauld Longesp^e, filie a William
Longesp^e Due de Normande, et com-
panie a Mons' Hugh Mortimer qui vient
oue le Conqueror, port de goules, et
trois espies d'argent

196. William Stapilton, de Cumberland,
port d'argent, a trois espies ioyntz a vne
pomel de goules.§

• Charles has misplaced this, and the saoceeding
coats, in his copy in the Harleian MS. Na 6589.

t ** Synsiwarde," in Additional MS. Na 12224.

t Tricked a hawk's leure — ihid.

§ I^e.y the points in dexter chie^ sinister chie^ and
base, respectively.

"MR. THOMAS yENYNS' BOOKE OF ARMES:

tot

• •

.Aa.

197. Thomas de Spenethome port d*argen t,
a vne bend de sable, et trois moletz de
goules en la bende.

198. William Driffeld, de la Walde, port
d'aigent, a vne cheveron et iij. testes du
leon lacez de sablee.

199. Mons' Ch[arles a la maine rouge,
d'Irland], founder del Abbay de Lioke,
port d'argent, ov[e vn maine] et brace de
goules.

200. John Cressener port d'azure, a vne
cheif d'argen[t, et 3] chapealx de goules
en la cheif.

{To be concluded in our next, )

ZTbe Xatdeet ®ali in Britain.

Hail, stately Oak ! whose wrinkled trunk hath stood.
Age after age, the sovereign of the wood;
Thou, whonast Ken a thousand springs unfold
Their ravell'd buds, and dip their flowers in gold.
Ten thousand times yon moon relight her horn.
And the bright eye of evening gild the mom.

DAR\^^N.

|N spite of a rival claim put forward
on behalf of an oak at Newland,
in Gloucestershire, I believe that
the largest oak in Britain — and
our island home can boast of not a few giant
oaks, many of them famous, too, for their
historical associations — stands in the parish
of Cowthorpe, three miles from Wetherby,
in the West Riding of the county of
York.

The Cowthorpe Oak {Quercus Syhestris
pedunculata), whose age has been computed
to exceed 1500 years, has, as may be sup-
posed from its extraordinary size, been noticed
in numerous works devoted to natural history
and forestry. The circumference of its trunk
dose to the ground was, at the close of last
century, according to Evelyn's **Sylva,"
seventy-eight feet Shortly after the publica-
tion of this work, earth was placed around
the base of the trunk, with a view to the pre-
servation of the tree, which, by covering
over some very considerable projections, re-
duced the girth of the stem at the ground
line to sixty feet In 1829, the Rev. Dr.
Jessop measured the tree, and communicated
its dimensions to Stnitf s '* Sylva Brittanica."

- • - •

We transcribe the reverehcf'dsJctor's details,

which, he assures us, may be* reK^^ upon : —

Circumference at the ground . . . '^••^fieet.

Ditto at the height of one yard •^* *„
Height of the tree in 1829 .... 45**,,
Extent of the principal remaining limb 50 „ ,•*
Greatest circumference of ditto ... 8 „•.

Dr. Jessop adds: — "The tree is hollow
throughout to the top, and the ground plot
inside (the account of which has been much
exaggerated) may possibly afford standing-
room for forty men."

In Loudon's "Arboretum" the diameter of
the hollow within the tree, close to the
ground, is given at nine feet ten inches.

" The circle occupied by the Cowthorpe
Oak," says Professor Burnett, "where the
bottom of its trunk meets the earth, exceeds
the ground plot of that majestic column of
which an oak is confessed to have been the
prototype — viz., Smeaton's Eddystone Light-
house."

In Burnett's " Outlines of Botany" we also
read (voL i. p. 59) : — " So capacious is the
hollow of the Cowthorpe Oak that upwards of
seventy persons have been, as the villagers
affirm, at one time therein assembled."

In the twelfth volume of Loudon's Gar-
defut^s Magazine (p. 588), the Cowthorpe
Oak is said to be undoubtedly the largest tree
at present known in England.

Shaw, in his "Nature Displayed" (vol. iii. pt
ii. p. 364), says : — " Many suppose the Cow-
thorpe Oak to be the Father of the Forest ;"
and in Kent's " Sylvan Sketches" (1825) men-
tion is made of this oak as surpassing all
others.

Tradition asserts that at one time the
branches of this tree overshadowed half an
acre of ground. A large branch which fell
about the commencement of last centvury is
said to have extended to a wall ninety feet
from the trunk of the oak. On this wall,
which still remains, the villagers, so the story
runs, used to mount and pick the acorns
from the overhanging branches. The leading
or top branch fell before the date of any re-
cord concerning the tree. The manner in
which it is said to have fallen is, however, re-
markable. The main trunk having become
hollow, the perpendicular shaft dropped down
into the empty space and could never be re-
moved. There it remained wedged in.

I02

^THE LARGEST OAK IN BRITAIN.

* •

doubtless te^djit^ To strengthen the hollow

cylinder, Att^' prevent concussion from the

pressurp'^F-itS enormous branches. In 1772

oneeV.Her side branches was thrown down

4J1 a ridient gale of wind, and, on being ac-

. ciirately measured, was found to contain up-

.•••/•.wirrds of five tons of wood. The largest of

'••i.** the living branches at present extends over

forty feet N.N.E. from the trunk. This

giant limb is supported by a substantial prop

of timber.

A century ago Yorkshire children used to
amuse themselves with a game called the
" Dusty Miller." The Cowthorpe Oak was
a meeting-place for this diversion. Through
the rents in the shell of the trunk, then
only large enough to admit them, troops of
merry village lads and lasses crept into the
interior: and, provided with a spout, which
was balanced in a hole in the wall of their living
playhouse, they gathered the dry, crumbling
dust and fragments of wood, and shot them
down the spout to their companions outside.

It has been reported that for some time
the cavity within the tree was used as stabling
for cattle, but this, we think, is a fiction.
The openings in the trunk, though evidently
enlarging constancy, are even now scarcely
wide enough to give colour to this assertion.

In connection with this tree, an anecdote
is related of that notable Yorkshireman, John
Metcalfe, the blind highway contractor and
surveyor, better known as "Blind Jack of
Knaresborough." Blind Jack was a frequent
visitor to the tree, and would measure its
girth correctly at any height within his reach,
going round it with his long arms extended.
He used to point out, too, with accuracy, by
putting up his staff, the exact spot from which
the great branch had fallen. Whenever he
came, an old bloodhound which was kept
near the tree, whose wont was to snarl at
every stranger, fondled him and licked his
hand. Blind Jack now lies at rest in Spof-
forth Churchyard, almost within sight of the
old oak.

So great was the fame of the Cowthorpe
Oak, that formerly small saplings raised from
its acorns were sold in pots to visitors by the
villagers for as much as a guinea each.

As the old oak now stands, it is a very
picturesque object. It is situated in the
centre of a small green paddock : hard by is

the little village church, a very ancient struc-
ture, and the clear waters of the winding
Nidd glide noiselessly past. The battered
trunk, annually crowned with green foliage,
is grand in its venerable decay. The old tree
has been termed " the glory of England and
the pride of Yorkshire;" and its enormous
size, the growth of many centuries, entitles
it to all the fame it has acquired.

Just such a tree as the "relic of other
days" now standing at Cowthorpe, is ad-
mirably portrayed by Spenser in the following
lines from the " Shepherd's Calendar :" —

There grew an aged Tree on the green,
A goodly Oake sometime it had been.
With arms full strong and largely displayed,
But of their leaves they were disarrajrd.
The body big, and mightily pight.
Throughly rooted, and of wondrous height ;
Whilome had bceii the king of the field.
And mochal mast to the husband did yield,
And with his nuts larded many a swine ;
But now the grey moss marred his rise,
liis bared boughs were beaten with fttonns,
I lis top was bald, and wasted wHth wonns.
His honour decayed, his braunches sere.

Thomas B. Trowsdale.

Smitbfielb.

( The suhsiancc of a Paper read before the Landm
and Middlesex Archicological Society, by G. LAMBERT,
F.S.A.).

P King Alfred has always been at-
tributed the credit of having been
the originator of fairs and markets
at the time when he was arrangiDg
and compiling his Code of Laws — ^lawsof wmch
it is generally believed there are none in exis-
tence at the present timein writing, thoughthey
remain among us in their effects. It was
Alfred who established a census and divided
and subdivided England into coiintiesi
hundreds, and tithings. These tithings in
course of time became corporations sole,
which had certain jurisdictions and held
courts of inquiry in minor matters of
difference. The weightier causes and matters
were referred to the Courtleet, a court held on
leet-day or law-day (taking its name from
" Laeo " ) which, as appears by the laws of
King Edward set out by Lambert (No. 34),
was a court of jurisdiction above the " Wapen-
take;'* and this court is accounted die

SMIIWfTELD,

ir-;

" King's Court'' bccaise liie antliurkv of il
was onginallj derived fram 'fiie Crnwn.

These corporations held their Killings in
their tithTng or &ee-boroi^ once £ we^
and many people coming thither to hare
their matters adjudicated iQKin. brooghi abo
their garden produce, com. beasts, and
id genus omnc, for sale, because thert thfj
cotdd meet one anodier and bnv and sell as
their needs regnired, and hence the com-
menoement of a market wc^Jr : and to tte
present time nxartet-dar, in every town in
England, is die busiest day in the ^week.
From these courts jnst mentioned there iay
an appeal if either plaitrdfT or defendant
were not satished, to a Connty Court held
about Mic^iaehxas and EmrtifT, and over
this a bishop and eaidermen presided. To
this superior com! also came numbers
who, at the TBiious Courtleets between
Michaehnas and Easter, were Jiol saiisued :
and as large numbers came together s greater
and better opportunity was afforded far seB-
iDg their wares and goods, com. beasts, t^tiiflik,
lm<>ti<s In liis we can trace the origin of
£uxs, whidi were generally held twice a
year, on or about "die tim» just nttentioned ;
and it was in this state thai Alfred left matters,
and confirmed and granted ri^^its to hold fairs.
In later times fadrB were held t^xm the feast
of the DedicatioD of the Chnrch, whereas
markets are held weeklv. Tlie name of him
to whom SmilMeld belonged in -die daj^ of
which we have been sp)eaking is long iost in
the fog of antiquity; but this much k certain,
that, upon the amval of %^'lIliam in Ijondon,
after ^e defeat and death of Harold at
Sang^ac, now called Batde. he seized the
Crown lands and lancb» of the adherents
of Harold in order to reward his troops,
priests, and followers : consequently *^ Crown-
fid(cf — since called Smidihcid — became part
of die poraessiois of our krogs.

It was a large open -space of land with a
pool of water, of whi<i we shaD speak here-
after, low, wet, and boggy on the north side.
But when Prior Rahere had raised his priory
and buildings, in a.d. 1120 or thereabouts,
he cdeared Smithh^d of the dirt and filth in
which it alxnmded, making it suaooth and
level as now^ and hence its name of ^' Smooth-
fiekL'' Itwashewhoalsoiemoiedthegallows,
as we are told, from the site where it f onnedy

fdxiod. near the priorr, ts> ^'fat J2tni^'^ ncfe
wes: side : he ako diaine£ ihe nnrthesr i*nr-
tioE and the lens.

In Fitz-Stephcn's descriimnii of tat Ctrr
of Londan he say? thai *' ihert :h^ asir widy
ont one of the City Gates, and in "die -^srr
suburb, a certam plain feid, sncii iinSi m
reahrv and name.'' Xow th^; k th* escfesc
d^ampnan errant if we exccrn X^nmes-
day : far Pitz-Stephen wrote in the ctt^ jf
Thomas a Becket. He writes of hm»elf
that he was ^ Einsdem Domini msi cnnzrris.
clericns ei convictar," and moreover he ttilfe
ns thai he was an eye-witness of hi? i niir v»-
dom at Canterbmy : and Stow place: thf
date of Fiiz-Stephen at the reisn of Hcmr H.
(say 1 1 Sd to 1 3 qc >. Xow, i^> to within the
last twenty years, from that date Smxdxheld
continued to enjov its markets for bmsK
and odier cattle- It was caBed in cQn Te-
cords ^ Snburbana planities,'' and Smidmeld
Tne.amf a plair or smooth field, from ^die Saxnn
T-mef **sm2d.*' In i4rci. in the wiD of Ibhxs
Loughborough, it is callec ** Scanrd Itoi«v
lomei in piano campo dicta crritas.'' On
Friday die market was nest held, and ^mx
day contiiraed to be the chief maitet-day
down to the removal of the marte: to
Copenhagen Fields : and Friday is stiL mar-
ket-day with its younger namesake. Tht
horses had the broad centre of the nacket in
the afternoons, and in another part were
placed the articles called by Fitz-Stephen
^ Vendibles far the Peasant'* — implements f or
hiBbandiy, swine with deep flank?;, cows.

Hiere is (so says the Historical MS.
Commission ) in "die pcssessaon of Miss
Ainstie. of Berwick-on-Tweed. a manuscriDt in
quarto written on veDnm. about the year 1 400,
apparently for the use of a member of the
Company of Fishmongers of Lcmdcm. Tin?
precious document passed through the hands
d[ the celebrated tohn Stow, who!^ hand-
wiillug occurs on fbhos 45. 44, 45, and 4 5 B.
It then, somehow or other, passed into the
possesion of Mr. D. Ord. of Clare HrTI.
Cambridge, who was inaynr of Berwici<iD-
Tweed in irS6i, and from him ii 'nassjed to
the present owner. It contains Tarions
articles, such as a list of the mayors and
sheriffs from Ridhard I. to Ridiard IL, and
also a memorandnm as to the sale of bntdiexs^

I04

SMITHFIELD.

meat in the City of London in the eleventh
year of Edward I. It is written in Latin,
and numbers thirty-four folios. There are also
forty-six folios of the Customs of Smithfield,
in French.

I should not be doing justice to my subject
were I not to make, in connection with this
subject, some allusion to that celebrated
character, Wat Tyler, and his rebellion in the
year 1382. As readers of English history
know, this person raised an insurrection at
Dartford, in Kent, owing to the unpopularity
of a poll-tax of three groats per head
(equal in our money to three shillings), levied
on every male and female above fifteen years
of age. The first disorder began in Essex :
Kent then broke out into open rebellion.
The immediate cause of the outbreak was
that the tax-gatherers waited on Wat Tyler
(or whatever his name may have been*) for a
toll on his daughter, a strapping wench of
fomteen years, but looking full twenty. This
demand Tyler refused to pay, and, after some
altercation and other matters foreign to this
Paper, the matter ended by Tyler slaying the
tax-collector with a lathing iron. All Hert-
fordshire, Surrey, Sussex, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Cambridgeshire, and Lincolnshire, flew to
arms, and burst out into open sedition, and,
headed by the most audacious of their class,
committed the most wanton and cruel abuses
against such of the better classes as fell into
their hands.

One hundred thousand men (so it is com-
monly said) assembled on Blackheath on the
1 2th of June, 1381, and marched on London,
attended by one John Ball, an itinerant
preacher, and good-for-nothing fellow. They
marched over London Bridge into the City,
burned the Pahce of the Duke of Lancaster
in the Savoy in the Strand, and murdered all
those who were in charge thereof. Return-
ing to the City, they sacked many houses of
the great, and for a moment rested and
quartered themselves where Mile End now
stands. The King (Richard IL), a weak
and pusillanimous monarch, bravely went out
to meet them, granting all the terms they
asked for, and the camp breaking up, the
majority returned to their various counties.

* This was an assumed name, as was **Hob the
Carter." and "Tom the Miller,'* both coadjutors with
•' Wat%he Tyler."

Wliilst all this was going on, Wat the Tyler
broke into the Tower, and murdered Simon
of Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury,* and
Lord High Chancellor, also Sir R. Hailes,
the King's Treasurer, and other persons of
distinction, and continued his ravages on the
City, when one morning the King, with only
a few followers (men-at-arms) met Tyler and
his rabble at Smithfield.

On Satuurday morning (says Froissart) the
King, who was living in the Wardrobe (close
to where the Times newspaper printing-office
now stands), rode out to Westminster to
attend Mass at the Abbey. His devotions
being ended about nine o'clock of the fore-
noon, he mounted his horse, as did also the
barons who were with him. They rode
along the Causeway (now the Strand) to
return to London, but having gone a Uttle
way, the King turned out of the load on die
left.

On this day all the rabble, to the number
of about 20,000, were assembled wider
Tyler, Shaw, and Ball the priest, to parley at
a phce called Smithfield. These reprobates
wanted to pillage the City, when the King
appeared in sight attended by sixty horse-
men : when he came before the Abbey of
St. Bartholomew, which is in Smithfield,
and saw the crowd of people, he stopped,
desiring to know what they wanted, and that
if troubled, he would appease them. Wat
Tyler, on seeing the King, called out, " It is
the King, I will go and speak with him,"
at the same time ordering his men to retire
and wait for a signal to capture Richard and
murder the attendants. He then had the
audacity to ride up to the King, to whom
he behaved most grossly; whereupon the
King, being enraged, said to the mayor,
*' Lay hands on him." Tyler then addresed
the mayor so rudely that the mayor in his
anger drew a kind of scimitar or Badelaixe,
which he wore at his side, and struck Tyler
such a blow on his head as felled him at
his horse\s feet, when one of the King's
squires, John Standysshe (or, as Stow says.
Cavendish), leaped fr6m his horse, and, draw-
ing his sword, thrust it into Tyler's belly and
thus killed him.

* Simon Tybald, 1375-1381. His skoll is shown in
the vestry of St. Gregory's Church, at Sadbmy, in
Suffolk.

SMITHFIELD,

los

William of Walworth, the Mayor of London,
bom at Dartford in Kent, ^^-as a currier by
trade and Prime Warden of the Fishmongers*
Company; and he, and also John Stan-
djTsshe and Nicholas Bramber, were created
knights by the King. It is reported that
the King thereupon addressed the rebels
thus, "111 be your leader" (but Froissart
does not mention a word about it), and thus
gained them over. The King returned to
liis lodging in the Wardrobe, where he
remained the whole day. Straw and Ball the
priest hid themselves in a ruined building,
but were betrayed by some of their own
men, and their heads were struck off, as was
that of Tyler's, and affixed on London Bridge.

Richard was at this time but sixteen years
of age, and his conduct was meritorious;
but although many promises had been made
to the people, not one grievance was
redressed or pardon granted that was not
revoked It is said that from this act of
Sir William Walworth's the City of London
bears the basitardus or dagger on the first
quarter of the City arms,* the red cross of
St George on a silver shield; and it is
asserted that this very dagger is in the
possession of the Fishmongers' Company to
this day. Wth respect to this dagger of
Walworth being the original of the dagger in
the City arms I am by no wise certain;
although it makes a pleasing story and re-
miniscence to say so ; nevertheless, Newcent
in his " Repertorium" (voL L p. 484), says, —
"The said Company of Fishmongers have
likewise pursued another error about the
dagger in the City Arms, as appears by an
inscription imder the Statue of the said
Sir William Walworth now standing in their
Hall, which readeth as followeth : —

Walworth Knight, Lord Mayor, that slew
Rebellious Tyler in his alanxis
The King therefore did to him give in lieu
The da^er in the Qty Arms.

As if in reward for this service done by the
said Walworth, King Richard II. added to
the City Arms (which was Argent a plain
Cross Gules) a sword or dagger, for which
(Stow saith) he had read no such record,
but to the contrary, as may be seen more at

* This however, has been disputed ; it is urged
that the cross and dagger are much older, and point to
St. Paul

VOL. II.

large in his * Survey' (p. 237) concludmg
that the old seal was the Cross and sword of
Sl Paul, and not the Dagger of Walworth."
The red cross, the badge of the King, was
confined to his retainers and the free cor-
porations of towns and cities, and in this
way the red cross of England was also the
badge of the Londoners from the time of
King Edward I.

Henry of Knighton (Book V.) says of
Walworth, Lord Mayor of London: —
" Arrepto basillardo transfixit Jack Straw in
gutture /' and soon after he says — " Cum alio
basillardo penetravit latent ejus." In vol.
iiL of Meyrick's " Glossary of Armour" we
read that a Basalardus or Basillardus was
a short sword.

Under date December 7, 1642, in the
calendar of the House of Lords, there is an
affidavit of John Greenhill and others that
the Earls of Cariisle and Suffolk, with other
gentlemen, came over Smithfield at one o'clock
in the morning and rode on, though the
sentinel called to them to stop: that at
Holbom Conduit they were stayed by the
constable and his watdh, towards whom they
were so violent that he was obliged to send
to the Court Guard for aid.

In the manuscripts of J. R. Pyne Coffin,
October 31, 1696-7, we find this entry:
"Wee have abundance of rotten sheepe
here and never more plenty of mutton. I
was told this morning that sheepe were sold
in Smithfield the last Friday (some) for ix. 6^.
a sheep."

Sir Abel Barker, Bart (1642 to 1665)
wrote to a Mr. Woodcocke of Smithfield to
pay certaine monies, J[,^ i2x., to his cousin
Bland, of the " ITiree Sugar Loaves," in Wal-
brook ; and to a Mr. Hart, a tailor, 75. 4^/.,
at the "Cat and Fiddle," over against St
Dunstan's Church — this letter is dated 1656.

In 1642 (September 16) there is in the
calendar of the House of Lords an affidavit
of Thomas Wright and others, that Captain
Davis, a pensioner of the Charterhouse, tried
to interrupt the serjeant who was calling on
the people of Smithfield, after beat of drum,
to serve under the Earl of Essex ; and said
it was no matter if all were hanged that would
serve.

That the sheep pens existed in Smithfield
in 1645 is evident from a letter of Baiker to

io6

SMITHFIELD.

his brother Collin, about paying ^lo to
Robert Mackworth, which the latter could
receive at the **Adam and Eve, over
against the Sheep Pens ; " as also from a letter
from Sir Abel Barker's sister, in which she
says, under date September lo, 1648, "My
Brother has appointed Edward Scotney to
pay you £^\o whom you shall find at the
* Adam and Eve,' in Smithfield."

This Sir Abel is always writing of, or from,
Smithfield in 1645. He gives directions
about a mare, and again about the sale of his
sheep here. Again, in 1646, he desires Mr.
Augustine Crofts, at the "Nag's Head," in
the Old Bailey, " near the Pumpe," to call
upon one Mr. Peter Woodcocke, at the
" Adam and Eve," near Smithfield Pens, for
certain moneys in payment of Mrs. Barker's
purchases. The purchases, which are set out
at length, may perhaps interest the ladies of
the present day ; — " 3 ells of Black Tabba
(query tabinet), grass Green or Willow Green,
as will make me a petticoate and Stomacher,
and make it up with as much Gold and Silver
Bone Lace, of about 25. dd, per Yard, as will
go once about and twice up before. I would
you would buy me a Winter Serge Gown, of
a Green colour ; also a riding Cote and hood
of Scarlet Seige, and let Your Wife buy me a
boi^ett of Cufifs of the neatest fashion, and a
love hood and a double Curie Hood, and a
dozen pairs of Band Strings of various
Colours." She also orders several Yards of
Bone Lace, and Ells of Ribbon, some silk
and Silver, and some of Taffety. This order
is dated September 10, 1648.

Richard Gorges writes to Lord Hatton, in
one of a series of ninety-one letters sent
during the years 1690 to 1700, to the effect
that he "Does not believe the Dutch
Government could or can do them or the
Public any good to preserve peace. Smith-
field is so overstocked with cattle that the
price has fallen 5^. in the ;£i, and hay is to
be bought at;£'3 5^. per load."

The Customs of Smythfield were in the
time of Henry IIL, as found in the " Liber
Albus" of London, for every Cow, Ox, full
grown (the franchise excepted), id. ; for every
Dozen Sheep, \d,\ if less than dozen, \d. \
and if one only, then \d. "If Foreign
Dealers bring Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Swine be-
tween the feast of St. Martin (November 11)

and Christmas, they shall give to the Bailiff
the third best Beast after 5ie two best — and
make such other satisfaction to the Bailiff
before they enter the County of Middlesex*
If the Bailiff takes an Ox or Cow for Scavage
upon the field of the value of a Mark or
more, the Bailiff is bound to return 40 pence
for the hide. If a foreign dealer brings lean
Swine for sale between Hokeday (2nd Tues-
day in Easter) and Michaelmas, he shall give
the bailiff the third best Pig after the two best
unless he pay a fine unto &e Bailiff of td. or
12 pence."

The various inns mentioned as being
located in the neighbourhood of Smithfield
are the " Adam and Eve," the " Bell," the
"Rose," and other comely buildings up to
Hosier Lane. Smithfield pond, in old tunes
called the Horse-pool, was a ^at piece of
water. In the 6th year of King Henry V.
a new building was made between the said
pool and the River of Wells, or Tummill
Brook, in a place called the Elms ; and this
was the place of execution for offenders
until the buildings so increased that not an
elm remained to hang men on. Old John
Stow, in his black letter edition, says that
" the encroachments and inclosure are to Old-
bourne to Cow bridge (Cow Cross Street) and
from this to Cock Lane, over about by Pye
Comer, so great, whereby there remaineth to
Smittfield but a small portion of the old uses,
to wit. Market for Horses and Cattle, Military
exercises, Justings and Toumings and
Triumphs."

These jousts and tournaments were held
here in the reigns of Edward III., Richard
II., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., and
Edward IV., and the Mayor of London was
obliged, by his office, to attend the wrestling
on St Bartholomew's Day.

With respect to the hangings whidi took
place here, I may perhaps mention that Sir
William Wallace, of Scotland, was hanged on
a high gallows at the Elms, and cut down
before life had completely left ; his body was
cruelly dismembered and quartered on the
33rd of August, A.D. 1305 ; also (hat his head
was exposed on a pole at London Bridge,
one arm was sent to Newcastle, the left arm
to Berwick, his right leg to Perth, and his
lefl to Aberdeen. Under date January 28,
169!, we read : " Yesterday being our execu-

lion-day, mauy bighwa)-meii weie executed at
Tibum ; Wtimey, the ringleader, was earned
in a Cart nith them, but had his reprieve at
the Galloui-s and brought b^ck on Horse-
back behind one of the Sheriffs officers,"
February 4, 169I :— "The Grand High-
wayman "ttTiitney, notwithstanding his re-
prieve, was executed at Cow Cross, near
Stnithfield, on Wednesday last"

Vac 'ltc^0cI3ta^t fDiniaturc.

deCuiIC of positive evidence as to
the person from whose mortal
remains this relic was painted, we
must rely upon what the picture

cast, was convinced that it was the Oiriginal
from which the Kesselstadl portrait (said to
be that of Shakspeare) was copied (ante,
p. 64). Assuredly, no one, coming fresh to
this inquiry, and seeing first the picture, and
secondly ^e cast, would for an instant be-
lieve that in the latter he sees the original of
the former. Readers nf this magazine may
very easily judge for themselves : they have
had two excellent woodcuts of the cast,
and here they are presented nith ^1 equally
good one of the picture,

Eudently there is not the least likeness
between them. The very proportions of the
two faces, to say nothing of contour and ex-
pression, are discrepant. Lord Ronald Gower
lias gone far beyond the voucher of his facts
when he writes: — "That this cast is the
original of the Kesselsiadt corpse-picture,

tells [IS. It is a mim^lu7e, painted in oils 0:1
parchment, in the style of the Vandyke
School, and represents a corpse lying in
state on a bier, the head crowned with bays
or laurels. It is usually assumed to have
been painted from " the Shakspeare Death-
Mask," of which Lord Ronald Gower has
giren an interesting account in The Anti-
quary (see p. 63, anlt). Dr. Ernest Becker,
the owner of both, appears to be responsible
for this assumption. Now, the one weak
pnint in Dt. Stoker's narrative is the asser-
doo that bis brother Ludwig, on seeing the

alH'ay^ considered in that family as being
that of Shakspeare, there is litde reason to
doubt" For the last half-dozen words read,
"there is no reason to believe." Wretched
man be his dole if Dr. Becker had no better
reason for his identiiicadon of the cast as
that preserved in the Kesselstadl collection,
tlian the resemblance between it and the
corpse-pictuie. It need not be questioned
that he had ; but his case is not improved by
the pretence that these two represent one
person : for the picture cannot possibly be
a potHait of Shakspeare. In the first place,

io8

THE KESSELSTADT MINIATURE.

it IS so very like a well-known portrait in the
Dulwich Gallery, that the first impression
one would receive from it, apart from pre-
judice, is, that it represents Ben Jonson.
This impression is confirmed by the date in
the upper part of the picture — viz., a.d. 1637,
the year of Jonson's death ; for assuredly no
painter would place there any date other
than the date when the body was lying in
state.

The most probable conclusion to be drawn
from the picture, assuming that it is the one
which was in the Kesselstadt collection up
to 1843, ^ t^t ^6 original collector obtained
not only Gerard Johnson's plaster mask of
Shakspeare, but also an original picture of
Ben Jonson lying in state. If this be the
fact, I need not point out the immense in-
crease of interest and value which accrues to
this curious relic. I write with a photograph
before me, taken from the Dulwich portrait
of Ben Jonson ; and I can only regret that
I am not able to give a woodcut from
it, in confirmation of what I have said.
The woodcut of the little picture I owe to
the kindness and generosity of Mr. Parker
Norris, of Philadelphia, who had obtained it
for a projected work of his on the extant
portraits of Shakspeare.

C. M. Ingleby.

H nDonaetic Hccount^BooIi,
temp. l)cnr^ IPUU

|MONG the records of the so-called
Ancient Miscellanea of the Queen's
Remembrancer's side of the Exche-
quer, there is a collection of docu-
ments which have been arranged in chrono-
logical order under the general title of
"Abbeys' Temporalities." A search among
these monastic odds and ends — some of the
sparse relics of the religious houses suppressed
in two batches during the reign of Henry
VIII. — has produced a volume which at
least deserves something more than a passing
notice. The old book, which still retains its
original parchment cover, now nearly 400
years old, consists of sixty-nine paper leaves,
which of late years have been carefully re-

paired, so that for the purposes of consulta-
tion the volume is in as good condirion as it
was at the time when it was written. It is offi-
cially described as " Accounts chiefly of the
Cellerar of the Abbey of Bardney, in Lincoln-
shire, 19-23 Hen. VIII.," but the contents,
as the extracts will show,^ are of the most
varied character. The volume is rather in
the nature of a rough register kept by some
such official as the Treasurer of the House,
one whose duty it would be to look after the
revenues of the monastery generally. Every
branch of profit to the abbey would appear to
be represented by the accounts of the " cus-
todes " of the different departments. Thus
we have the profits arising fix>m the sale of
all kinds of live stock, of sheep, lambs,
horses, and foals; further on we find an
account of moneys derived from wool and the
hides of cows and oxen, among which there
is an item "pro pelle vaccina mortua de
morina" which illustrates the economical ten-
dencies of these monks, and further, that they
were not hampered by any sanitary regula-
tions with regard to diseased catUe. The
wood accounts are also noticeable, containing
such items as wood, called " cropkydes,''*
gross (i.e, large) timber, termed ^'spens-
kyddes," and " broken wode." Passing on,
we meet with a very different style of account^
that of the " Gustos Novidorum," in which
we find the following entry : " £t solutum
Magistro Grammatice Instructori novidonim
— ^Ixxiijx. iiij^. Item, solutum pro libris gram-
maticalibus emptis pro novidis — yi)s, iiijidl,
making a total of jC4 os. &/. These are
interesting items, but it is unfortunate that
the marginal entry, " Exibudo Scolaris Can-
tibrig,'" on the next page, contains no details.
Immediately following, we have the account
of the ''Gustos prostradonis arboram ac
plasterstakes," and a statement of Bardney
repairs. But it is not our intention to
examine into the nature or analyse the con-
tents of these accounts of revenue ; they are
merely cited to give some idea of the general
contents of the quaint volume now under
notice. Our real aim is to draw attention to
some curious memoranda which are scattered
up and down the pages of the book, uppar
rently jotted down in leisure moments by the
official who had charge of this volume. We ^

* Kid, a faggot — HoUiweiL

A MONASTIC ACCOUNTBOOK, TEMP. HENRY VIIL

109

will start with a recipe, one of several re-
corded on the same page : —

A MEDECVX FOR THE AXES.

Take the Jose of Camym^dle or els the Josse ot
Wormwode and a quandte of sag' and goode ale and
dzynke ix dajea and the podcnt shalbe bole by the
grace of god.

As a fitting sapplement to this invaluable
bat cautioosly worded remedy, we cannot ^o
better than place in juxtaposition with it
some noteworthy maxims for the preservation
of good health, which are recorded by the
same scribe: —

To rise betymes h jm selff to recreate

to look well to hjs owne & so to kepe a sobre state

koge or he ete h, and not to soap late

To ley hye «* hys hede & to slepe moderate

Makech man riche long lyeff & fortmiate.

This soand and practical advice prefaces a
reracxi of die '^ Seven Ages of Man,'' which
for its qnaintness, if for no other reason, is
<Itiite worthy of rcprodaction.

THE AGE OF MAX LYVIXG IX THE

WORLD.

The ffTA age is Infimcye & lasteth from the byrth

Tnto Tv^ yere of age
The secoBd b childhnde and endewrith Tnto zr yere

of age
fhe thyrd age is adolenscye & eodnretbe vnto zzr

yere of age
The iDiirte age is yooth and endoredi Tnto l** yere ot

[The fifth age is omitted.]
The seat age b prudence and lasteth onto Izx yere of

The Tij age is Crokid and kune and lasteth Tuto dcth.
The fori^oing natnrally suggests another
^^ Seven Ages," and it is curioos to note how
well the subdivisions here given will soit
those instanced by the poet : — ^The infimt, the
school-boy, the lover, the soldief , the justice,
^the lean and slipper'd pantaloon,'' and
lasdy, '^ second childishness." As we have
notcxl, however, the justice

In fiur road befly, widi good capon fined,
Withms serere, and beard of formal est.
Fun of wise saws and modem instances,

is omitted from the monk's catalogue, so
that we are unable to determine with abso-
lute certainty his extreme limit of this age,
though we shall probably be not hi out in
placing it midway between the fifty and
seventy limits.

From this the txansitioo to chronology is
easy, idiich the same authority also divides
into

THE AGES OF THE WARLD FROM
ADAM FORWARD.

The ^rrst age of the Warid ti frome Ad^ Tnto Xoe is

ijmxxl yeres.
The Secoixl Age ffinom Xoe Tnto Abnh*m is m^Ix

The thyrd age from Abcah*m Tnto Moises ^ nm
The fourth age fiorae Moises Tnto K] _

iiiij*xxx yeres.
The flfyft age from SLyng Diwnd Tnto tz*nsnig*con of

babilon T*yere&
The tI* age from the tz*nsmig*ooa of hahiinn Tnto the

comyng of o' SaTio' Jhn Criste T'lxxzix yeres.
The Tij* age frome Jhn Criste Tnto the end of the

wax id whereof the yeres be not nowmbezed.
The yerys finome the begynnyng of the Waxld Tnto dK

Xatinite of o' lord Jhn Criste are TM^*lxzziz.

We may compare with this an
rom Tig^s Chrmudo^ on the same

^'Undcr the uncertainty of the chronology
of the darker times, many divide the time
between the Creaticm and Birth of Christ
into "six ages." The first age was 1650
years, from the Creation to the Deluge; the
seamd from the Deluge to Aixaham's enter-
ing r*-anaan qt 426 years, terminating in
2(^3; the third was from Abraham to Moses
quitting Egypt, 430 years, ending ajc 2513 ;
the fovodi from the leaving Egypt to die
building of the Temf^ by Soiomoo, 479
years, ending km. 2992 ; the fifdi age firom
the building of the Temple to the destructioo
of Jerusalem, 434 years, ending 3416 ; tlK
sixth age from the Babylonish Captivity to'
the Birth of Christ, 584 years, ending km.
4000, or 4004 before the vulgar reckoning.'*

The miscdhneoos statistical and geogo-
phical memoranda which complete the page
are exceedingly curious, and it would be
interesting to know from what sources the
information was derived. The reading of
the number of the parish churches is aoflie-
what uncertain : an/2^q[>eais to be inserted,
and it is not quite d^ whether the ict3>e
intended 48,822 or 18,822. The latter was
doubtless the more probable figure, though
there are reasons for believing that &
larger number was intended-^

* SogroK was the igDOianoe of natinna] ftatirt i ci
preraleBt in the reign of Henry VIIL, that an ofaMr*
Tant and conacicntioas member of the Inns of Govt,
Mr, Simoa Fish, coald grardy teQ the pobGCp in hit
Doced address to Henry VIU., styled the '* Sopplka-
tioa of Bcgnrs," that there were 52,000 panh
chsrchcs wUnm the realms of Fnyfamd, and oonkl
found opon this statement a methodicad calcoktiGQ of
eoasklaftfale imooKtBaee. The chnchcs ior

WL I81S woe 11,742.

A MONASTIC ACCOUNT'BOOK, TEMP. HENRY VIII.

Memorandum, that there l)ene in england of parich-

diyrches x[l]viijmMij*Jcxij.
Item, there bene townes besides Cities & cartels

— lijm^Ixxx.
Item, there bene in England of Byshopriches — x\'ij.
Item, there bene of Schyres or Counties in england to

the nombre of xxxyj*".
Item, the lenght of england is from Catcney [Caith-
ness] in the marche of Scotland to totnes in Devon-

shire iiij' myles.
Item, the Bred of england is fromc sanct dauys

[St. David'sl in Wales vnto Dover iij" myles.
Item, england is in Compasse round about iiijm^'iij^'lx

myles.
Memorandum, thdt the Summa of xv in England is

xxxviijm»*ix^xx//. ixj. oh.

Before continuing our selections from the
Memoranda we must, however, here notice
two very remarkable accounts of expenses
which appear on the page facing the one
irom which the last extracts are taken. The
first of these is an account of the " extraordi-
nary" payments of William, Abbot of Bard-
ney, from the time of his election " vsque in
hodiemum diem," viz., 20th Dec. 21 Hen.
VIII. (a.d. 1529). Among the items are : —
a payment of JS^ioo to King Henry the
Seventh for his royal assent; £,\2 \2s. od.
for Chancery fees, including those of the "Peti-
bag f to the Bishop of Lincoln, ;£"s, at the
time of the election ; the sum of jQ^ 6s, %d.
for Confirmation of the Charter.' Then we
find smaller sums of 20^*. for the confirmation
of the election by the Bishop of Lincoln ; to
Dr. Wilkokes, then Chancellor, jQ6 13J. 4//. ;
to the witnesses of the election, 20J. / to the
Domino Suffraganeo for his blessing, 53J. 4^. /
and, finally, to the Archdeacon of Lincoln
for installation, 66s. Sd. Here, then, we are
furnished with a complete statement of elec-
tion expenses, the details of which have only
in rare instances like tlie present one come
down to our times. An equally unusual
account is annexed to the preceding — to wit,
that of the "Custos parliamentorurt, vide-
licet, pro expensis Domini Abbatis equitantis
versus Londoniam per preceptum Domini
Regis, videlicet, primo anno regni sui,
;^i8 I ox." This is the opening entry as it
appears in the original, with the exception
that the abbreviations are extended. Other
items of the same account are : — Expenses
of the Abbot at the Parliament in the fifth
year (a.d. 15 if), ;^2i iis. ; paid to Master
Brian " pro Summonicione Domini ad parlia-
mentum anno " ;^6 13^. 4//.; paid to

Thomas Heneage for the same, £4; paid
for the expenses of William Gierke twice
there, 22^. ; paid for the expenses of the
Abbot at the Parliament in the 21st year,
;£'26 4s. Sd. ; the whole amounting to a gross
total of ;^78 OS. J 2d. Immediately following
this remarkable account, under the marginal
note of " Cardinal" we have an iteiri as fol-
lows : — " Paid for expenses of the Abbot
riding to London by precept of the Lord
Cardinal (Wolsey) to wit, in the tenth year of
Henry VIIL, £l^ 6s. Sd." There are also
expenses of convocation, payments of tenths,
and other subsidies granted to the King ''in
partibus Eboraci, annis 3, 4, 6.^ Space will
not permit us, however, to deal furdier with
these accounts, nor was it onr intendoOi as
we have already stated, to have alluded to
them in such detail. We trust, however,
that their interest and their variety may
be at least some excuse for the digression.
Returning to the stray memoxanda, a few
leaves further on we find one page and a
fragment taken up with a list of dogmas ot
the Roman Church under the maiginal catch-
word " Sencio." From these we select : —

I. Quod anime corporibus exute afSigantur ^ pur-

gcntur in purgatorio.

et « « » •

3. Quod sanct i in celis tanquam mediatores orant

pro nobi:>.

* « * • •

7. Laudabile est et utile ut venerabiles Imagines
statuantur in ecclesiis in memoriamChristi et Sanctoram
ejus.

8. Quod orationes vivorum prosont defunctis exis*
tentibus in purgatorio.

II. Quod Presides non teneantur de necessitate
salutis tradere populo sacram scripturam in lingua
vulgari quamdiu a>gnicio veritatis ad salutem neoes-
saria alioquam popmo innotescere posdt.

Pro racione temporis licet Regibus prelate et dero
hujus r^[ni ex aliqua causa seu judicio racionabile
statuere ne sacra scriptura tradatur plebi legenda in
lingua vulgari.

12. Quod prohibiti ab episcopis tanquam 8u^>ecti
ccssare debent a predicando et docendo donee se apod
superiorem de hujusmodi suspeccione pui^gentur.

The list concludes with a somewhat sweep-
ing form of assent : —

Assencior omnibus hiis articulis supndictis et
eorum singulis, et qui alitcr sentiunt, errant.

Doctor Crome.

We sliall conclude our excerpts by insert*
ing some culinary memoranda culled from
one of the last pages in this instructive medi-
aeval note-book. The items bring vividly

A MONASTIC ACCOUNT'BOOK, TEMP. HENRY VIIL

III

bef<»e us the abundant and excellent &re
provided in these monastic establishments.
A perusal of the list of dainties here set out
will at kast satisfy us that in the Middle
Ages ^ the monks — the mndi-abused and
nrach-mistaken monks — fanned the embers
of a nascent Hteratmc, zsAckerishedthcfiame
of a new cookery^*

Die Couous CHUsnt apcd Boston.
Cromete to Cicmban to Oere JcUy to

biUem

Venjsoo Badcen VentsoD

fiiesaDdc

Capons Rabyttes
(bakciiCapon)kdie Tiall

qnaUys
Stjnt

Cnstardys A Snbtdhe

ledie kMnbaid

1«^ damask

ASottdtje

frnttes

A Sottdtj

IXXT

The bill of faiefbramostluxuzious dinner
on a fish-dajy which appears on the same
page, is not assigned to any precise date,
but was certainly served, from the niunber of
the " messes^ being added at the foot

Ffyche.

Jyrst co^r:.

SecomU caufru.

Riss to PoCage
lyi^ and salt fvsdie

Crcmc of Almond'

Byrt^
Doraj

Buttes & {dace

Bremjrs

Bakende

Soolys

TniboCt

Baken tmbot

ffirahe Salmon

Cong

Rochys

poimc

Bakenbrcme

ieclie Damask

Tench

Rodiettes

fecbe viall

Rostde

ASnttdtye

f&ecfae poqxKse

Crabhe

Taites

ledielomlnrd

ASotdtye

Iti

messes.

• «(

Host and Guest,'' by Kirwan.

+ A festival observed on Thnnday after Trinity
Sunday, whkii is the eighth Sunday after Easter-day.
It was tnstitnted in the year 1364 by Pope Urban IV.
to commemoote a miracle.

X Chewrt, a onall ^—HaUiwdl.

i Bin, a kind of tmbot, rhombtu.—HaUhDdl.

1{owIan^^on tbe Caricaturfdt^

>NSIDERIXG that Hogarth's
mantle fell, to a toj great extent,
upon his shooideis, and that Ibr
nearly half a centmy hb name was
constantly before the wofki as the most sue-
cessfid humourist of his time, it is rcmazkable
that but little has been hitherto knovn to
the public respecting Thomas Rowhuidsoa.
This is scarcely creditable to English Kten-
ture, for, along with Gilliay, he handed on the
lamp of literature and political illustration,
thnxig^ die latter half of the re%n of Geoige
III. and die idide of the Regency, to
Geoige Cruikshank and ''H. R,** widi
whose woiks die present generadtm are
familiar.

Mr. (ki^o, ha\ang done his best to pie-
senre from oblivion the life and works of
GiUray, has again stepped foiwaid, and at
the veiy nick of time has done ^ same
good service to Rowlandson, but on a larger
scale, for the work now before us fills two
goodly quarto volumes, adorned, from first to
last, with some four hundred iDustrations firom
that artist's fertile and versatile pendL Most
of these are facsimiles, though some are
reduced in size, and not a few oif them strike
us as quite equal to the originals, whidi fetch
a high price among connoisseins whoiever
they are brought into the market As mi^t
naturally be expected, they touch, m(He or
less lightly, on almost every subject or \xs^
that can be named or thought of :

Quicquid agunt homines, votom, timor, in, ▼ofaiplas^
Gandia, discoisus, nostri est fiuiago libdfi.

The whole of the history of die Comt and
Cabinet during the days of Lord North and
of Pitt and Fox ; the controversies about Ae
Regency ; our long strugg^ against the greit
Napoleon; the inner life of die establishmeols
of the Prince R^entat CailtonHouseandat
the Pavilion at Brighton \ the episodes of the'
Newmarket and Ascot laoes ; die opera, die
theatres, and favourites of die day; the
gambling hells of die West End ; the canl- '
rooms and other amusements of Bath ; the

* "Rowlandson the Caricaturist; a ScJcctJoa
from his Works, with Anecdotical Descriptions of his*
famous Caricatures, and a Sketch oflus Life, Time^ and
Cootcmpoiaries." ByJosgihGiwx aivli.
Chattoft Windtts, PicoKliDj. iWa

ROWLANDSON THE CARICATURIST.

these, as we gather from his prefatory re-
muks, Mr. Grego his been for jeais a col-
lector, so th^ he has had the long expeneoce
of an antateuT to guide him in his selection
of what is gcTiiiine. The result is, that we
have before as in these two volumes as nearly

manger," declining to make his stores acces-
sible to our author, whose only and most
|deasant rerenge, we faiic>', will lie in the
feeling that by his present publication he has
probably doubled the value of the treasnres
so carefully concealed from the pnbUc eye.

complete a coUeoioa of " Rowlei-i" reniaiii.s The biographical sketches of Rowlaodaoa
ucao Dov-aulays be brought together^ for and his coDtemporaries, which occupy the
Hr. Harvey, of St. James's Street, who ia first half of volume ooe, are fiill of moat
ridi in thii nme line of cnriosa, seems in- tnteresting and valuable materials, rather in-
dined at prasent to play at " the dog in the artistically put together, it must be (

ROWLANDSON THE CARICATURIST.

But this defect, we feel sure, will be foigiven
by those who, Hke ourselves, have gone care-
fully through them from fiist to last, making
their own notes and comments as they have
passed along. From Mr. Grego's memoranda
we gather that the life antl career of Row-
landson was singularly uneventful. He was
bom in Old
Jewry, London,
in July, 1756, in
the middle rank
of life, and re-
ceived his early
education under
a certain Dr.
Barrow, where
he had among
his school-fel-
lows the son of
Edmund Burke,
and also Jack
Banister, of
comic celebrity,
and young An-
gelo, the fencer.
He spent a year
or two with a
relative in Paris,
where he care-
fi:lly educated
his eye by study-
ing the scenes
of foreign life.
His first contri-
bution — at least
accepted con-
tribution — to
the Royal Aca-
demy, was sent
in 1775. For
some years he
resided in the
artistic quarter
of Soho, and
took lessons in
drawing at the
school at the Royal Academy. He was a
great personal friend of Mr. John T, Smith,
the antiquary, and author of a " Book for a
Rainy Day," and also of W. H. Pyne, the
artist, who, as " Ephraira Oldcastle," was the
editor of the Somerset House Gazette. He
was taken by the hand, at an early date, by

Mr. R. Ackermann, of the Strand, who, in
pushing his fortune, was at the same time
advancing his own interest He made several
expeditions into the country along with his
comic literary friend, Mr. H. Wigstead. He
died in 1827, Two of the best specimens
of his pencil, "The English Review" and
the " French
Review," hang
on the walls of
the gallery at
Windsor Castle,
where, it is un-
derstood, there
is put away in
a closet a taiig^
store of his
other drawings,
made chiefly for
George IV.
when Prince
Regent

The smaller
vignettes, which
are scattered in
such profiiaon
through the text
of the volumes
now under no-
tice, must be
regarded as ele-
gant examples
of the versatility
of Rowland-
son's pencil, but
which it is im-
possible to de-
scribe in de-
tail, or to as-
sign to any par-
ticular year. It
IS therefore as
well that the
I effort to iden-
tify them fur-
— ^ ther should not
have been made. But the cataiagne
raisonnU of Rowlandson's larger and more
important works is very propeily arranged
chronologically, and most of the drawings
and engravings are explained in detail, with
ail necessary references to the history of the
rimes to which they refer and belong. TTie

EOWLANDSON THE CARICATURIST.

Westminster elections of Fox, Sheridan,
Hood, and Gardner; the canvassing of
Georgiana, the beautifhl Duchess of Devon-
shire, on behalf of her bosom friend; and the
riots at the polling-booths in Covent Garden,
as might be expected, occupy a very large
share of attention; and illustrations of
"London Cries" and rural beggardom, fill
up the gaps between the more important
subjects.

The chief fault that we have to find with
the book as a whole is its want of style ^d
finish. Enthusiastically intent on his subject
matter^ Mr. Grego apparently has no time to
bestow on his manner. The consequence is,
that he is guilty of many slips of the pen,
which are rather provoking to the eye and
ear, but which doubtless will be carefully
remedied in a second edition.

We give, by permission of the publishers,
a few specimens of Rowlandson's illustra-
tions as samples of the rest They will,
we think, be enough to justify our remarks
above as to his having inherited a portion
of the mantle of Hogarth. It only remains
that we should credit the book with one
valuable feature, namely, a very excellent
index.

an £00ai^ on SSooft^lMatea*

|H£ use of Book-Plates or engravings
of the arms of noblemen and
gentlemen, pasted, as appears to
have been the original fashion, on
the reverse of the titles of books, and after-
wards within their covers or binding, does
not, I think, date in England beyond the lettar
part of the seventeenth century, but long
before that period stamps of arms, crests, or
badges, applied to the exterior binding, were
common, and indeed generally to be found
impressed on the covers of the principal
coUections of books from the sixteenth cen-
tury even to the present time; a dozen
specimens from my own library are now
before me.

I. The arms of King Henry VIII. on a
copy of '^ Historiae Germanonim," printed at
Tubingen in 1525. On the reverse side is

an impression of that extraordinary, and to
our view profane, adaptation of heraldry
called "Redemptoris mundi anna."

2. The crest of Robert Dudley, Earl of
Leicester, on a copy of Polibius, printed in
1546^-viz., on a forse, the bear and ragged
staff, a crescent for difference, with his
initials, " R. D."

3. The arms of Queen Elizabeth, on a
MS. copy on vellum of the " Statutes of the
Order of the Garter," written in Her Majesty's
reign.

4. The arms of King James I. from a
copy of " Paradin's Alliances Genealogiques
des Rois et Princes de Gaule, Lions, 1561,"
once in the Royal Library, and sold by the
British Museiftn in 1769.

5. The arms, quarterings, and crest of
\^iam Cecil, Lord Burghley, firom a copy
of Sansovino's " Hist. Universale dell* origine
et imperio de Turchi," printed at Venice in
1564.

6. The badge, within the garter, of Henry
Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, " The
Wizard Early* from a copy of Bodin's
** Daemonomania," printed at Basil in 1581.

7. The arms and quarterings, with the
motto, Prudens non loquax^ of Sir John
Savile, Knight, Baron of the Exchequer,
who died in 1606, elder brother of Sir Henry,
from a copy of Littleton's "Tenures" printed
in 1591.

8. The arms of Sir Henry Shirley, 2nd
Baronet, who died in 1632, from a copy of
Weaver's "Funeral Monuments" presented
by him to Burton, the Leicestershire anti-
quary, in the same year.

9. The arms of King Charles I. from the
Holy Bible printed by John Bill in 1639,
being the very book from which the lessons
of the day were read to His Majesty on
the morning of hii martyrdom, as appears
by a memorandum written in the book in

1747-

10. The arms, crest, and badge of the
Bath of Sir Christopher Hatton, created in
1643 Lord Hatton of Kirby, from a copy of
the works of Gyraldus printed at Basil in
1580.

1 1 . The feathers and badge, worked in seed
pearls, and therefore not properly a stamp,
from a copy of Sir Geoffrey Fenton's transla-
tion of Guicciardins' "Wars of Italy," 1599,

ii6

AN ESSAY ON BOOK-PLATES.

presented to Henry, Prince of Wales, eldest
son of King James I.

1 2. The arms and quarterings of the anti-
quary, Ralph Sheldon, of Beoley in Worces-
tershire, and of Weston in Warwickshire,
from Somner's "Saxon, Latin, and English
• Dictionary,'^ printed in 1659, and on another
book his crest (the Sheldrake). I have men-
tioned these at the end of my dozen examples
of exterior book-plates, because Mr. Sheldon's
books, in which he generally wrote "/«
posterum^^ afford the first instance which I
recollect of the modem use of the book-plate
applied within the binding. His bookbinder
was evidently supplied with a large copper-
plate of his arms, which we find impressed
within his books ; this collection, called in
the seventeenth century " a closet of books,"
was broken up and sold at Weston House
in the year 1781.

An interesting Paper on the subject of
Book-Plates was written by the Rev. Daniel
Parsons and printed in the Proceedings of
the Oxford University Genealogical and
Heraldic Society (of which I had the honour
to be one of the foimders), in 1836. Mr. Par-
sons fixes the year 1 700 as the earliest known
date of book-plates, but admits that perhaps
some few were " wrought'* before that time ;
that this was so is certain, several being now
known firom the dates, and others from in-
ternal evidence, to have been used in the
latter part of the seventeenth century. I will
here give a list from my own collection,
formed in 1847, of some early book-plates,
after the example of other collectors in the
pages of The Antiquary, and also in those
of Notes and Queries, I do not think it
necessary to describe the arms.

BOOK-PLATES WITH EARLY DATES.

1. Francis Gwyn, of Lansanor and Ford
Abbey, 1698.

2. John Harvey, of Ickworth, 1698.

3. William Hewer, of Clapham, in the
county of Surrey, Esquire. Chief clerk to the
Diarist, Pepys. 1699. No arms.

4. John Manners, Lord Roos, eldest son
and heir apparent to John, Earl of Rutland,
1700.

5. Joseph Stillmgton, A.M., Coll. Jesu,
1700.

6. Algernon, Earl of Essex, 1701.

7. Sir George Tempest, Baronet, 1702.

8. John, Lord Harvey, 1702.

9. Charles, Lord Halifiax, 1703.

10. William Talbot, Bishop of Oxford,
1702.

11. Sir Thomas Litdeton, Baronet, 1702.

12. Ambrose Holbech, 1702.

13. Francis, Baron of Guilford, 1703.

14. Wriothesley, Duke of Bedford, 1703.

15. Scroop, Earl of Bridgewatcr, 1703.

16. John, Earl of Roxbuighe, 1703.

17. Robert Price, one of the Barons of
the Exchequer, 1703.

1 8. Sir William Dudley, of Clapton, Baronet,

1704.

19. Hon. John Haldane, of Gleneagles,

1707.

20. Sir Thomas Hanmer, of Hanmer,
1707.

21. Francis Columbine, Colonel of Foot,
1708.

22. William Thompson, of Hambleton m
Yorkshire, 1708.

23. Sir Hugh Paterson, of Banokbum,
Baronet, 1709.

24. Charles, Viscount Bruce, 17 12.

25. Michael Grace, 171 2.

26. John, Lord Percival, 1715.

27. Arthur St Geoige, Chancellor of
Clogher, 17 17.

a8. Mathew Skinner, Esq., Seijeant-at-
Law, 1729.

29. Edward Yardley, 1721.

30. Sir George Cooke, 1727.

31. John Perdval, Earl of Egmont, 1736.

32. John, Duke of Bedford, 1736.

33. CoL William Hanmer, 1739.

34. John Bouchier, Esq., 1739. ,

35. Samuel Strode, 1741.

BOOK-PLATES, UNDATED, BUT WHICH, PROM

INIERNAL EVIDENCE, ARE OP EARLIER

DATE THAN THE YEAR 1750.

1. Samuel Pepys, Secretaiy to the Ad-
miralty ; three different examples, ob. 1703.

2. Robert, Lord Ferrers, Baron of Chart-
ley. He was created Earl Ferrers in 1711,

3. Hon. Robert Shirley, ob. 1698.

4. Ferrers Shirley, grandson of Earl Fer-
rers, ob. 171a.

5. Robert, Lord Viscount Tamworth, ob.
1714-

.Mjrissjiy ox j^oox-PLdTES,

»17

6. Dr. Philip Biss, Lord Kiiiop of Si.
David's, transfciTed to He ickml in i*: ::.

7. J6bn HoDcs, Doke ot Ncvxssije. oh.
1711.

8. John, Lord E>c 1& VTarr. ob. ^T-j;.

9. John, Lord . Sonni i r;\ . oil. 171^.

10. Chailes, \iscoam Bmoc son sue bar
apparent of Thomas, Ead of Aik^nrr, ob.

1747- .

i^. Sir KiaMHiis XorvidL £ttFanct. ob.
1720.

12. Sir John Cbesttr, BBranc of Qbcb-
ley, ob. 1726.

13. Thoicas Stzadbn^ oc' Sl Donai's
Castle, Esq. (aftenraxos Sar Tboonas;. ob.

i73«-

14. Thomas, Lord Ricbaidsasi. Baron of
Ciamood in Sroriand 17^4.

15. Henry Virian, of Sndbzcr, Esq^ ob.
1718.

16. Sir William Fkom^ of KydaL BaioocL
Fifteen qoarterings. Ob, 1736.'

17. Sir Thomas Robsnson, of Rokebr
Ptok, created a Baiooet 173c, ob. 1777.

18. Francis Caini^gton, 01 Wotxan in War-

19. William BRsnley, of Baginton. ^^

20. Richaid Mostin, of Penbedw, Den-
bigfashire.

ai. Arthtxr WiBiasis, of MeilHooydd. Esq.
Sixteen qQarteni^;s.

aa. Sir Francis Fnst, of Hill Comt, in the
coonty of Gkncester, Bazonet ob. 1769.
A remarkable namptc, oositaining forty qnar-
tcrings, twenty on the dexter and twenty on
the sinister, over wfaidi is inscribed ^ Mar-
riages in the male hne" and "^ Marriages in
the female line,''witb the motto ^^Tenena
per vices simt ahcna." These eariy book-
I^ates are for die most pan veil and neady
executed, the wMTitimg particolariy being
carefiilly engraved; they are generally of
small size, the names and descriptions of the
owners often considerably extended : for in-
ttaixx,Mr. Pepys is thusdcscribed — " Samud
Bqyys of Brampton in Hnntingtooshire, Esq.
Secr etar> of the Admicahy to his Ma'y Kmg
Charles the Second : descended of y* antient
ftmily of Pepys of Cottenfaam in Camhridg-
dure.* TlMse are some few book-plates
which are of an ardsdc character. I may
mmtian that of John Holland, the herald
painter, engraved by Hogarth, and that of

the C-oimtess of Be ab u gu u gfa, eiigxaved by
Bartoioxzi in 170^. Bot genenlly those of
the laxter part of the dghMnth centmr are
less interesm^ and not so well erigxaved as
uie earher ones. Some afiec: what may be
caaed the pastoral style. sq<± as : — 1. Ben-
jamin Way, Esq., desgned by Gregory Lewis.
W«r, a shield of arms and qnarterings lesniig
agams: an oak tree, the b^net in the back-
groond : 2. &egory Lewis Wxy. Esq^ a man
in armoor seated on the banks of a lake,
leaning on his sfaidd of arms ; 3. WiDiam
Bmtham, Tinnnlns Inn. a shidd against a
tree, with the motto Jlrtms mmi:ta <^iohnstt :
4. Fxdhp Sotian. M^\^ another of the same
kind, with the motto SsiMretfaoa.

Of the boc^-pktes of the present day
Mr. Parsons jnsdy observes : ** The only way
which we now have, or posterity will have, of
diwi'mini a TTTig between amftirtii^ dates, is
the manner of the engraving. Jnst as in
aiciiiiectnre tlicie is now a revival of the
arw inn Fjighsh s^rle. bat in two adjommg
parishes may perhaps be seen two dmrches
being built, of whidi one dudl be in the style
of the Eariy Fngiish, the other in die Per-
nendicQlar. or nerhans the De c or ate d : and
the only way in whidi it win be poss&le to
hx their real dates h e r eafte r will be bv the
mannrr of die w<aiiiuiniihTp ^

Of literary owners of books, whedier his-
torians, antiqnaries, or heralds, diere are in
my ccdlection the following bo(^-plates: —
Edward Gibbon, Esq.; George Chalmers.
Esq., F.R^ SlA. ; ILSondiey. Bristol 1802 ;
Ridurd Googfa : Jeremiah MiDes, D.D. ;,
Mr. Huiatio Walpc^ ; Craven OrdL F JLS.,
YSJi^ ; John Gage. Lincoln s Iim ; Sheffield
Grace ; %MIliam Hamper, with his exoellent
motto Ltge sed digt ; T^Hliam Staunton. Esq..
Longbridge, die coDector of die invaluable
Waimkls hire library unfortunately bmnt at
Birmingham in 1S7S ; & William Betham,
Lister; Sir George Nayler. Garter: Sir
Harris Nicolas; John Kewhi^; Philip
Absalom ; and Joseph Gwilr.

Among pubhc hbraries I have specimens
of the book-plates of most of die coDeges of
Oxford and Cambridge, with diose aj^ier-
taining to the Cotton, Sloane, Haziqnan,
Lansdown, Bridgewater, and JFamboroogh
collections in the British Musemn. Royal
book-plates are not, I think, genenlly of an

ii8

AN ESSAY ON BOOK-PLATES.

interesting character, at least those which I
have — comprising Queen Charlotte, King
William IV., the Dukes of Sussex and
Gloucester, the Princess Sophia, and her
present Majesty — are by no means remark-
able. An exception, however, must be made
^ for those used by the Due d'Aumale ; both the
arms and the initials H. O. (Henry of Orleans)
are most gracefully executed.

Amongst modern book-plates I must call
attention to that of the Eton School Library,
an exquisite woodcut in the best mediseval
taste ; and also that of the late Dr. Hawtrey,
Provost of Eton, evidently by the same artist ;
those also of Joseph Walter King Eyton,
Esq. (one of them printed in colours), and all
of them admirable specimens of the best
school of heraldry ; and lastly, to the numerous
and beautiful book-plates of the late Sir
William Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., some of them
works of art in themselves, which will remain
evidences of his great skill in designing and
combining an endless variety of initials,
arms, and mottos.

Lastly, I would mention two instances,
among many more which might be noticed,
of those who have amused themselves by the
assumption of arms and quarterings to which
they had no claim whatever. The late Mr.
T. F. Dibdin invented arcoat of arms, which
he engraved on his book-plate : there are
four quarterings, representing the monograms
of eminent printers, with a crest, a hand
grasping an illuminated manuscript. And
the late Mr. Thomas W^illiament assumed to
all appearance a veritable coat, admirably en-
graved in mediaeval style, which, on his
showing to me, and on my asking, "Mr.
Williament, are those really your arms?"
answered, "They ought to be, sir, for I
made them myself !"

In coiiclusion, I cannot but agree with the
advice of Mr. Edward Solly, given in the
article on Book-Plates lately printed in
The Antiquary : " Never take a book-
plate out of a book of any value if by so
doing you destroy all evidence of owner-
ship." Wise advice, though it may not appear
to be in the interest of collectors of book-
plates I

l^evfevod^

E. P. Shirley.

PolychronUon Ranulphi Higden, with Trevisa'i Tnoii-
lation. Vol. VII. Edited by the Rev. JOSEPH
Rawson Lumby, D.D., Morrisian Professor of
Divinity, &c, &c. 1879. (Rolls Series. Long-
mans & Co.)

[HE period covered by this volume extends
from the death of Odo, Archbishop of
Canterbury, A.D. 959, to the death of Joha
de Temporibos who had lived 561 yean^
"sommet3rme esqwier to grete kynge
Charls !" As in the previous volumes of tlus editioii,
we have Higden's text side by side with two English
versions, but iu the volume before us there is aremaik-
able gap in the copy of Trevisa's translation contained
in the M.S. Add. 24, 194. The chapter in whidi the
hiatus begins is mainly occupied by a narration of the
wicked deeds and magical powers of GerebertpSy wlio
afterwards became rope Silvester II.; ultimatdv,
we are told, he made a compact with Satan, and is
said to have mutilated his own body. Precisely where
this mutilation is mentioned the gap alluded to takes

?lace, and the scribe continues with the narrative of
alumbus, " a priest who had some uncanny powen,
and was familiar with evil spirits," and wno, Iflu
Gerebertus, also mutilated his body. It would there-
fore appear that the similarity of the two narratives
caused a careless scribe to omit a long passage from
chap. xiv. to chap, xxvi., which, however, would
first of all seem to have been made in a Latin MS.
Fortimately, there are other versions to supply the
missing portion, which the editor has jadidoosly
availed himself of by adding in extauo in the appendix
another rendering; of the chapters not containrain 24,
194, collated with two other texts. We shall be glad
when this excellent edition of Hi^en is made more
available for reference by the addition of an exhaustive
index. ^____

Caroline voft Linsingen and William IV, A transla-
tion from the German. By Theophilus G. .^rondel
(London : Sonnenschein & Allen).

That the early life of the Duke of Clarence (after-
wards William IV., the " sailor king"), like that of
his father, was not devoid of romance, is n6w made
evident, if any reliance can be placed upon the little
volume under notice, which professes to be a new
chapter in the Secret History of the Hoose.of Hanover,
containing, as it does, unpublished love-letters dis-
covered among the literary remains of Baron Reichen-
bach. As Hannah Li|;hubot was the early flame of
George III., so Caroline von linsincen is now as-
serted to have been the early love of William IV.,
to whom she was moiganatically maxried. The
father of this lady. General von Linsingen, accom-
panied the Princess Sophia Charlotte to England on
the occasion of her marriage to Geovge III. The
General had promised the Queen to entnist his
youngest daugnter Caroline to her care^ and Uie child
had scarcely reached her fourteenth year when the
Queen begged that the child might be sent to her.
She did not, however, go to London ; but later on
the Queen's third son, Prince William Heniy, went
over to Hanover, accompanied by General von

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I20

MEETINGS OE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

was read by the Town Clerk, and acknowledged on
behalf of the Institute by Lord Talbot de MalEdiide,
and a similar address was presented by the Bishop of
Nottingham, as President of the Lincolnshire Archi-
tectural Society, and suitably responded to by the
noble President The Bishop of Lincoln then took
the chair, and delivered the inaugural address on the
study of archaeology, in which his lordship remarked
that since the last visit of the Institute to Lincoln,
thirty-two years ago, about a million of money had
been contiiouted and expended in that diocese in the
building and restoration of churches ; that this was
due mamlv to the intelligent study of Christian anti-
quity, and to a spirit of reverential regard for the
noble ancient churches with which the diocese
abounds, and that the study of archaeology, which
had led to such valuable practical results, ¥ras well
entitled to our respect on that account. A luncheon in
the New Com Exchange followed the inaugural meet-
ing, after which the party visited the church of St.
Mary-le-Wigford, under the guidance of the Bishop
of Nottingham. It stands on the east side of the
Ermine Street, on a spot of ground outside the limits
of the Roman city, in what is known to have been a
Roman burial-ground. The tower has been called
Saxon, and it is convenient still to retain that desig-
nation, but it is probable that it was built early in the
reign of William I., b^ the old inhabitants of the
upper city, who were dnven from their homes to make
room for the great military works of the Conqueror.
This tower has some later additions to it, as the para-
pet and hood mouldings, but there is no Norman work
about it. The nave and chancel-arch are Earlv
English ; the south aisle is modem. Near this church
is a conduit, which in former days supplied much of
the lower town with water. It is a picturesque
object, built out of fragments of sculpture taken from
the house of the While Friars, which stood on the
spot now occupied by the railway station. It was
rebuilt some fourteen or fifteen years ago, when some
fragments of monumental inscriptions were discovered,
but it is said that they were too much mutilated to be
deciphered. Near to this stands a house containing a
fine fragment of timber work of the latter part of the
fifteenth century. It has been ignorantly <^led the
White Friars, but is the remains of a house of one of
the citizens. The building next visited is called John
of Gaunt's stables. It really was one of his houses,
and there is good reason to believe that Kather^e
Swinford stayed here when slie visited Lincoln. It is
one of the finest specimens of twelfth-century domes-
tic architecture in Britain. The church of St Peter-
at-Gouts has a late Saxon tower identical in general
character with that of St. Mary-le-Wigford. They
are presumed to have been built at the same time, and
probably by the same set of masons. The nave is
Karly English, and until recently there was a Norman
north aisle ; this, however, was made awav with dur-
ing a recent restoration, for the purpose of supplying
its place with something more m haimony with
modem taste. Happily the Norman font, a stone
basin with a series of round-headed arches carved
upon it, has been spared. The castle was next
visited, imder the guidance of Mr. G. T. Clark, who
described this buuding, which is one of the most
curious early fortresses in Britain. Of the original

Roman walls some few firagments remain abofve
ground, as well as the great arch known as Newport
Gate. The present castle has been built in ao angle
of the Roman city, and much of the Ronian wall is
known to be buried in the vast bank of earth by wfaidi
the enclosure of the base court is surrounded. When
this bank was raised we shall never know. There is
no doubt that at Lincoln, as elsewhere* the old Tea-
tonic plan was followed, and the bank was snnnomited^
not by a wall, but by a wooden stockade or paling.
Such we know to have been the constant practice
both here and in Normandy in early times. This

Saling was probably removed soon after the Conquest
(r. Clark, who has carefully examined the masonry
of the walls, thinks that we may assign them to an
early Norman date. The great mmmd, with its shell
keep at the top, which is such a marked feature in the
landscape, must have been raised at the same time as
the banks enclosing the court. The soil o£ which it
is made was got out of the ditch adjoining, one por-
tion of which is still pretty perfect. like the court,
it was once protected by a stockade^ which does not
seem to have been removed quite so early as that of
the court, Mr. Clark pronounces the present walk
not to be older than about the time of Stephen.
Though later than Corfe (which majr possibfy be
Saxon), Cardiff, or Berkeley, Lincoln is nom its siae
and perfect preservation the finest ahudl-keqp in
England. As it stands on ground which beknigi to
the county, it is probably out of reach of deitnic-
tiouj and is likely to continue to be wdl cared for.
Mr. Clark pointed out that there were two little
chambers in the wall which were unknown to most
of those persons who are familiar with the place. — ^In
the evenmg Mr. G. T. Clark read a Beiper on post-
Roman entrenchments, which gathered togjcther in
small compass all that is known of the forttfications
of our ancestors before castles were built of stone.
The collection of the facts must have been a work of
great labour; not onlv did it indicate penonal'
familiarity with nearly all the important earthworks
in England and Normandy, but the Saxon Chrooide
had been gone through, and every notice of a forti-
fication examined. — Bishop Trollope read a Paper on
Little St. Hugh of Lincoln, the child who was
falsely said to have been crodfied by the Tews ; whidi
was followed by an interesting account of the Jews of
Lincoln by Mr. D. Davis, who has worked up an
elaborate history of them from documents pre se r v e d
in the Record Office. Nearly the whole of the facts

fiven by Mr. Davis are new to historical stndents.
t seems that the English Jews mosUv came origi-
nally from Rouen ; London and lincoln weie their
chief settlements, but they rapidly spread to many
other towns. They were not under the government
of the ordinary authorities, but directly under the
king and the constables of the castles. At Lincoln
they practised the rites of their religion pnblidy, and
had a synagogue somewhere in the ui^icr city, pro-
bably very near to the castle. The horrible story of
their persecution and expulsion is too well known to
repeat. It is pleasant to be remmded, however, that
St. Hugh of Avalon, the great and good Bishop of
Lincoln, alwa^ used his influence for their protection,
and that on his death the Lincoln Jews attended his
funeral in large numbers and wept bitterly. On

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

rzt

Wedsesdzy the ardbitectuiul section was opened
«mier die presuiencT of Bishop TroUope, when Mr.
J- T. Mackiethwaite read a Paper on *' The Growth
of & Parish Chnrcfa."' In the historical section the
Ker. Csnon Wickoiden read a Paper on "The
3 finiii»nns of Lincoln Cathedra^*' and the Rer.
Qamaa. Ferrr md a Paper on ^^Some Episcopal
Viafiitzinis of Lincoln CathedzaL*' -EACui^ions were
aftes voids made to Gainsborough* where they visited
tbe Old Hall, a thizteenth-centnrj stnxctore, now in
nrocesB of repair ac the hands of its owner. Sir
Hickman Bacon. AH Saints' Chnrch was next
impectBd^ after which the excursion was continued to
SlDar^ an old Roman station, sabsequently known as
Sidnacester^ whidi became the seat of the Bishopric
of die Lindisfiiri in 68i. «Vt the ts^&imgcjnzurrsasiimt
a Pkper on ** Lincohi in 1644** was read by Mr. £L
FcKOck, F.S.A. On Thursday the proceedings
farfnrfrrf the annual meeting of die Insdtute, a meet*
\b% of die ardiitectund secnon in the Chapter Hou.se.
aad an inspection of the cathedral and of the old
pahrr In the evening a reception took pkure at
ItiMbolm, by the Lord Bishop of Lincoln. On Fri-
day and SotDzday excursions were made to Grantham,
SkafcnU Heckzngton, Boston, Tattershall» Southwell,
Newark, and Hawton. On Sunday the members
itftgwifri scrrice in the cathedraL On Monday, the
fnfhirti i ig day of the Congress, the members of the
were mainly occupied in visiting and inspect-
the cfamches axid other buildings of interest on
Cliff row and neighbouring districts. Several
left the White Hart Hotel early in the
mnini ii g and proceeded to Navenby, where the stately
parish dmrch was carefully examined. In this village
once stood a cross* erected in memory of Queen
Elcaaor, bat no trace remains. The church of Wei-
bonne was then visited, and a Roman encampment
at WeOingore, of oblong form, and ten acres extent,
smuuinlfri by an unbroken mound five feet high.
The dmzdies at T.fadmham and Brantbroughtoa
weie also inspected. The members thgn proceeded
to Somcrton Castle, a building of the thirteenth
lentuij f , celebrated in history as the pl^urc where King
loim of France was imprisoned after the batde of
Poicticis* The party then returned to Tinmin, and
the coodnding meedng was afterwards held in the
Coonty Assembly Rooms.

LoKOON A5D Middlesex Arch.eological
SocilTT. — The annual summer excursion of this
Society was held on Tuesday, August 10, at Enfield,
when about eighty of the members and friends
assembled at the Grammar School to hear Papers
read ''On the History of Enfield," by Mr. J. O. Ford,
and on "TheChurdi and its Monuments/' by the
Vicar (the Rev. G. H. Hodson). The company then
in spected the house forming part of the old palace,
which contained a beantifiilly panelled room of the
Elizabethan period, and a chimneypiece of most
elaborate desuzn. Visits were also made to OMbury
Camp; to ''Durrants," a brick-built moated house,
once the residence of the famous Judge Teflfries ; to
*•* Tottf Hall," where, by the kindness ot the owner,
the fine pictures and house (erected by Inigo Jones)
were firwiy inspected. The next session will com-
mence in November, when the evening meetings will
be resumed at 4, Sc Biartin's Place, W.C.

VOL. n.

desirous of becoming members or prjmocog me
objects of the Society are requested I'j irpiy to die
Honorary Secretaries, Mr. G. H. Birdu o, Buddng-'
ham Street. Strand : or Mr. S. W. KershaV. F.S.A.,
Lambeth Palace library.

The Isdex Society. — ^Julyq. — Annual meeting
at the Society of ArtSy Mr. jankes Russell Loweil*
the American >Iinister, in the chair. The Report gives
a general history of index- making during die past
twelve months and a statement of the indesLes being
prepared. An index of titles of honour, indexes «
books and papers on marriages be twe e n near kin, of
the titles of sovereigns* of certain portraits, uf obituary
notices, Jkc., had IxKn published in 1S79. Tmiriri
are in preparation of botanical works of portraits,
of household books, ardueological papers. Fngiish
graduates at Leyden, topography, biographies of topo-
graphists, local engravings, plates in the iSeniiewtams
Jiagazmty painted portraits of worthies, works on
horses, special bibliographies* Dugdale's " Warwidk-
shire," Hutchins's "Dorset,*' Kembles ''Saxons,-
and Walkers '* Sufferings of the Clergy." It was
stated, in the course of the coundl's Report, that
amongst the proposed works of the Society was a
suggesticm for the preparation of an index of materials
connected with charities, as was one for the publica-
tion of an index of persons interred in the various
cemeteries of London. A volume, the Report stated,
might be devoted to each cemetery* and these indexes
might be the means of pointing out the burial-places
of many distin^ished men and women. ** The want,"
said the councd, '* of satisfiurtory lists of aldermen of
the City of London has often been fek, and Mr. Regi-
nald Hanson, F.S.A., has promised to supply a hand-
list of those of the waird of Billingsgate ; the council
hope that those interested in the other wards will
follow the example, and supply them with a complete
series.^ The cnairman, in moving the adoption of
the Report,expressed sympathy with the Sode^ and a
belief in the usefid and practical nature of its objects.
The chief objection made was that it attempted to
construct a royal road to learning. Jt was, of course,
impossible to do away with the necessity for sound
scholarship ; but they might as well expect people to
make their own shoes as not to use every mesbis of
obtaining information. One who knew beforehand
all that there was to be !>een in Rome was to be envied ;
ordinary people used guide-books. As to the practi-
cability of the Society s objects, as they expected to
depend largely upon co-operative labour* ttiere was
great encouragement in the fact that one man could
make an index tu the French language, beginning with
the earliest records of its existence and bringing it
down to the present time. That was done in no verv
great number of years. It was said of old that aU
human learning could be condensed into one volume.
It seemed at least not chimerical to hope that all that
relates to history ami Kience might be ixidexed. Every-
body who was m the habit of reading much made in-
dexes on the fly-leaves of his books. He himself had
always done m ; iiidexe* of topics, peculiar words,
proverbs, &c ; and if members and outsiders con-
tributed notes of that sort they would go towards
forming a complete index. It was proposed to make
an imlcx of the ** Traveln of dtsmo III, in England. **
Persona An index to the travels of all foreigners in England

122

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

would be of great use. In some of the obscurest there
were curious facts lying hid. In Pinkerton's "Travels"
there was a narrative of a German student who walked
through England and wrote an account, which all
present who had not read might be recommended to
read. The principal object of that meeting was to
obtain new members and more funds. He should
hope for some assistance from America. There was
no community on the face of the earth among whom
the hat for contributions was so systematically passed
round. Their libraries and their colleges were sup-
ported by individual contributions ; the)r had nothing
from Government. Therefore, there might be some
other collection for the moment which would obstruct
their own, but eventually they could look for help
from America, both in work and in money. It was a

Seat pleasure for him to be requested to preside at
at meeting, as a recognition of the cosmopolitanism
of the republic of letters, and it was still further
pleasure that it expressed the good feeling between two
countries which he always loved to cherish, between
two countries which should have no rivalry except in
common pride of ancestry and in competition in all
good works. Resolutions were passed advocating the
reference to a committee of a plan for indexing Roman
remains in Britain, and another for providing an office
for the Society. Lord Alfred Churchill proposed a
vote of thanks to the chairman, and trusted mat the
presence of the American Minister would give the
desired help to the Society, which had been doing
valuable work in the dark. The early history of Eng-
land was so replete with incidents that were common
to both nations that they might fairly ask for the help
of the American nation. Mr. Lowell was elected
President of the Society, and a list of the council and
officers was adopted. The meeting was addressed
by Mr. Hyde Clarke, Mr. C. Wallord, Mr. Ernest
Thomas, Mr. H. T. Wood, Mr. H. B. WheaUey
(director and secretary of the Society), Mr. Solly
F.R.S. (treasurer), Mr. Ashby, Mr. Gomme, Pro-
fessor Hales, Mr. Coote, and other gentlemen.

PROVINCIAL.

Newcastle Society of Antiquaries.— July a8.
— Mr. J. Clayton in the chair. — Mr. R. Carr- Ellison
read a Paper on " Anglo-Saxon Names and Roman
Roads." — The Chairman said that at their meeting in
May last a Paper was read on Centurial Stones. This
paper had drawn comments from the other side of the
Atlantic which required commenting upon. He pro-
posed to read the following Paper on the subject —
** At our meeting on the 24th of May last a Paper
was read on the subject of Centurial Stones found on
the Roman Wall. Some notice of that paper seems
to have been carried across the Atlantic, and has
produced a letter addressed to the editor of the Nav-
castle Journal^ dated from Toronto, and bearing the
anonymous signature of " A Graduate," presumed to
be of that University. That letter, so far as the mat-
ter it contains, would not have required or received
our notice, but as the writer professes to write with
the authority of Dr. McCaul, the President of that
University, our respect for that name forbids our
allowing the letter in question to pass unnoticed. It

will be recollected that Dr. McCanl, in his book on
" Britanno- Roman Inscriptions," when treating of the
centurial stones found in tne Roman Wall in Northum-
berland and Cumberland, places before the public
two propositions, one of them affirmative and the
other negative, to which, we are assured by the
Graduate, Dr. McCaul still adheres. The affirmative
proposition is, that the object of these stones is to
mark the soldiers' quarters. The n^ative proposition
is, that the inscriptions on these stones are not in
honour or in memory of any one. In support of the
affirmative proposition Dr. McCaul uses no argu-
ment, neither does the Graduate who addresses the
editor of the Newcastle y<mmal ; but if the learned
doctor, after having been informed, as he has been,
that these stones are, with a trifling exception, not
found in stations or encampments but in the &ce of
the open wall, and frequently in localities quite imfit
for soldiers' quarters, stUl adheres to this proposition,
then, as there are now no Roman soldiers to be frozen
to death in the quarters he allots to them, we must
leave the learned doctor original and alone in the en-
joyment of his theory, and proceed to deal with the
negative proposition — that that these stones, eadi
bearing the name of a centurion, are in honour or
memory of nobody. Assuming for a moment that
this is the case, that they were erected in honour or
memory of nobody, they must, notwithstanding, have
been erected by somebody ; but this the Graduate de-
clines to admit unless we can show that the woid fedt
or possuit, or their initials, are insaibed on the stones,
as well as the name of centurion. By a parity of
reasoning. Dr. McCaul would be deprived of the
credit of being the author of the book " Britanno-
Roman Inscriptions, with Critical Notes," because he
has not placed before his name on the title-page the
words ' written by.' The Graduate also requires that
the measurement, in paces or feet, of the work per*'
formed by the centunon and his companions should
be inscribed on the stone, as essential to the ezpressioa
of his purpose. By a parity of reasoning, when a
monument shall be erected in honour and memoiy of
Dr. McCaul, in order to give effect to its object^ the
number of lectures delivered by the learned doctor
must be expressed on the face of the monument I
Ordinary mortals who have inspected these centurial
stones, and the localities in which they have been
found, believe they have been placed in the wall by
the centurion whose name they respectively bear in
his own honour, and that for that purpose it was quite
superfluous to refer to the work done oy the centurion
and his company, its extent or dimensions. The
Graduate of Toronto brings to our notice what Dr.
McCaul' calls in his book the 'astonishing expansions'
by Horsley of the inscriptions on the two centurial
stones found at or near the Roman mancunium in
Lancashire, but he omits all reference to the still more
astonishing expansions by Camden of these inscrip-
tions. Camden was Head Master of the Westminster
School, and Clarencieux King-at- Arms in the Heralds'
College, and he wrote his " Britannia" in the stmshine
of royal patronage. Horsley was a schoolmaster
and Presbyterian minbter at the small market town
of Morpeth, where, by the exercise of his talents and
industry, and unaided by patrons or subscribers, he
achieved the composition of his immortal work

MEETINGS OF JLSTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

1^3

not given snffioent
tioDs, **Aliqiiaiido
Bristol AXD Gijom

juaxNuit die

beld at Strood on the 2UC Jair
days. After the pnciy
liad been tnnsacfced, tbe
cecdeo to MmgiiBnawipipa.
dwelln^
dweh a

and the foiert trees
M imiui A
^he partT miamd u
dajthe membeii ^Kitec W
tlie uppurtuniij flif

Camden's *

GibsQO, ako bf Sk&alien

ckyhant and
by wet and frut. Ik 1793,
Mr. Jolm Wa^ of Vm^^^S,
ridrraWf portiott flf Ae
in die q>nBi& I794r cxssv:
ad^cjuun^ bat

ieanuet if
lilts' 7 ffiwninf ine gmingra" ksdkk ibe Faien^ of
baa ' Hmarj of ^elh-. IL K. Wikix. Jl. £> Hnm and W. A. £.
vasL fc ^B UvBier aFSzs xtasaisiA ?aati''» a r B»: -wtdie ^^k flf
i^g.jm*> ts aa tbe |££t. Ttebbss SLuakei. eifttturc. ^ Tnr Juver m

'^ " fii£ of iwartirai

a. THUt iar loca. n

2. nflc Fl W. Ctjosc. F. Q. Kamwfk am

Mr. E- Fasfcr. Di. Lskt. T. T. EbwwrtiiT.

ttXK

Mr. i^ X- Var^V

fwueSi two of wbicb appear t& bavt vbo.

araD^ite for nwrtswat
^^— ^»< tJMria^ to tbe nnnuier
FaperL. Tac: M^vgr of TaoKS QSr. T
tiK Ton CooBc: f£ «he
besi aac ofisred evETT na
of ^K ttyvB ecBcaLliT. In. A^iwr x£

hb (nm^ maixss
ai lbs: iati"!!!. ***-»*'*^ ^"B** XI
exposciac o^ tbe iMULa: aqrr" of
vanuT J zTpiaaaed. £x=BrBaDs
far Tuitiz^ tae paces asc aaene of iJUffiwfc m

to bavc been fawnpoarf" of aboac 1.500,000
^"^ Tbk |M. > tjnmt «& of^ene^ k lK(2, a|;ak.
n I&A and laitik ic 1832. Ffxat WtMKknerficr tbe
i^.iiU»» aaade tteir way tu Hettf Vtg^'t Tmnp
and Uley Bnnr, tbe one a reik of onr Bsitnt and tbe
odier cfaar KonaB pmiLnmiiiu. Ovipet Honve,
of &e Owipen^ and Iiaanti of ^m
nest inifnaed. Oe tbe tbtic canr;
aaade to Piasairi Cat

FiooK. Afito- a Wst to Btfienr a

letuinrd bonemzd fayL.Tpiat: HtNnc, vnertr tbey were
l e iei f ed by Ae preadcoL Mr. J. £. DornagiaL. An

i tbni gtveb tties: of tmar ac oid
it is ttid tiK OaopCMKier rkf, was
Wiflicr, aac Catcsbv. At
tbe e t tJMa ^ ■ witin^fc ai btrond Fapcr^ weR read on
tte loIlowB^ inw^ming aabftscts -. — *'7ne Hiftory of
die WoolkD Tade,'' by Mr. C Fid^ne ; '* Ciotbkn*
TionUes" ty Mr. Cbmcfbnc^ ; 'Oid BtmMa mmr
StRMd," br Hk. C. n^K; •'FliBi Ifi^BMms of

I^anmooii. Towr

Fomenyr Castie, Xi aiiingLu c. HaL <

dreaed to tike Pe mun e m Hoc Sec^Krr. W.fiaxpii^,
M^A., F«C«F.iL. CbnriaEager Kjeoocnr. ^iftJiiMi.

-^}vaj J^ — Seoondammal geneial ntee _
ti«t aadit'Tooo: of tiie rhrrhaw. Hospra'.
cbestcr. Mr. Janae& Craoiey, F.S A.. F^zesiaeB:.
CTBir. Tbe Anmtai Kepon. wiikb li
adopted, sbowed tiiar smse tbe las: iniMiiifc. £fiT-mc
new members haxt joined tiie Socieiy. wbxdi now
Dambers 273 membexs. Tbe ^rr*w^- Tohime oc tbe
*s pidAotiaB, ^A lift of Wais

XLS

124

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

Chester, A.D. 1545 to 1620," edited by Mr. J. P.
Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A., and the third volume of
"Lancashire Inquisitions post Mortem, Stuart Period,
Part I.," edited by Mr. J. Paul Rylands, F.S.A.,
were announced for distnbution to the members in
August. A long and interesting list of future publi-
cations was read ; among them a volume indicating
the various classes o( documents preserved in the
Public Record Office, to be edited by Mr. Walford
D. Selby. The President pointed out the great value
of the work that is being done by the Society, and
intimated that an accession to the list of members
would be of the greatest possible advantage, as it
would enable a larger number of books to be printed
in each financial year. Mr. J. Paul Rylands, the
Treasurer, submitted the accoimts. The following
new rule was passed : — "That any member whose
subscription shall be two years or more in arrear
shall thereupon be removed from this Society, and
shall not be re-admitted until all arrears have been
paid." The Honorary Secretary of the Society is
Mr. J. P. Earwaker, M.A., F.S.A., Withington,
near Manchester.

Plymouth Institution.— July 21. — ^The mem-
bers of this Society had their first field-day for the
season at Plympton. The party first proceeded,
under the guidance of the President (Mr. J. Brooking
Rowe) to inspect the remains of the old Priory of St.
Peter and St. Paul, founded primarily before the
Conquest, but converted into an Augustinian house by
Bishop Warelwast, and associated not only with the
early history of Plymouth, but with the general history
of the nation ; for while, as the President said, there
was a very real sense in which. Plympton Priory
might be odled the cradle of Plymouth, it had given
hospitality to many notable men — ^kings and princes
among the number, and most notably to the hero of
Poictersy Edward the Black Prince. Remains of the
ancient sea-wall which kept out the waters of the
estuary, or ''lyn," now called the Laira (that in ancient
times used to flow up past the castle), from the Prioiy
grounds, were, he said, still to be found, and with
them the remains of an extensive landing-place. Of
the Priory Church, which played an important part
in the local history, and lias many connections with
Plymouth, there are but scant vestiges. The foimda-
tions of the western doorway were found during the
recent erection of a malthouse by the Messrs. Crewes,
and are carefully preserved, but shifted a few feet
from their original position. In the orchard adjoin-
ing are some of the walls of the nave and transepts,
and, excavating in front of th^ spot where stood the
high altar, brought to light a very interesting tiled
pavement, specimens of which were shown to the
company. The church was cruciform, with a central
tower, and of considerable dimensions (the Austin
monks were great preachers), the nave being 214
feet long by $14 feet broad, and vaulted. It was
built about II 70 by Prior Martin, the fourth prior.
Leaving the orchard, the site of the chapter-house,
where bishops and princes were buried, was pointed
out in the south, and thence (by the courtesy of Mr.
Williams) the party visited the quaint house con-
structed out of the old refectory by throwing a floor
midway across the ancient hall, building up a clumsy
stack, and dividing the space into rooms. It was

mentioned that this most interesting piece of antiquity
is doomed, which is much to be regretted, for tlie
walls are mainly perfect, with early windows, and the
undercroft or cellarage is a very characteristic example
of Norman vaulting, with a singularly beautiful single
Norman arch, the voussiers of which are banded in
colour, and bear an incised tooth ornament This is
by far the oldest part of the Prioxy left; and there is
a curious passage by the side of the main vanltii^
which probably communicated with a building adj<mi-
ing, now used as a pound-house, but trautionally
known as the kitchen of the Prioiy. — From the
monastic ruins the party proceeded, accompanied by
the Rev. Merton Smith, the vicar, to the grand old
church of Plympton St. Mary, built early in the four-
teenth century by the monks, as the parish chvch
of the district, which then embraced a far wider
parochial area than now. The church was explained
oy Mr. Hine to be a good example of the Perpendicn-
lar Gothic of the county, exhibiting all its old beauty
externally, but having suffered greatly in the interior
from the style wherein and the period at which the
restoration had been carried out The beautiful
screens, the old carved benches, and the characteristic
roof, had all been swept away . There were originally
five altars in the church, and the oldest portions were
in the chancel and the north chapel — the latter a fact
upon which the Rev. Merton Smith commented as
decidedly peculiar and not easily accounted for. The
interesting old monuments were inspected, and the
carving of the Annunciation in the south porch
pointed out and explained by Mr. Hine ; after uiiidi
the company wended their way to the third item of
interest on the programme — the Castle at Plympton
town. Here, standing beneath a magnificent ehn
upon the mound of the ballum &cing the ruins ^ the
keep, the President read extracts from his Paper 04
Plympton Castle, in which all the ascertainable his-
tory of that singularly interesting and perfect for-
tification are fully set forth. Originally, in all
probability, a Keltic earthwork — almost certain in
turn Roman, clearly in time Saxon — after the Con-
quest it was selected as the site of a Norman strei^itli,
which succumbed in the wars in the reign (tf Stephen,
and since then has been little other than the ruin
which we still see it— perfect as regards its mound
and moated earthworks, and still retaining enough ti
its crumbling masonry to show the full design of the
later works. The next point of interest was the fine
old Queen Anne mansion built by/the Hon. Geofge
Treeby — Plympton Hane — for the opportunity of in-
specting^which they were indebted to the courtesy
of Dr. Alldridge. The spacious rooms and elegant
and characteristic appointments were much admired ;
not one of the least features of interest was the
laundry, the waUs of which are wholly lined with
Dutch tiles. From Plympton House to the old
Grammar School, with its massive and dignified out-
line — one of the latest Gothic works <tf any
architectural value erected, in this neighbouihood at
any rate — and, with ~its memories of Reynolds and
Northcole and Haydon and Eastlake, such a nursery
of art as we have in no other foundation than that of
Elize Hele. Mr. Hine pointed out its interesting
architectural features, and jost^ a brief sketdi <A its
history and associations. Next the party nsited the

MEMJZX^GS OF ASTTQUAMIAJr SOC1EI7ES.

0^5

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Caslku itn Tunmir if rvtmdi imf am: tirhwrn 'itssL
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CBiiitBxxmi^ «ei»esnL a^gzB if ^^immxL wnrx. jl im lurdi
^wiiffMiifg. toinr Hii£ itimrrari jxtiiL. r!ie: leiencii s
laaaOB&'msSL'taa:. if *Cii]nmtt: C^JLuttm ^rtnch. •7iu;*s :ts
■ome innx; tiitt: 3' Jbbitnr -mmiK^. :vtxu iwried x ill die
iififiiifii viannxr^. jxui iut muxciL ±isi*:^ imit innitc
i^Tiot, nnmniro jewssxL ^xi^e aumnmfftns rti ±tt
Caw t ai s y &xnlvc. ^nm. ±20: it iie ILurl X^^ensr tu "die
fii&ar if !&i jrcseir !Tar?. ^!ll^ ihurch. ji ^niansci jl
Carunntt: 3tB^ icx ihurr iismncs irun iie umstf. JLc
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wml. ''•&■ £ fiimil Tudjdv ru^:'^ mn^^tixii. rrn.uisiti^ if
amnifnr iinH%. Txn Thnrches u' iiEnsni ituke and
I^TiiiijHifu -wmi liJKL ^'intisL. X annus T*gnint jl
K aji^imw tnnrrh a x fmuTRhing; ?nim^ 'jfu»s~dusmm:
tszK j iymwiu^ mc if iter :tunu Ji iie :hgniy^ if iir
Fiftifinnfl W^ttitBL r^e ^urr s. hsr j iirmer «;etun
^Hsamsmi^ x bifvr liffwn^ ^.tti l >:hes3txnr tunxii{;
MM'jyJLg^ ^m rt i p fi: x inc u lis tontt uiti LLtfU^ng- nr
die sismmusit;. x tuik :anr iiene.

IDbe BattmnTis flst^'SoctL

£i&ics Mmit jsnniiB 'lenm^t; rhxch liav'e j«en T?mnieet
JMUUU^^ uliisr Ctv jjuTvrhiai Tharties. jiihn V urteiL.
in irfi^C, ^wet -ti iie <>n«rTr '.wnonnv he '\^iim
BcsBc ^Jihmnk. iv -j»v *h tie .'hnrchxvruTUfnK vC "^t.
Bfittdhit'i^ ibilin^^ipn!;. ^ yartr rbr in mn md
^ mmffn -vrti i ^oufii* :iir lie itrecrinn il' )Jif9;en»^

IJECT ti; md inra iie vcaerFMte ill nigjir on^. X^ijao-
cftiM^wfl mdi t&r jnntyii risvcmmr ^tf ,^ oar, thr iur

^uur 'if "Ag 'pETsiL j£ vIInTKtnninTriT,. l^^svipxE IiirifR.
"" hnrmg' annr nmr k ~ing ittnnt •vtnci ilea its* irec
'ntt :i:i^ IT iisr ^iKngmf ^miuiti niisr ler ranxxi inn«-
£nmt mnuimsEL nr nml mutl Tine s^ my nlier leson.
iiiinuiL le mcust iniier iie iout «nne -vittiiinr tier
i:5iisH2ii: vF iter isesanns Trsc lad n mnn^; ' jx Jin^
K'larL rsxil lat iiiie W«ir«ff5 Cimnaiiy l cweillni^
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>ri nm:iL ' v : mu gK if ic <ntffni??n-. EL^aziiieao. ti irrxr!a&
m. iie Tiunistii:?^ -n^tr lesnns: Ijsnsr r^wi mxiusTR -nr
iie igr -^HitTniTtfff^ in, •^»*^ uissBun. if ^enr "TwtigT 35^
omzilni^ ir 'An»t dsBC M-rHwmtmr if itixBSB& ir ds'
311DH .. ^Giief ie 3tfisc^.- jl cjt""^ etf* jumevr :ti iaaa
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sf ::&e laroiii ifeircn. if Si Ijumis Im'^i.-^i^Tr^ jt

vmar^t isl Jiadc m 'hn iinwe- siled iie '" KlxuiiSL
•m. iie HuiiQ* ' md jirrtr isusmsasF Ji W^wiTtiy " j>w-
^ 7x9 iir ±e 'sasira if 5r. Dimsmnr»JL-dxe-2iiac
<ChuT:ri md iie nuiinwinn ag. if iie Ispn: if <:&£ ^eac
^eam. iier^;. Kaxiu?«t Tjnirff ie± xu:.. iir x iks
imroRse; md Ql^ x -pess: n l^*e onor yw^oam^ -vi^u*
inumd inme ti !iis {rac^e xn rsum&Bm :q izsir inr jib
MiaL ihr uxzz. D«i. TTtiimafi Wjhk .pcw: ra iie
tnsn?r% if rns iikthpsc h tc Dnnsan-oiKixe^Wdc;.
ite ssBchie if iie -rmr if x jonse ai omwde x iiimisr
iiF iie ^lan. "ihe v iiim t du p m ruaia^ jnd js nmxy^ if die
•rniHtfTTT yaasmaoers is x *vanid nsasonsbi^ «r^xe. ^nc
iie nimBr-was weviBrii ^ssxsui ti *¥n ^zasrses. J<ihiL
3KirTnn ,pi3«: iie ccaadne if Trrnrnp, ufer osrrmn 31x1^
wsiuui sjogi, 'less, mmie jl mead ituL mone^, cd iie
loesc IV iie inirinnera: < limnany in. <nirp%. ^rme. .md
de^ iesEixe nr i^bt l ^emtui inached dway Jb^
W^«:&iisKta^«nite^a]iBh. if -tt. Firfi. Ridiarri'Sliiid^
iiL 0(133; bcqnisatiust i[j3ii ^ >:ie laid lut in Isids nr
lunses. iie xsnXB "M ic mniled in iie -yscTmast of ^
mirry; f^^e^ ?T::dasr nonnn^ as ^ is ic wvmid (sx-
!teid%. Tti anil if iie ywr is -v/inid aesort m hear
auinnn^; ;jni»eis ir iie onrish ±nnii if if. Gilex'si.
C-rnme^KB. John 3imck3 j:^ -w iie pariidx if :§t.
Kciuttd 3Hssis^fftF :j^ jfU. v^ff*ar ti ke:^ iie psrisJL
imnn m neawr: Iil rTm? Suherr Dntve ;jaEo« X50 ^
iie <2id iiar iie -^rcsr ind Aurchw.irrtpns ^honid 5ir
cSweK TTGEwuniKiv -u 'S^var? «cecannn it ^fewF^stte, caoue
I 'led 31. le tilled, md ^atam crnnis na be idivterert
OL iie ■ycTBtavas uriisnd dir fifficmiiin.

3*;aat^wx2 3i:nK3. — HI E. ^iiraijiains «flv, in
X Btiirherham. pxpen if iie imbir if rrrends bo nTiwiny
inoks md ler^er j et unm ig' ±em» BEe 'SPfitBi : "* t sol
nv^f rmnus «rp«mi -^vhich Jirms 'lesn lent sc ^Qnnii»
::mex jU iiends mme .rcinsidenihie time a^i, jnd £
ihtinld le ^ad *n 'lave iuse lack in iienr piacai <iit
rxtv. iiu^ves. Ir s -vtth x -TiesiF if kggping- tiie nbjecr
'lefhre iie lotics if iioxe m tvttnm. ir zni^ (smcesn.
iiat t :mnbie -^na, vrth ±ese Uma. :iir Walter>icntt
•ince lent x "innk ti x liend. xnd is he {eb^ ir tn hnn.
'le^god iitt lie ^vnnid icir lAil m nemm it; iddin^.
:{0«tfi^.nmionredlv. * Aithoit^ mntx if my irifsuts aar
latt gnhmerirramg. iie? ire lU .p^id hntUi^ieepetH.''
Tn jnndtuaan. C 'lecf rti ^nvi iie milomiuc 4xtnicr
inm ^me -jnef'i yritv r^envs,. rsnlded •XacArtof
lank **i«ninir ' —

• I! it^ Jir rfoenser tnite iiereftv
List VTimsr ^niB -vns ifaaken ;

Cjf nflnh I!wi vox X ^uorer lel^,.
!9<ir joaidll mvc^rm^ Baaan,

126

THE ANTIQUARY S NOTE-BOOK.

The/ve picked my Locke, to me far more
Than Bramah's patent worth ;

And now my losses I deplore,
Without a Home on earth.

They still have made me slight returns.
And thus my grief divide ;

For oh ! theyVe cured me of my Bums,
And eased my Akenside.

But all I think I shall not say,
Nor let my anger bum ;

For as they have not found me Gay,
They have not left me Steme.* "
Universal Language. — Various attempts have
been made at different times to introduce a system of
writing which should ''roll back the curse of'^Babel,"
and make all men able to converse with their fellows,
whatever their country and tongue. One of the most
recent, and also most ingenious, systems wa» devised
by the late Mrs. (Catherine) Fitzgerald, a daughter of
the first Lady Talbot de Malahide. It was printed
about the year 1820, at Bath, by J. Holloway, en-
graver and copper<plate printer. Union Street, and
does not appear to have ever been actually published.
No copy of the work is to be found in the British Mu-
seum. Its title-page runs thus : "The Description of
and Explanation of a Universal Character or Manner
of Writing, that may be intelligible to the inhabitants
of every country, although ignorant of each other's
language, and which is to be leamt with facility, be-
cause founded on a simple and easy mode of classify-
ing our ideas, and requiring but few arbitrary signs."
The book is in quarto, and comprises a preface expla-
natory in detail of the plan and principle on which it
proceeds, and is accompanied by fifteen plates, giving
examples of the Universal Language as applied to
the Apostles' Creed, the Ten Commandments, the
first chapter of Genesis, some simple and easy Fables,
&c.

Overcrowding in London in Past Times. —
Ip the Record Room of the Town Clerk of London* a
series of books, nine in number, is preserved, entitled
the Remembrancia, These books contain copies of
correspondence between important bodies and indivi-
duals of distinction on matters relating to the govern-
ment of the City, its usages, customs, and public
buildings, and embrace the period between the years
1579 and 1664. Upon the recommendation of the
Library Committee, the Corporation have published
an analytical index to this series, prepared by Mr.
W. H. Overall, the librarian, assistance having been
given in the compilation of the biographical notes,
>Khich are numerous and valuable, by Mr. Reginald
Hanson, F. S. A., chairman of the committee. The en-
deavours to prevent overcrowding — indeed, to prevent
any addition to the number of inhabitants — appear
to have been continuous. Dated October, 1632,
there is a petition to the Lords of the Council
complaining of the multitude of newly-erected tene-
ments in Westminster, the Strand, Covent Garden,
Holbom, St. Giles's, Wapping, Ratcliflfe, Lime-
house, Southwark, and other places, which had
brought great numbers of people from other parts,
especially of the poorer sort, and was a great cause of
beggars and other loose persons swarming about the
City, who were harboured in these out -places. That
by these multitudes of new erections the prices of

victuals were greatly enhanced, and the greater nut
of their soil was convened by tlie sewers io and aooiit
the City, and so fell mto the Thames, to the great
annoyance of the inhabitants and of the river. That
if any pestilence or mortality should happen, the Gty
was so compassed in and straightened with these new
buildings that it might prove very dangeroos to the
inhabitants. They therefore prayed the Council to
consider the great inconvenience of these new erec-
tions, and to be a means to the king that some re-
straint might be had. — Builder.

antiquarian fiew9.

Sir Richard Wallace has presented a loan coUectiaB
of pictures, of the value of ;f 30,000^ to the Ipsiwich
Fine Art Gallery.

Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., has socceeded Mr.
G. R. Waterhouse as keeper of the geological depart-
ment in the British Museum.

The new choir stalls in Rochester cathedral, in
memory of the late Mr. Philip Caxenov^ have been

completed.

The Bishop of Lincoln lately reopened the dmrdi
of St. Mary, Marston, Lincolnshire, restond at the
expense of the Thorold iiEunily.

Her Majesty the Queen has consented to place a
stained-gkiss window in St. Mary's Chnrch, Boiy St
Edmunds, in memory of one ot her royal anoeston
who is interred there.

Mr. Ebsworth is busy with another volume^ to he
called ''One Hundred Years of Molash Records, 1781
to 1880 : being the Burial Registers of Molash Paruh,
near Ashfbrd, Kent."

A splendid bronze head, life-size, has been fixmd
near Olympia. It is the first specimen of the head
of a victor in the Olympian games ever foond in
perfect preservation. It wears the laurel crown.

It is resolved to remove the monuments of the
Richelieu fiunily into a side chapel firom the nave of
the Church of the Sorbonne at Pari$, that of the
great Cardinal alone being left in its present position.

Additional antiquities excavated by Mr. Rassam
have arrived at the British Museum. They princi-
pally come from Kouyunjik. Among them are three
terra-cotta cylinders of Sennacherib, and an Assyrian

helmet of bronze.

In making some excavations in the cathedral pre>
cincts at Rochester the workmen have come across
what is believed to be the site of a Saxon ceou

and have unearthed several human skulls and teet
huge boars' tusks, and coins.

M. Eugene Hucher announces for earljr publication
an elaborate work on painted glass, entitled '* Fein*
ture sur Verre." It will be copiously illustrated with
engravings on wood by the best French and Eo^lkh

artists.

M. Jules Veme is about to visit the pixiriBce of
Oran in order to explore the marble qnanies of

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

Kleber. He hopes to collect the necessary materials
tor a work to be entitled ** A Journey to the Land of
Marble."

A collation of the documents which relate to
Lichfield, Lincoln, Elxeter, and Wells Cathedral, by
the Rev. Herbert £. Reynolds, librarian of Exeter
Cathedral, is now in the press, and will shortly be
published.

The Manor House, Stoke Newington, where Ed^
Poe and other celebrities went to ^ool, and which
tradition connects with the times of Queen Elizabeth
and the Commonwealth, is in course of demolition, to
make way for a row of shops.

A silver spoon, supposed to date from the fourth
century of the Christian era, and to be a relic of an
Alemannic burial-ground, has lately been found in a
field near Lasbach, in Baden. It is believed that the
spoon was originally deposited in one of the graves.

Mr, William Andrews, of Hull, author of '* His-
toric Romance," " Strange Stories of the Midlands,"
&C., has arr^ged to contribute a series of curiosa,
under the title of "The World of Oddities," simul-
taneously to a large number of provincial newspapers.

The " Local Notes and Queries'* dei>artment of the
Nottingham Daily Guardian^ conducted by Mr. J. P.
Briscoe, F.R.H.S., the Nottingham Public Librarian,
is receiving much support from the local archaeologists.
Already a large amount of matter which will & of
service to the futiire historian of this county has been
collected.

Few people know the ultimate destination of the
stones of tne Paris Bastille when that fortress was
destroyed. Eighty-nine miniature Bastilles — one for
every department of France — were constructed out
of a few of them, and the remainder were utilised in
building the Pont Louis XVI., now the Pont de la
Concoide.

We are reaucsted to state, in reference to the recent
exhibition of^ Art Treasures at the Mansion House
(see p. 14, ante)^ that the whole of the Japanese
curiosities were exhibited by Mr. Pfoundes, of the
Nipon Japanese Institute, I, Cleveland Row, the
autnor of *' Some Account of Japan and its People,
Ancient and Modem."

On a little b<mhntr<U jour table to which he
succeeded, the Duke of Portland, it is stated, re-
cently paid probate duty at a valuation of 10,000
guineas. The table is 3 ft. wide, 2 ft. 9 in. high, and
18 in. deep. The top, frieze, and back are overlaid
with old Sevres plaques, and the mounts are very
highly chased and gilt.

The first volume of' a new History of Yorkshire,
is announced for publication. The work, which is
compiled exclusively from the public records by
General Plantagenet- Harrison, will be illustrated by
a large number of engravings of ancient manor houses,
churches, bridges, &c., together with the armorial
bearings of the principal families.

Mr. John Guest, F.S.A., author of the " Historic
Notices of Rotherham," which was recently reviewed
in our pages (see The Antiquary, vol. i. p. 167),
died very suddenly on the i8th of July at his residence
at Rotherham. The learned gentleman, who was

upwards of eighty years of age, was a diligent worker
in the fields of historical research.

A " Turner Fund" has been started in aid of the
widow and eleven children of the late W. H. Turner,
who, we regret to say, are left totally unprovided for.
Subscriptions can be sent to the Rev. H. O. Coxe,
Bodle/s Librarian, 17, Beaumont Street, Oxford ;

LGalpin, Esq., Mayor ; The London and County
nk ; or to the Old Bank, Oxford.

The writing table which the Queen commanded to
be made out of the timbers of the Resolute has been
finished, and will shortly be presented to the Presi-
dent of the United SUtes **as a memorial of the
courtesy and loving-kindness which dictated the offer
of the Resolute." The table will form part of the
permanent furniture of the WTiite House.

The -Historical Antiquarian Society of Grisons
have lately added to the treasures of their museum
one of the few Gothic altar shrines that still remain
in Eastern Switzerland. It was formerly in a chapel
belonging to the Mesolcina family, and has been
purchased by the society fix)m the present proprietor
of the chateau, of which the chapel forms a part.

An exhibition of ecclesiastical art will take place
at Leicester during the forthcoming Church Congress,
opening on September 27 and closing on October 2.
An important feature of the exhibition will be a loan
collection of ancient church plate, mediaeval silver-
smith's work, embroidery, and similar objects,
towards which some well-known collectors will con-
tribute.

A correspondent writes to Notes and Queries: —
It may be as well to chronicle the fact, that the Bible
on which Her Majesty Queen Victoria took the
Coronation Oath is in the possession of Rev. J. M.
Sumner, rector of Buriton, Hants. This interesting
relic came to him from his father, the late Dr.
Sumner, Bishop of Winchester, to whom it was given
after the Coronation.

A Society for the Encouragement of the study of
the history of Birmingham is about to be established
in that town. The Birmingham Historical Society —
such is the title of the new undertaking— is to meet
periodically to receive and discuss papers. Mr.
E. A. Freeman has agreed to be the first president.
The subscription is fixed at 51., and the first general
meeting will be held in October.

It is asserted that the ancestors of Bonaparte be-
longed to the illustrious family of Cardinal Bona, who
flourished about the middle of the seventh century,
and was in the highest veneration for his learning and
piety. It is add^, that in the armorial bearings of
Cardinal Bona there are three fleurs-de-luce, the
same as in the arms of the Bourbons. If this be true,
the fact is singular to say the least.

The death of Mr. James Imlach, a bopkseller at
Banff, and a local antiquary, merits, the Athemvum
says, a passing notice He wrote an unpretentious
but interesting ** History of Banff," in which he
mentions how in early life he collected materials on
the life of Macpherson, the Scottish freebooter,
celebrated by Bums, for Sir Walter Scott, and how
the novdist was led to abandon his project.

128

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

The old Town Hall, Leicester, which possesses
some fine William and Mary carvings, was lately
threatened with demolition ; but the Committee of
the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
say they have taken such action in the matter as to
save it, for a time at least. In this old house one is
shown the hanging stage on which Shakspeare is said
to have read his plays before Queen Elizabeth.

The Dean and Chapter of Wells Cathedral have
entrusted the publication of their " Ordinal and
Statutes" to Rev. H. E. Reynolds, the librarian of
Exeter Cathedral. The MS. is kept in the library of
Lambeth Palace, and is of special interest, having
been compiled by order of Archbishop Laud, in
1634, from ancient documents belonging to Wells
cathedral, which have been missing since the Re-
bellion. «

A slate tablet, upon which are inscribed the names
of the nineteen Princes of Whales, together with the
dates of their births, has been placed near the chamber
where Edward IL is traditionally reported to have
been bom, in Carnarvon Castle. The expense has
l)een defrayed by Mr. E. S. Parry, who was High
Sheriff of Carnarvonshire in 1868, in which year the
Prince and Princess of Wales paid a visit to Carnar-
von Castle.

An announcement was made in the Report of the
English Dialect Society for 1879, that Mr. Charles
Henry Poole, B.C.L., F.R.S.L., had undertaken the
compilation of a glossary of Staffordshire dialectical
words. The glossary is now ready for issue, and will
shortly be followed by a work on Staffordshire super-
stitions, folk-lore, &c., from Mr. Poole's pen, similar
in plan and arrangement to the same author's ** Le-
gends of Somerset."

The five-light window at the east end of Arch-
bishop Rokeby's chapel in the church at Halifax has
been filled with stained glass, as a memorial to
the late Mr. John Waterhouse. The window is by
Messrs. Clayton and Bell, of London. There are
now twenty-eight stained glass windows in the church,
including six in the clerestory, and another to Arch-
deacon Musgrave is about to be placed at the west
end of the south aisle.

We understand that the Bradford Times, a high-
class provincial weekly newspaper, discontinued some
ten years ago, will, on the 2nd of October next, be
resuscitated under the management of Mr. W. H.
Hatton, F.R.A.S. Amongst the new features an-
nounced are several specially interesting to antiquaries,
including archaeological notes, papers on Yorkshire
folk-lore and historical events, and notes and queries
in connection with local subjects.

Mr. John Henry Parker, C.B., advises the people
of Liverpool not to be in a hurry to build their cathe-
dral, but "go on with the choir only, finishing it
quickly, establishing service, and having a collection
before each Communion for the completion of the
building." He recommends them then to proceed
with the rest of the building as money comes in —
first with the west front, and lastly the nave, which,
Mr. Parker says, was the old Christian custom.

A manuscript of the Gospels, written on porple
parchment in silver ink, and adorned with minia-
tures, was recently discovered in Calabm by Messrs.
O. von Gebhardt and A. Hamack. A set of repro-
ductions of the miniatures has just been pablished at
Leipsic, and a collation of the text is promised. The
MS. contains St. Matthew and St. Mark. The dis-
coverers fix the end of the fifth century or beginning
of the sixth for both the miniatures and the text, a
claim which is not likely to pass unchallenged.

Messrs. Christie and Manson announced for sale at
their rooms in King Street, during the week, August
6-13, almost all the family treasures of Wimpole
Hall — the services of plate, historical poitnits,
books, and engravings collected during the past cen-
tury and a half by the successive Earls of Haxdwicke.
Many of the portraits are fine specimens of Sir Jodma
Reynolds, Hogarth, Sir James Thomhill, &c., and
are described in Dr. Waagen's work on English Picture
Galleries. The sale, however, was countermanded.

Mr. G. Buckler has lately issued the third section of
"Colchester Castle a Roman Buildine." It is a
synopsis of his previous pamphlets on the same sut>>
ject, in 1876 and 1877, and a register of many points
which have been under discussion for thirty ynn
past. In a prefatory note we are told that it is offisred
more particularly to those who r^ard Coldierter
Castle, the oldest and the noblest monument of the
Romans in Britain, as a monument of national im-
portance.

The parish church of Laughton, Leioestershue, has
been reopened, after restoration. The building is of
the Early English period. The side-aisles and
choncel-arch had ceased to exist The chancel has
now been rebuilt, and paved with encaustic tiles^ and
a new chancel-arch has been inserted. The rooC
windows, doorways, and all the fittings are new. At
the west end an old window, formerly bricked up, has
been opened out, and filled with stained glass. The
cost of the work has been about ;f 1,40a

Mr. W. J. Davis, of Painswick, has in the press a
work on the history and topography of that parish.
It will extend to upwards of^ 300 pases, and will con-
tain numerous illustrations, lithograpned firom sketches
taken expressly for the work ; as also Jbcsimila cl
autographs, maps, plans, &c. Mr. Davis's new book,
on which the author, a well known Gloncestetshire
antiquary, has been engaged for many years, will be
issucKl under the tiilc of "Short Notes on Pains-
wick."

Professor Mommseu's library has been accidentally
burnt. Among the literary treasures, which have been
destroyed are manuscripts of Jomandes, or Jordanns
" De (jetarum et Gothorum rebus gestls," belonging
to the Vatican Library and to a Colle^ at Cambridge
The sixth volume of Mommsen's " History of Rome,"
ready for press, was also consumed by the fire, like
the secona volume of Niebuhr's History, which was
burnt in 1830. The copies of Latin inscriptions
collected by various palaeographers for the Corpus
Inscriptionum have been partly saved.

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

139

Daring the rcstonttkxi of Bknkmsopp Castle,
NorthiunberlaiKl, which has just been carried oat for
the owner. Captain W. B. Coolson, some interesting
discoveries have been made. The old castle, whidi is
of Norman architecture, was bailt of stones from the
Roman wall and stations. In thinning some of the
walls, which were six feet foor inches in thickneyt,
some Roman tablets and other remains were foand to
have been used as common walling stones. Sketches
of the stones and inscriptions were sent by the architect
to the Rev. Dr. Brace.

Mr. William Andrews, F.R.H.S., editor of the
Null Miscdlany, has in an advanced state of prepara-
tion a volame of '* Miscellanea," consisting of a
selection of the most important [articles which have
appeared in the weekly pages of the magazine ander
his care. Many interesting antiquarian Papers
from the pens of the editor. Dr. Spencer Hall,
J. P. Briscoe. F.R.H.S., W. E, A. Axon, F.R.S.L.,
John Brent, F.S. A., T. B. Trowsdale, W. H. Hatton,
F.R.H.S., and a number of other writers on old
world lore will be included.

In July, in accordance with an ancient and annual
custom, the Swan Masters of the Crown and the
Dyers' and Vintners* Companies of the City of London
proceeded up the Thames in skiffs, for the purpose of
marking the c^fgnets upon the river. This *'swan
upping' excursion commenced upon the west side of
London Bridge and terminated at Henley. At
Windsor the capturing and marking of the swans
created some little commotion along the waterside,
five boats' crews in festive array being engaged in the
work of " nicking." The jackets of the men on the
Queen's skiff were of bright scarlet, the Dyers' uniform
was dark blue, and the Vintner's red.

Two large gold dishes, of great interest to anti-
quaries, have been temporarily lent to the Science
and Art Museum, Dublin, by Mr. Charles Kennedy,
of Mullantine. The larger one, measuring two feet
nine inches in diameter, is said to be the wedding
present of the Dauphin of France to Mary Queen of
Scots, and to have been given by the latter to Gilbert
Kennedy, Earl of Cassillis, a title now held by the
Marquis of Ailsa. The sinaller dish ia two feet in
diameter, and contains in the centre a representation
of the Adoration of the Magi in high relief. The
lai^er dish contains in the centre a fiul-faced portrait
in relief.

The following details respecting Dr. Allibone's
" Dictionary of British and American Authors" will
be found of interest. The first volume contains notices
of 17,444 authors, A to J, in 1,005 pages ; the
second, K to S, chronicles 18,150 authors, in 1,316
pages ; the third, T to Z, has notices of 7,550^
occupying 814 pages. There are in this last volume
forty indexes of subjects from Agriculture to Vo3rages.
The whole work contains about 3,500 pages. The
manuscript, as copied by Mrs. Allibone for the press,
occupied 19,044 foolscap pages, with a few pages in
large quarto. Dr. Allitx>ne has placed about 700
Smiths in his Dictionary, ninety-two of whom are
named Jolm.

** A disappointed American" writes thus to the Times,
complaining of the want of historic knowledge in the
guides who conduct strangers over the Tower of Lon-

don : — ** Sir, — ^The dream of every English-speaking
boy is that he may, some time, view the Tower oi.
London, made sacred bv ten thousand historical asso-
ciations. Yesterday, after over thirty years' waiting,
I anticipated the miition of my dream ; but what
was my surprise and disappointment when the guide
devoted nearly all his time to describing the artistic
arrangement of bayonets, swords, ramrods, and gun*
locks, shirring over or omitting the weightier matters !
Why, every stone is replete with historic interest !
Cannot a more historical exhibition of this greatest of
all historical spots be made ?"

Our correspondent at Toronto writes with respect
to Chaucer's Astrolabe (see voL L p. 237): — **I feel
much obliged for the kind insertion in The Anti-
quary of my appeal for information on the subject of
the exact form of the Astrolabe, as described bv
Chaucer. I have since had access to Mr. Brae^
edition of Chaucer's Treatise, as also to the Early
English Text Society's edition ; from-which, conjointly
with the aid of the numerous and admirable dii^grams
contained therein, I have been enabled to form the
clear idea of the instrument which I desired to have.
My difficulty, I see now, arose from not detecting
that it was a planisphere contrivance of which Chaucer
was speaking, and not a sphere. Curiosity on the
point in Question was awakened in me from the
accidental nnding, not lon^ since, of an ancient astro-
labe (simply for taking altitudes) here, which, with
good reason, is supposed to have been lost in 1613
by Samuel Champuun, the founder of Quebec, during
one of his tours of exploration."

The workmen employed in the excavation of the
foundations of the new irm to be built on the site of
the old Bricklayers' Arms, at the comer of the Old
Kent and the Bermondsey New Roads, lately made
some discoveries which are of no little value to the
lovers of antiquities. The site, which is the property
of the Corporation of the City of London, has been
occupied by an irm bearing the same name for upwards
of 600 years, and on sinking down for the new founda-
tions traces of no fewer than four different foundations
have been discovered. At a depth of about 14 ft. the
workmen came upon foundations which evidently
belonged to the first house. These were 5 ft. 3 in. in
thickness, the bricks and mortar being in excellent
preservation. On removing these a thick stratum of
deers' antlers, some of very large sixe, and bones, were
found. Later on, in the part facing the Old Kent
Road, the corresponding portion of the fotmdations
was reached ; and here what is described as a beautiful
necklace was discovered, also a large number of
copper and some gold and silver coins. Built in these
old foundations were a number of bottles and jugs, of
a remote period, and in a fine state of preservation.

It is probable that an interesting C3rprian claimant
is about to appear. Count Mocenijo, "head of one
of the most ancient families in Venice," maintains
that he has a right to pretty nearly all the best bits of
the island, and already he and his agents have begun
to attack the British (government about the matter.
He describes himself as the lineal descendant of the
daughter of Comaro, the Doge of Venice, who,
in 1468, married one of the Lusignans, and thus
became Queen of Cyprus. He says Uiat he is also a

'30

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

descendant of Cardinal Marco Comaro, who bought the
island from the Knights Hospitallers. It may 1^ open
to doubt if the Car£nal could have had any legitimate
of&pring ; and then it is certain that the Lusignans
have representatives bearing the family name now
living, who would surely have a prior claim as descen-
dants in the male line. So ^ as England is con-
cerned, it is not very clear how the dispute can affect
her, for the Kings and Queens of Cyprus were all dis-
possessed by the Turk, from whom we in a measure
lease the island. It is with the descendants of those
who conquered the place, and not with the tenants at
will, that Count Mocenijo should fight out his case.

Among the various metropolitan mansions adver-
tised for sale is Harcourt House, Cavendish
Square, the somewhat eccentric residence of the late
eccentric Duke of Portland. It covers, along with
its stables and out-buildings, upwards of an acre of
ground, and besides a noble entrance hall and the
usual regulation apartments of a large house, ** a suite
of seven handsome reception-rooms, of the Queen
Anne period, on the garden firont" The house was
built originally by Fox, Lord Bingley, after whom it
was call^ Bingley House, and the original design for
the mansion may be seen in the large edition of
" Pennant's London" in the print-room of the British
Museum. It was aflerwaids purchased by Earl Har-
CQttrt, who made it his town residence. In the New
Critical Review^ early in the present century, it is
spoken of as "one of the most singular pieces of
architecture about the town, and rather like a convent
than the residence of a man of quality ;" and it is re-
marked in Casseirs "Old and New London," that
" of late its seclusion has been increased by three
high walls which have been raised behind the house,
the chief object of which appears to be to screen the
Duke's stables and horses from the public gaze."

Messrs. Christie, Manson, and Woods lately sold at
their rooms, in King Street, St. James's Square, a
quantity of tapestry. . The best prices were as follow: —
A large panel of early Flemish tapestry, with the
Triumph of Justice, a composition of numerous alle-
gorical figures, and inscription on the top on a scroll,
iSogs. (Greene); another panel, with the figure of
Fortitude in a chariot drawn by lions, 140 gs. (Greene) ;
another panel, with figures praying for the safety of a
ship, I30gs. (Greene); — these three panels were from
the designs of A Mantegna. Four panels of old Brussels
tapestry, representing Elymas the Sorcerer struck
blmd, Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, St. Paul preach-
ing at Athens, and St. Peter and St. Paul at the
Beautiful Gate, in one panel, and the Miraculous
Draught of Fishes, a small upright panel, after the
cartoons of Raffaelle, 130 gs. (Ellis); three panels of
Aubusson tapestry, illustrating the history of Tobit,
;f 68 (White); a panel of Brussels tapestry, with Nep-
tune, Amphitrite, and her chariot drawn by sea horses,
cupids, and nymphs, ;f88 (Vivian); a large panel en
suiiCt with Diana and her nymphs, £^0 (Birch);
another panel en suite, '\^dth Apollo and the Muses in
a landscape background, £g$ (Birch); a large panel
of old Brussels tapestry, with a group of Apollo and
the Muses in a landscape, with border of brown and
green ornaments, £^1 8r. (Hamberger); a panel of
old Brussels tapestry, a composition of eight life-sized

figures, with architectural border, signed Jein Raes,
;£2i (Bell); an upright panel of BmsseU tMpestxy, widi
peasants putting fish in a barrel, after Teniers» j£a8 lOr.
(Levy).

The Geneva correspondent of the Ttmet writes
under date July 20: — "The Historical- Antiquarian
Society of Grisons have latehr added to tl^ treasnres
of their museum one of the few Gothic altar shrines
that still remain in Eastern Switzerland. It was for-
merly in a chapel belonging to the Mesolcum fiunQy,
and has been purchased by the society fixnn the present
proprietor of the chiteau, of which the chapa forms
a part. The shrine is divided into three parts. On
the plinth is a painting in oil of the handkerchief of
St. Veronica held by two angds, and on the triptfch
and side shrines are portraits, also in oil, of St. Stephen
and St. Anthony. The inside of the shrine b gib,
and the gilding is in excellent preservatiofu The in-
terior contains figures, carved in wood, of SL Nicholas^
St. Maria, and St. Catherine, their names being in*
dicated in the later Gothic characters. Two other
figures are carved on the reverse part of the side shrine^
but the names of the saints whom they nre intended
to represent are not given. On the crown of the shrine
are carved seven bi^ts, supposed to be those of the
founders or patrons of the chapeL The barettes of two
of the number mark them out as priors of St. Victor ;
two others wear clerical costumes, thu iBtnnirihig fcnr
being habited as civilians. With the excepCkn of
some slight damages to a few of the figures, lAugh
can easily be made good, the shrine is exceeding
well preserved. The carvings and paintings are weU
executed, and belong to the same style of art, and
probably to the same age, as the decorations of the
cathedral altar of Coire and the altar of the church
of St. Lucius at Churwalden."

A collection of fine old silver plate was reoendy
sold by Messrs. Debenham, Storr, and Sons, in Kmg
Street, Covent Garden. There were many choice
specimens of the reign of Charles II., Queen Anne^
and of later dates, for which there was a spirited com-
petition. The prices of the principal lots were as
follow : — Lot 846, a very beautiful miniature bowl of
ancient hammered work, 1729, at 2$s. td, per oc
Lot 848, a set of four shdl-shaped salts on scroll feet,
marked I. H. crowned, 151. per os. Lot 854, an
ancient hammered bowl with mark in fine presena-
tion, 1698, 19J. per oz. Lot 856, a shaped areolar
cake tray with arms and date mark in centre, 1696^
30f. per oz. Lot 859, an old rat-tail grayr spoon,
19 in. long, fine mark, 1687, 21s. per oz. Lot 861,
nine rat-tail dessert spoons, mark C S. on lozenge;
date unknown, 21s. per oz. Lot 862, six miniature
tea or egg spoons, date unknown, 20 oz. 4 dwt., fetched
5 gs. Lot 863, a pair of 9} in. church patens, Chailes
II., 1681, 40J. per oz. Lot 864, an ancient cake tray
or shallow bowl, 94 in. in diameter, 16s. per oz. Lot
865, six three-pronged forks, Charles II., 1 681, 21/.
per oz. Lot 867, a set of four Jacobean candlestidcs
(the original engraved weight proved these to have
been m^c -without nozzles), 1607, 20f. per oz. Lot
869, a pair of Charles II. candlesticks with curious
fuceted bases, 1674, 22s, per oz. Lot 870^ a most
beautiful cream ewer, supported on a tripod of lions'
heads and paws, the cauldron or body and handle

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

131

being cavertd

origi&al

84^-

per Qc. Lot 877, a hawdvwn e shdl pttttern soap bdle,
eagle head handle, i&r. peroz. Lot SSz, an azitiqve
sogar bowl, beantifnlly fiated aad fhasrd, on txxpod
ofuon*s head and daw feet, joc. per ox.

Temple Bar for Almost has a paper on the
Romance of Literary LKsoorery,'^ whidi mntams
several anecdotes of interest to andqoanes. In West-
phalia a monk came accidentaDj upon the Histories of
Yaotss, and to diis happj chance we are inddited for
one of the most priodess volames of antkpntj, a
work whidi has had more inflaenoe on modem prose
Kte ta tar e dian anj sii^;le book in the workL One of
Horace's Odes was dxscorerod stkkii^ to an early
impression of Ckero's "Offices'* — though not, oif
ooorse, a nniqoe impiesskin, the earliest we have.
I^ut of the Odjssey of Homer was foand grasped in
the hand of a mmnmy at Monpcknt. A very singn-
lar discorery in the fifteenth century created for a
moment the impression that the lost books of Liry
were on the point of tsnung up again. The tntor of
tiie Marquis de BonriDe rhanrrd to be playmg tennis.
In the ooorse of the game he noticed that bis racquet-
bat was made of parchment whidi was cove re d with
writing. He had the cariosity to attempt to dedpher
it, and in a short time he di sc overed that it was a
piece of bistorical Latin pcxne. He was a good and
widdy-read sdicdir ; he saw diat the style was the
style of Liry, and as soon found that the fragment
was evidently part of die lost books. He instantly
hurried off to die raoqnet-maker ; bat all was in vain.
The man oonld only tdl him that be had £dlen in
with a mass of parchment, and that all the pardiinent
had long since been *'iised up'" — had passed into
raoqoet-bats. For the piescrvadon of the cdefarated
Di^st of the Emperor Justinian we are inddited to
some Pisan soldiers, who came upon it amid the
debris of a city which they had besieged and taken in
Calabria ; whilst the " £lthiopica" of Heliodonxs was
foond, during the sack of Open, in 1526, lying in the
streets, begrimed with dirt and trampled under the feet
of the comrades of the sokliers, ^o nltimatdy picked
it np and carried it into Germany.

A discovery of some ancient tombs has recently been
made at A^ssens, ^ village of Canton Vaud, in Switzer-
land. The Geneva correspondent of the Times sajs
that they are supposed to have formed part of a Bor-
gnndian bmyir^-gronnd. These tombs are hollowed
out of the rock on a hill at the entrance of the village,
about 3 ft. bdow the soil. They are each two metres
long and eighty centimetres wide. At the head of
each grave is a flat stone, dressed, but bearing no in-
scription. The bones are disposed in the ordinary
way, as if the bodies to which they bdonged had
beoi laid down in a horizontal position, and not verti-
cally, as in some tombs latdy opened at Chamblandes,
in the same canton. Fragments of tibi^, femurs, and
the clavides were found, but no skulls. One of the
tombs contained the bones of an adult and an infiuit,
presumably of a mother and her child. Among the
objects found are pieces of curiously wrought and
chased metal and silver rivets, the remains, probably,
of a warrior's glaive and sword-bdt. In another of
the tombs was a bdl-mouthed vase of the capadty of
half a litre, black as to its exterior, bat in sabstuice

ydkyw. Whether die material of whidi it is com*
posed be stone or bomt earth has not been deter-
mined. Inside as wdl as outside there are traces of

Vmnge-diaped figures executed apparently with some
^vir^ tooL The chief interest of these tombs con-
sists in the fict that they are almost certainly coeval
with the arrival of the Buigandians in the Jura country
in the fifdi century, whither they were called by the
aboriginal inhabitants to repeople the land, almost
depopulated by the invasion of the AllemanL Being
for the most part shepherds and hunters, they dwelt
diiefly on die moontain slopes and in devated valleys.
The plateau of Mount Jorat appears to have been one
of their most important settlements* and there can be
little donbt that die origin of Assens, as well as of
Qirseaux, where also Buzgnndian tombs have been
foond, dates bade some 1,400 years.

On the 14th of August the last stone of die crx>ss
oniamenting the top of the pinnade of the second of
die two great ^lires of Cologne Cathedral was finally
fixed in its place. Begun on August 14, i24;S, it has
thas taken no less tlum six hundred and thirty-two
yeus to complete the gigantic structure. After the
main portion had been consecrated in 1322 but litUe
progress was made fix- centuries. The andent ardi-
bishops of the place, having many diurches at their
disposal, neglected die finest of them, deterred, as it
were, by the transcendant grandeur of the design.
Only after the cessadon of ecrleQastical rule, and the
incorporation of the Rhenish territory with Prussia,
was tne building taken in hand again. In 1817 King
Frederick Willuim the Third bestowed some money
on the Cat h edral Chapter to enable them to resume
operations ; in 1842 Frederick William IV., his son
and successor, a rdigioos man, revived the imdertak-
ing by a solenm inaugural festivity and the donation
of a large sum. Since then the completion of the
statdy fHle has been considered a concern of national
import, equally dear to Catholics and Protestants, and
to De pnnnoted by all religious and political denomi-
nations alike. Donations besan to flow in more
liberally, and after another building period of thirty-
two years the great work stands perfect before us. It
is, without doubt, the largest and finest edifice in the
Glothic style ever reared on German soil, and is
amongst the most ^orious specimens of the art to be
found anjrwhere. As the last stone was placed, and
the flag floated triumphanUy on the twin towers, a
thrill of enthusiasm pervaded andent Cologne, the
men were seen shakmg hands and congratulating
each other upon the completion of the fiibric Thanks
to the quarrel between the Pope and the Emperor,
however, it is doubtful whether the event will be
marked by a public solemnity. The Archbishop of
Cologne, being amongst the derical recusants, has
been deposed by the State Court, and his dergy will
be hardly prevailed upon to partidpate in rejoidngs
while their pastor is away. Tnus the structure, which
forty years ago was regarded as a syrnbol of German
unity, now that unity has been attained, caimot be
properly inaugurated because of the dissension created
m the act of attaining it.

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson sold at thdr rooms in
Ldcester Souare, on Aueust 14, two interesting rdics
of the poet Bums. The first lot was an original poem,
entiUed "The Friar's Curse," and written by hun on

132

ANTIQ UARIAN NE WS.

two panes of glass. This ppem consists of twenty-
eight lines, beginning "Thou whom chance may
hither lead/' and endmg with the couplet —
** Stranger, go ^ heaven be thy guide !
Quod the Bedesman of Nidside,"
and was written by the poet on two panes of glass in
a little pleasure house in the grounds of "Friar's
Carse," near Dumfries, the seat of Robert Riddell,
Esq., of Glen Riddell. The poem was thought so
much of that Bums wrote two or three copies of it
(with slight variations), which he gave away to friends.
It is published in Currie's edition of the poet's
works. The original glass has been inserted between
two pieces of plate gl^s, and placed in a strong oak
frame. The genuineness of this is undoubted. With
the poem was sold an original drawing in water-
colours, by James Storer, of "Friar's Carse," the
seat of R. Riddell, Esq., from which the engraving
was made which was published in " Views of North
Britain illustrative of R. Bums' Works." The other
lot was also an original poem, in the poet's autograph*
entitled " Elegy on the Death of Captain Matthew
Henderson." The poem consists of sixteen stanzas,
followed by the ** Epitaph," seven stanzas. It will
be foimd printed (with important variations) in Currie's
edition of the poet's wntings. The poem occupies
four folio pages, and is not signed. But an autograph
letter of one page 8vo. addressed to a Mr. McMurdo
(which accompanies the poem), shows that it was
vmtten at "ElJisland, 2nd August, 1790." This let-
ter ran thus : — " Sir, — Now that jrou are over with
the syrens of flattery, the harpies of corraption, and
the furies of ambition, these infemal deities that on
all sides and in all parties preside over the villainous
business of politics, permit a rustic muse to do her
best to soothe you with a song. You knew Hender-
son — I have not flattered his memory. I have the
honour to be. Sir, your obliged humble servant,
R. Burns." The two lots fetched respectively ;£i6
and ;£i8 lOii-. ; and it may be interesting to know
that the verses on glass have been replaced in the
house to which they relate.

Mr. J. Nicholls, of East Harptree, near Bristol — ^by
whom the caverns called Lamb Lair, near that place,
were lately re-discovered, after having been lost sight
of for about a century, as already mentioned by us
(see p. 79, ante)^\i2& favoured us with the following
description of them, copied from "The Philosophical
Transactions and Collections to the end of the vear
1700" (page 369): — " The most considerable of tnese
vaults I nave known on Mendip Hills is on the
most northerly part of them, in a hill called Lamb,
l)ring above the parish of Harptree. Much ore has
been formerly raised on this hill ; and being told some
years since that a very great vault was there dis-
covered, I took six miners with me, and went to see
it. First we descended a perpendicular shaft about
ten fathoms ; then we came into a leading vault,
which extends itself in length about forty fathoms ; it
mns not upon a level, but descending, so that when
you come to the end of it, you are twenty- three
fathoms deep, by a perpendicular line. The floor of
it is full of loose rocks ; its roof is firmly vaulted with
limestone rocks, having flowers of all colours hanging
from them, which present a most beautiful object to

the eye, being' always kept moist by the disrilling
waters. In some parts the roof is about five fathoms
in height, in others so low that a man has modi ado
to pass by creeping. The wideness of it for the most
part is about three fathoms. This cavern croMes
many veins of ore in its ranning, and much ore has
been thence raised. About the middle of this cavem,
on the east side, lies a narrow passage into another
cavern, which mns betwixt forty and fifty fiithoms in
length. At the end of the first cavern a vast cavern
opens itself. I fastened a cord about me and ordered
the miners to let me down ; and upon the descent of
twelve or fourteen fathoms I came to the bottom.
This cavem is about sixty fathoms in the dicumference,
above twenty fathoms in height, and above fifteen in
length ; it mns along after the raikes, and not cmsstng
them, as the leading vault does. I afterwards caused
miners to drive forward in the breast of this cavern,
which terminates it to the west ; and after they had
driven about ten fathoms they happened into another
cavem, whose roof is about eight nithonis, and in some
parts about twelve in height, and mns in length about
one hundr^ fathoms." Ine flowers mentioned above,
our correspondent adds, are beautiful stalactites.

Corteeponbence.

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.— BLAND'S
"ESSAY IN PRAISE OF WOMEN."

Mr. Comelius Walford, in his inteiestine Paper last
month, mentions among those books whic^ he should
like to see, an Essay in Praise of fVomtn, by y. Bland*
The edition he names is an EkiinlMugh reprint : I
have a copy of the first edition by y. Blandy Professor
of Physic, which is forty-three years earlier, and was
printed in Ijondonforthe Author and sold by y.RoUrts
in Warwick Lane; y, Batler, att ye Dove in Pater*
nosier Pvw ; y, yackson, near St.yameis Gate ; C.
King, in IVestmtnster Hall ; y. Cox near the •A'm/
Exchange ; and C. Corbet near Temple Bar, The
book belonged to my mother, Fanny Bland (Bland of
Derryquin, co. Kerry) ; it is dedicated to tlie Docheas
of Portland, and the Dedication is a curiosity even
among dedications of that date. The author bq;ins
by hoping that the greatness of the subject "will
attone for the Meanness of the Author." After nay-
ing a general compliment to " Ladies of the hipiot
Rank and most inexpressible Worth ; Protectors of
Innocence ; heartiest Encouragers of Learning ;
readiest Promoters of Industry; friendliest Vindi-
cators of Tmth, Justice, Virtue, and Religion or any
Tiding else commendable and Praiseworthy (the
capitals are all his own), he goes on to say : — " I
should do injustice both to your Ladyship and my
Subject were I to omit — ^wiUi humble snbmissioii—
the begging Leave to lay it (the book) at yoar
Honour's Feet and to court the safest Asjrlnm of
Relief upon so pressing an Occasion." This, in a
general way, might be thought strong enough, bnt it is
nothing to what follows. He speaks of the " Glories
of Your Ancestors, the Renown of Your Family, the

CORRE^PONJDEtfCE.

Nobleness of Your Extraction," together with " the
most remarkable Blessings of yoar Birth, as well as
the Sublimity of your Education." After several
pages more, he almost gives up in despair, " Could I
DQt barely enumerate your almost divine Attributes,"
he says, " it would swell my dedication into a volume."
It is curious to note that, though lavish of capitals,
be does not give one to divine. Another passage I
must quote : — *' Madam you inrich the very Cloaths and
Jewels you wear. You brighten all the Hemisphere,
like the dazzling sun in its full Meridian. Your
internal Beauties shine through your Apparel, and
Ulustrate the external ornaments or Decency of your
modest Dress to Admiration. Your Virtue recom-
mends Religion to the World, and Religion itself is
honoured hy your Virtues (the italics are mine). Your
pious Example makes others Proselytes," &c. &c
The author dates from Theobald's Courts TheobaUfs
Road^ Red Lyon Square, He gives a list of authors

2uoted in his book, among whom are : — Aristotle and
>r. Beveridge, Cicero and Mr. Dykes, Homer and
Dr. Kettlewell, Plato an4 Dr. Patrick, &c. In his
Pie&oe to the (female) reader he comes out nearly as
strongly in praise of the sex in general as he did in
his D^cation when speaking. of the Duchess in par-
ticular. The book is divided into nine parts, b^in-
ning with Industry and ending with Marriage. The
Duchess of Portland must have been, from Uie dates,
Lady Elizabeth Noel, daughter of Wriothesley Baptist,
Earl of Gainsborough, and wife of Henry, first Duke.
Of James Bland, the author, I should be very glad to
mX some particulars. There is no mention of him in
the laige " History of the Ancient Family of Bland,"
^ Nicholas Carlisle, London, 1826.

^ J. F. Fuller, F.S.A.

Brunswick Chambers,
Dublin.

•'.pawa" of the colour

CELTIC SUPERSTITIONS.

The writer of the article on ** Celtic Superstitions"
(see vol. L p. 209), who imagined that all trivial
fond belief and superstitions had now passed away,
but b astonished to find what an ominous day Satur-
day is still regarded in Scotland, might have found
still fiiither cause for amazement in the Times of
Saturday, the ist of May last. The impression for
that day contained the unusual number of forty
amioancements of marriages, twenty-four of which
took place on April 29th, but not one on the 30th.
Why was this ? Because — ^not the ignorant Irish and
Scotch peasantry, but fashionable people in England
hold it unlucky to marry in May ; and though sailors
may no longer object to go to sea on Friday, the
educated elates decline to embark on the matrimonial
voyage on that day. So the 30th April, being Friday,
was as blank of English marriages as is Saturday
when it is the last day of the year in Scotland.
Rather curiously, however, the next number of the
Times, for Monday, 3rd May, does contain two
announcements of marriages on the 30th April :
both, however, were between Presbyterian parties.
The same number announces ten more marriages on
the 29th.

Referring to same article, the

white against English royalty mig^t be noted.

M. T. Walhouse.
9, Randolph Crescent, Maida Vale, W.

•r*.5 •«<-'. j>

ASSUMPTION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN.
I send you a drawing of a sculpture of the Assump-
tion of the Blessed Virgin, discovered at St. Andrew's
Church, Sandford-on-Thames, during some restorations
effected under the superintendence of Mr. J. Brooks,
architect This is similar to that discovered at Four-
hope Church, Herefordshire, of which you gave an
illustration in the May number of your magazine (see
vol. i. p. 217). The following are the colours :^Thc
yisica dress of the Virgin, gold, with dark green mark-
ings ; inner dress, chocolate diaper on gold ground ;
hair, gold ; visica, gold, dark green in shade ; angel's
crown, gold ; wings, gold and blue ; clouds, gold,
dark green in shade.

J. M. Brooks.
The Grange, Park Lane,
Stoke Newington.

>0»- ^:i^%n

BOOK-PLATES.
(See vol. L p. 236.)

The Book-Plate of "Gilbertus Spearman, de Civit.
Dunelm. Arm." has kindly been shown me by
E. R. Spearman, Esq., son of the late Sir Alexander
Spearman, Bart. Your correspondent may be glad
to know that he will find a true pedigree of the
Spearmans in ** Burke's Landed Gentry." Gilbert
Spearman died in 1737 ; he was the direct ancestor of
the present BaroneL

The plate of H. J. Spearman is no doubt that of
Henry John Spearman, M. P. for Durham, who died
in 1863.

James Roberts Brovvn.

14, Hildrop Road, N.

v^'^^^^::^

ARCHBISHOP BECKET.

Your correspondent, Mr. H. W. Phillott (see vol. i.

{>• ^35)f seems to be quite correct as to the very
ew remaining pictures of this saint in stained glass.
At this moment I can call to mind only two in
addition to those mentioned by him ; of th^e one
still exists, or did exist lately, in the east window of
the Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick. This was
quite perfect, it would seem, in Dugdale's time, and
is described in his "Antiquities of Warwickshire,"
second edition, p. 446, It is also noticed, according
to the ** Architectural Year Book," 1845, ?• S^'* ^7
Nichols, in his "Architectural and Monumental
Description of the Chapel." The other is mentioned
in the " Guide to the Architectimd Antiquities in the
neighbourhood of Oxford," as remaining in Yamton
Church, Oxon, in companionship with a figure
vested as a bishop, and labelled " Nicolaus ;" that of
Becket being aitiJiiepiscopally attired and labelled
" Thomas."
It is possible that other effigies may still exist ; but

t34

CORRESPONDENCE.

the fragile nature of the material in which they were
execut^ has doubtless added largely, in later times,
to the disappearances from direct demolition.

This womd seem to be more probable from the
fact that on walls and in the panel paintings of screens
the number of portrait pictures of Becket which
remain, notwithstanding the order of Henry VIII.,
and after Puritanic zesd, are not nearly so limited :
many of these portrait figures, as well as historical
rjspresentations of the " Storie or Martyrdom of St.
Thomas," are to be met with. There is a good
portrait figure of Becket on the back wall of the so-
called Wootton tomb, in the chancel of Maidstone
church, Kent At Attleborough, in Norfolk, there
is another of more than usually large size, being
painted on one of the dose-boarded upper panels of
the rood screen, now removed from its ancient place
and fixed against the west wall of the church. On
the rood screens at Burlingham, St. Andrew, Spar-
ham, Stalham, and Worstead, all likewise in Norfolk,
are also like figures, and I believe there are other
instances.

£. L. Blackburne.

33, Bernard Street, W. C.

SPINDLE WHORLS.
(5)ee vol L p. 287.)

In The Antiquary of May, Mr. H. R. Camac
inquires if any remains of "spindle whorls" are
found in Engkmd. I be^; to refer him to " Inven-
torium Sepulchrale," edited by Mr. Charles Koach
Smith, F.S.A., in which he will find many notices
of their discovery in Saxou graves in Kent. They
are now, I believe, in the Liverpool Museum, through
the liberality of Mr. Joseph Mayer. I may also
inform him that, in i87o^ I found four good examples
at Thetfbrd, with Saxon pottery; these are in my
cabinet.

Robert Fitch.

Norfolk Archaeological Society,
Norwich.

The primitive spinning apparatus to which Mr. Rivctt
Camac refers, in ^our number for May, consists of a
round wooden stick about ten inches long and two
inches diameter in the middle, tapering towards each
end, with a notch cut at the top to receive the thread.
On this spindle is mounted a small disc of clay or
stone, which acts as a fly-wheel. Drawings and
descriptions of it will be found in the Catalogue Mus.
Soc. Ant. Scot., p. 40 ; Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot.,
vol. xii. pp. 259 and 308; Sir G. Wilkinson's
"Egypt," vol. ii. p. 172; Reuleaux *' Kinematics of
Machinery," p. 216 ; E. D. Mathews' ** Madeira and
Marmore Rs.," p. 361. The spindle whorls, being
the least perishable part of the gear, are found in
abundance in and near ancient settlements all over the
world.

23, Maitland Street,
Edinbuiglu

J. RoMiLLY Allen.

SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE.*
(See anUf p. 42.)

I addressed the following letter to the Glake lart
year, in the hope of the public interfering to aa^e the
nouse in Aldersgate Street once owned and probably
inhabited by Shakespeare, and which is described in
your first number. May I ask jrou to place it on per-
manent record in your pages —

A letter appears in your issue of ThnrsdaT, May 1$,
firom an " Aimitect" calling attention to the doomed
destruction of Shakespeare's house, and remarking on
your article of the day previous. I also noticed yoor
expression of regret at its near demolition, but I am
not so satisfied as to the necessity for its destruction as
* ' Architect" appears to be. The ' ' exigencies of com-
merce" do not surely reouire the destruction of«one of
the few remaining records of an za^ loi^ past, that are
still left to us in this great city. The City of London,
we know, is not remarkable for the conservation oif
ancient buildings, and the most interesting relics are
swept away to make room for six-storied warelioiisei» '
without a sigh of regret or a voice being raised against
it by citizens. Shakespeare's house in Aldersgate is
one of the most\ interesting buildings in F«g**"^-
Often in passing irjiave I stopped to admireits quaint
and picturesque appearance, and viewed with mingled
feelings of awe and reverence the residence of the
greatest dramatist England ever had. Efforts shookl
be made to preserve the house, and one of the most
meritorious uses the Corporation cocUd make of its
money would be to buy the property, and keep in
proper repair a building hallowed by sndi a name as
Shakespeare. Their money would be more profitably
spent than it now is, when large sums are annually
wasted in TOrmandising. I will not touch on the
architecture merits of the old house. Ablerpens than
mine can do that, and they would tell you that from
an architectural point of view alone it is very interest-
ing and well worth preserving. The "Ancient
Monuments Bill" of Sir John Luobock dionld be ex-
tended to include anything that is of antiquarian, his-
torical, or architectural interest. In France this is the
case ; any old building that is considered of public
interest is scheduled from destruction and purdiasedbj
the State. It would be as well that such a bill shookl
be passed in England as soon as possible, or dse we
shall have no old buildings to preserve, for the desire
now-a-days to perpetrate acts of Vandalism u troly d»-
tressing; the " renned taste" of the period seems to be
to demolish any and every thing tnat savours of the
past. — I am. Sir, your obedient servant,

Newman Marks.
Office of the Society for Preservation of
Public Buildings,
9, Buckingham Street, Strand.

rv^r.^

GUILDS AT WISBEACH.

II1C following returns relating to the Wbbeach
Guilds (12 Ric^ird II.) are still extant in the Public
Record Office. The ordinances are very interesting^

* The house has been pulled down since this letter
was written.

COERESPOJfUENCS.

I3S

aod inch as augfat cotsiiiiy to be pristed : — r. Sancti
Tbome Epucopi de Wysbech ; 2. Beatae Mariae Vir^
Sims in Ecdesia de W3rsbech : 5. 3«Dcti Petri Apus-
toil de Wysbcdi : 4. Smctae Trixutatis in Ecdesia de
W]iBfacdt^ in lateze bixcaii ejuadem ecdesie; 5.
Johanms Da 4 <i&L g in eccksia de Wysbedu in
aasoaii ensdem eodcsie. W. D. S.

sr-c S-v

AN ASTROLOGICAL BOOK.

Cm yon gi\-e me any infbrmarina tbrcni^ jrour
magmTir as to a book an Magic or Astrology, having
fijr its titie or tides (for in woiks I have consulted I
ha:ve been i c f e ii e d to it ander various names) '*The
dayis of Rabbi Solonian«'' "*" Soloman's Clavis»
"^Les CIa:vicnles de Rabbi Solomon**' ^'Traduites
nra i fnitft i t dn teste Hebreu par M. Pitare Mor«
riaonean Profifesscars des T^ngnfs Orientales et Sec-
tatenr de la Philcsophie des Sages Cabalistes ?''

I do not know if it has been printed, or whether it
edsts only in MS. ; I have not oeen able to find it in
Ae BoHlfian Library. Can yon solve the mystery

? G. O. DE CAiF.VX.

MEN AT ARMS.

Sir JStoBs Ntoolas, in his '* History of the
BUde of Agincomt;'' leooids the names of the com-
ti— ijiiiu xt that &nious battle, down to and including
tbe ^ Men-at-arms ;" but he merely gives the numbers
of tbose men who, it is believed, won the day — the
ardiers. I shall fed greatly obliged if you wiH
kindly infonn me what is meant by die term,
^Men-at-arms?^ What was the social position of
Aose sohiiers in the reign of Henry V. What was
^e difference between the *''' Men-at-armsy"* and the
^ Horse aichccs'' and die ''Knights?"

W.G.

THE VICAR OF BRAY.

Sut, — I picked op on a bookstall, the other day, a
fittle book ; the dtle page is as follows : ^ The Vicar
of Bray ; a Tale. DubhiL Printed for J. Williams,
W. Wilson, and J. Walker, 1771." There are two
vofamies bound in one. Can any of your readers tell
me who is the author of this book, and what is its
vahie ? At the end is printed a copy of the old ballad,
" The Vicar of Bray.''^

Geaald Donnelly.

Adelakle Rood, Dublin.

BARONETCY AND KNIGHTHOOD.

In an old Dictionary of Heraldry, though I find
"Baron," I can find no mention of "Baronet" as
such, but only under the head of '* Knight," thus :
•* Kn IGHT AND Bajionet. This is a modem degree
of honour, instituted by King James I. on the laaid c^
May, 161 1, in the ninth year of his reign, who made
it hereditary in the male line."

Am I to understand from this expression that a
patent of Baronetcy includes the hoooor of knight-

hood? or is it simply an error of the antbor ? I may
add that the author was not an Englishman by birth.

Your obedient ^rvant,

W. Dampi&r.

FA GAN OF PEL TRIM,
In an obituary notice of the late Dr. Fo^n, of
Woodhill, CO. Cork, in the lUmstraitd Lomiom N^ws^
Jamaarf^ 1855, ^^ccurs the fotUowing paragr^>h :^ —

^ He was <^ef of his name^ and represeniaave of the
ancient family of Fagan, who formerly possessed exten-
sive estates in the county Dublin* wlucn were focfettcd
in 169 1, by Richard Faean, of Fditrim« for his adhesion
to King James II. Kiusard was a zealous adherent of
King Jamesv and distingttish«d hineelf at the si^ge of
Derry, as commemorated in the quaint lilies on the
subject : —

B^ew left EKUeek and his ancient hall

To see his monarch righted ;
Fa^nn of Feltrim with Ftngal

His cavalry united.
Twits part of the plan that Lord Strahan

Should give his neighbours warning ;
But they Dacked him otf with a shot and xoS,
His hollow counsel scorning."
Can Sir B. Burke or any of your readers give me
the name of the author of the above quaint lines?

Cuwosirs,

Remarks on the Irish Dialect of the English Lan-
goage. By A. Hume» D.C.L. (Liverpool: T.
Brakell.) — Demonology and Devil-lore. By M. D.
Conway, M.A. (Chatto <t Wlndus.)— Clark s Uuidfr
to Duttfiermline and its Antiquities. By J. C. R»
Bttckner. (W. Clark Ck Son, Dunlen^ine.)— I1ic
House of Cromwell and the Storv of Dunkirk. By
James Waylen. (Chapman Ck \iall.> — Detling in
Days Gone By. By Rev. L Cave-Bkowne. (Smaip-
kin» MarshaU & Co.)— Cliange Ringing. By Rev.
W. Wigram. (Bell & Sons^) — Luxurious Btthing.
By Andrew W. Toer. (Fiekl & Tuer, Lettienhdil
Street.) — Journals and Journalism. By John Oki-
castle. (Field <& Tuer.)-— Lincoln Pocket Guide. By
Sir C. H. J. Anderson* Bart. (Stanford* ChariB^
Cross.) — Church History of Ireland, a vols. By
Sylvestre Malooe. (Bums <St Oates.) — Death War-
rant of Charles I. By W. J. Thorns* F.&A. (F.
Nor^ate, King Street, Covcnt Garden.)— Historical
Tramtkmsand Facts relating to Newport andCaerkoB.
Part I. (W. N. Johns, Ncwoort.)---Toorists* Guides
to Kent, Cornwall, Norfolk, and Round About
London. (Stanford, Charing Cross.)— A Treatyse of
Fysshynge wyth an Angie. By Dame Juli^ma
Bemers. (Elliot Stock.) — History of Laurenodark. By
W. R: Eraser. (BUckwood k Sons. )— The Past in the
Present. By A. Mitchell. (Edinburgh : D. Douglas).
— Notes on Sketching Tours. By an Architect. (C.
Botsford, 52, High Holbom.) — Smith's Catalogue of
Old Books» 1880. (Smith, Soho Square.)— Epochs in
the Past of Huntingdonshire. By Frederick Kosa^
F.R.H.S. (E. W. Foster, St Ives.)— Aggravating
Ladies. By Olphar Hamst. (C^uaritch, Piccadilly. ;
— ^The Briton and the Romanon the Site of Tauntoik
By J. H. Pnng, M.D. (W. Chestoo* Tauntoo.)

136

THE AlfTIQUARY EXCHANGE.

ZTbe antiquary? f^cbange*

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For Sals.

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dozen sent post free for two shillings. A scries of
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the Chief Office, London.

Dor^ Gallery, fifty parts, complete, new, cost/'f.
What offers? — Arthur Townend, 47, Aberdeen Park
Road, Highbury, London.

The Ancient History of South Wiltshire, by Sir
Ricliard Colt Hoare, Bart., London, 1812. — A Com-
plete Heraldry, by Joseph Edmonson, Esq., F.S.A.,
2 vols., London, 1780. — W. J. W., 195, Amhurst
Road, Hackney.

Autograph Correspondence offered, including letters
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Old Plays in volumes, sample vol. 2J. 6d. — First
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The Saturday Marine, complete set, scarce, 13
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(94).
To Kentish Collectors. — For sale, a quantity of

interesting Political Addresses, Squibs, &c., some in
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dating back to 1857.— Also some interesting note-
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ferring to Poole. — ^J. W. L.,' Kington, Herefordshire.

Our Ancient Monuments, on Dutch hand -made
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Drogheda and other Irish Books.— -Gibson's Glasgow,
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of Lewes, 2 vols. — Hnnt's (Leiefa) Works, sefCEBL—
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large paoer. — Milton's Works, 6 voU. (Tunen
plates), 1835. — Mosle3r's Tatbiuy, uncat, no plates.
— Newcome!s St. Albans Abbey, 4to. — Nidioll's
Hinckley, folio, boards, 181 3. — Pennant's Woris
(several). — Saunders' Physiognomic and Chiromaneo,
small folio, 1671. — Sharpers Hartlepool, 185 1.—
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(several).— Tennyson's Works (sevend).— WeU's^Bed-
ford Level, 2 vols., and Atlas, and many othen
relating to various counties — Henry Gray, 10^ Maple
Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Tokens, French Centimes (varioos) ; American
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A Few " Chap ^Books," 181— (87).

Wanted to Purchass.

Franks wanted, with free post-maik* and in
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1803), Kinnaird 1826, Liverpool 1808, lor. each.
—Bishops : Bristol 1802, Ely 1808,; Exeter 1803,
Hereford 1802. Rochester 1802, St David's 180^
5 J. each. — Clive to 1804, Clogher (deceased) 1819.
Clonfert 1801, Collingwood 1810^ Devon 1835, ^"W^nrt
1 81 5, Dromore 181 1, Elphin 1810^ Glengall 1819^
Gower to 1803, Hamilton of Hambledon to 1806^
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1838, Ponsonby (deceased) 1806, Rosslyn 1805,
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hamshire 1804, Down and Connor 1803, Eliot to
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1802, Ossoiy (Bishop) 1807, Roxburghe 1820^ Stoait
1810, Teynham 1824, Waterford (Bishop) 1802,
is. 6d. each.

Memoirs of Admiral Sir J. Brenton, Bazt., by his
Son (72).

Old engraved portraits of ladies, after Reynolds,
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Boddington villa, Biggleswade.

Our Ancient Monuments, on hand-made pattr. —
Thomas Turner, Old "Market, Halifax.

Books on Tradesmen's Tokens ; Exchange Numis-
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Seventeenth Century Tokens of Lancashire or
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Hull Seventeenth Century Tokens. — C.E. Fewster.
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Seventeenth Century Tokens of Wales and Border
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OLD GLASGOW.

The Antiquary

OCTOBER, 1880.

0I^ 6ladaow.

PART II.

[HIS discrepancy between the outei
casing of the nave and its colon-
nades, and the identity of the
former in many points with the
fragmentary portion of the crypt, seems
hitherto to have entirely escaped attention.
The most recent tendency appears to be
to err in date just as much the one way
as the earlier writers did the other. Mr.
Fergusson, in his " History of Architectiure,"*
thus states the case : — " The bishopric was
founded by David I., but it was not until
after several destructions by fire that the
present building was commenced, probably
about the year 1 240. The crypt and the whole
of the choir belong to the latter part of the
thirteenth century, the nave to the fourteenth^
and the tower and spire to the fifteenth."
So also Muir, in his " Mainland and Island
Characteristics," writes : — "In Glasgow Cathe-
dral — ^fieimous from its entireness dnd the
almost unrivalled grandeur of its crypt —
the work in the choir, Lady chapel, and
great crypt, is, with some slight exceptions.
First Pointed, but generally late in the style.
Second Pointed in the nave, chapter-house,
lateral aypts, and other portions of the build-
ing, though in many or most of the details ex-
hibiting a remarkable following of the earlier
type." We cannot enter any further into the
question here, but must leave the criteria
just mentioned to speak for themselves.

Apropos of Blackader's aisle Mr. Mac-
george makes a ciuious mistake, stating that
it b supposed to have been erected not
later than the middle of the fourteenth
century^ so claiming the inscription relative
to its dedication to be " a very early

♦ Vol. ii. p. 208.

vox. IL

example of Scottish vernacular."* By
whom the supposition has been made we
are not informed, but there can be no
doubt this crypt was erected by Blackader,
as appears by his coat armorial on the but-
tresses, as the substructure for an extension
of the south transept But Blackader's
episcopate and archiepiscopate only cover the
period from 1484 to 1508, so that the crypt
must have been built towards the close of
the fifteenth century, in all probability sub-
sequent to, and as the result of, the erection
of the see into an archbishopric, a material
difference in point of time for Mr. Mac-
george's argument Our author strongly
advocates the designation of this crypt from
its dedication instead of the more popular
name now in use as derived from its osten-
sible builder. This alteration he endeavours
to support by another of these wild con-
jectures which mar to such an extent the
value of the book \mder review. That after
the lapse, and we may add the neglect,
of a thousand years, it should have been
reserved for the very close of the fifteenth
century not only to dedicate a crypt to
Fregus or Fergus, but also to foimd a south
transept on what was " no doubt supposed
to be the very spot of his interment^* is a sup-
position for which no evidence, so far as we
ire aware, is forthcoming save that of mere
assumption. As to the name, the point is not
very material, and in these modem days, far
from being " obviously improper," the one
designation is just as true and as expressive
as the other ; but it may interest Mr. Mac-
george to learn that the name which he
advocates was really applied to the crypt in
question during the seventeenth century.
In the (unpublished) Minutes of Session,
under date Nov. 30, 1648, we find it re-
corded that : —

" Anent the desire of the ministers for a
burial-place in the isle called Fergus isle, the
session thinks fit the desire be granted, and
recommends the same to the mag* and
councill to give their consent."t

♦ "Old Glasgow," p. 10.

t With reganl to the prefix "car," which puzzles
Mr. Macceorge, we cannot see wherein the difficulty
ies. The inscription is in the vernacular of the
day, and ** Car- Fergus'* was no doubt a souhriquet
expressive in the popular mind of the legend con-
nected with the first interment in the early cemetery.

r^S

OLD GLASGOVr.

If 1 r^nn -in acmenciarure is sc 'iesirable.
•vhj ihailii 1 hf^lnzing act be -nr.r'e wiih
the ibsurd izd ^tii more inexcjaacle crumje
m:m :5. Thaaews cr :^. Taiew's :r. S. Enccha
— church, scTiare. md railwav-scadcn ?

Tais phoneric sonstbrr.aacn of Iccai place-
names recalls a cnnr^jversy which Mr. \Lic-
georze might l--ave verv materlallv ccnshhiited
to settle. A: t:. r^.S it is •:c!5itiveiT stared
that the itream kr.cwn as rhe *" Molendmar'
"acquired its namec^m ±e nill of the bishoD'a
mancr.'' "Wnv was ±e evidence for this Sict

net crodTiced ? Dees the aiithcr rxt Icn-jW

that certain, local inq-iirers have been per-
verse enc'i^h to ainnn ±at ±i3 deceptive
looking zerzn is a mere Latinized corr:pnoa
or m eariv name not necsssarllv connected in
an7 wav either with mills or millers.

The word srst occirs in J'^celine's -Life of
Ken tizern."' written in the twelfth cenmrv. I: is
there rendered yfiuirrdafur. or Md^incdnror,
subsequently ±e name is most frec/iendy
met with in lesal documents, where it ulav?
an important pan in der.nin:! the boundaries
of properties. In the n:teeii± cenmry it is re-
ferred :o in the -Reg. EpLs. Glas." as '"rivulum
deMalvndoner — Mallndinor — Malendincr —
^Liiencinar," or '* torreniem de Malvndinor
or ^ \taIvndenor."' In the sixteenth ce-rjr^-
out of seventeen references in ±e -Liber Pro to-
coUonm" itoccirs eleven times as Malindinoi^
five times as Malindinore. once as Mjiindonor.
Xow these docmaents. incl-dinz Jocelines
" Life." of course are all in Ladn, and yet, if
the modem ^loss md ii5 2^^"zz.^ etvmolosv
be correct, the word is never once siven
except in what we must assume to be a
coi'.oouial'v rcmzted form. The deTjarTiire
by I.*it;r.i.?ts. be it marked, from the triie
I-atfn orthoffrat-hv. :5 also in precise mtio to
the ar.rlr.riitv of the reference. As a monk of
F ;mft^'?. Jocelir.e mav have erred in exactlv
rer.derir.g a local name, and yet. even by
hi.i tir.-.e. we m-i-.t suppose that the f-tream
had not or.Iy received i"J5 designation from a
particular ise. but slso that the name had
become eTre^-iou.^'.y corr-;r,ted. Is this at all
I.jcei;/ V. have r>»er. the ca-^e ? Wiiat is the
e-r.di^.ce for ir.^ r>e:n? v> employed as a
w%.*i^ power, ei:her then or afterwards,
f'^or.d 'hat of mere ver'-Al ar^alog)- ?

fcefore vritt.ny th;e subject of the Cathedral
there i« or.e po:r.t on which we must express

cur iiearty acconfance widt lifr. Macgeorg
— vuL, the Vandalisoi evinced soms Airt

years ago in the remuval of tfte nac&^ire!
t.:wer and consistory house. We have n
sympathy witii that spnxioiis g ^ntrrtwwt^iw
whxn insists that, as die pzice of hs cos
semnon. a mnnnm^it of antiquity gh^n b
compelled to confoim to die deedng aestheti
LL^on or uncy of die day. In tfrr^y respcc
dasgGw Cathedral has been sadly bnnglec
Much rather would we have ^^^ the waste
cntlines, than die crisp r^^n^^x monldings s
dabcnteiy inaodnced by Blare. Sdll mor
inpardcnahle was the snbstinxtion of di
petty &izals for the simple aats in wiiidi di
pinxiacles severely terminated, also the cnx
flenree on the western gable for die Iki
sejant bearing a shidd wiiidi from tzm
mimemorial crowned it. These are, howeve
mere matters cf detaiL easily Co be corrected
as compared widi trie total danolidon of th
feamres just referred to. That dicy wei
plain and severe we do not doubt, rti^t the
ought ±erefore to have been removed w
deny. In point of style they appear to hav
been very mucii akin extenaaHy to the ^Tki
ing chapter- house. Thdr historic interes
may have been enhanced by diexr very boU
ness and absence of ornament. Itisextrcmd'
pr:babLe that their erection took place afte
the Wars of Independence^ when die coontr
must have been wasted and impoverBhed d
a remarkable degree. We could cite odie
instances where an equally striking contras
occirs, attributable to die same canse. Wli]
should not diese also be dexnolidied;
Because Scotland did not em qge fitxn tin
Wars of Succession with die same supqfluilj
of wealth, that she previously enjoyed, are re
mains built for actual necessity and not fa
show to be swept away? It (fid not rw\r^
matters that the plea was ** new lamps for oU
ones." and that Ge<»ge ELenqp and Gille^
Gmham were severally enlisted to destgi
western flinking towers. The old lamps
went, for ±e new the r eq ui s ite funds were aol
forthcoming, and so posterity was no donbl
saved a world of objuzgadon.

It \s impossible now to determine howit mu
intended to complete the western extremity d
the nave. The existing windows might equally
have been designed to be aisle«Edies open-
ing from it into weston timers. The

OLD GLASGOW.

^39

ingoings are not moulded like all the remain-
ing nave-windows, butform merely asuccession
of splays precisely similar to those of the
aisle-arch in the crypt. Mr. Macgeorge men-
tions that previous to the alterations no raggle
or chasing had been cut from the insertion of
a window-frame. This is quite likely to have
been the case. The fact was elicited during
a preliminary examination of the tower and
consistory house, then on the eve of demoli-
tion, by the late Alexander (Grecian) Thomson
and Mr. John Baird, architect in Glasgow.
The result of this examination was the
petition referred to by our author, the names
being obtained by Mr. Baird. The presen-
tation of the petition to the Town Council
was unfortunately entrusted to a bailie who,
turning the matter into ridicule, secured its
rejection, and so ended the last eflfort to save
these relics of the olden time.*

It is, however, a curious and apparently an
unknown fact that the north-west tower
"Laigh" or "Guttyt steeple" had a narrow
escape from destruction just 260 years prior
to its actual removal. From the aforecited
Minutes of Session, under date March 7,
1588, we learn that : —

"The commissioners appointed by the
Kings Ma*'** anent repairing the High Kirk
and hail brethren of the Kirk Session of Glas-
gow thinks good that the laigh steeple be
taken down to repair the mason work of the
said kirk, and that the bell and knock be
transported to the high steeple, and that the
kirk have a quienzie left at the steeple afore-
said for relief thereof"

The difficulty seems to have been met in a

#more legitimate way, as in July, 1589, the

town and parish pay each liieir quota of a

thousand pounds expended in repairing the

choir of the High Church.

The consistory house of later times was
known at this period as the "Librair House/*
and under March 15, 1604, it is minuted that
"The Session considering the consistory
house was of old under the laigh steeple, order
the commissary to repair to that place for
his meeting, and to take the money that was

* A copy of the petition referred to is appended to
Mr. Honeyman's pamphlet.

f Gutty, Scotice^ — stout, dumpy, applied to the
eature in question in contrast with the loftier charac-
teristics of the central tower.

given him for repairing the Librair house for
repairing it."

Did space permit, a large variety of curious
notices could be given from the same source.
As it now stands the western and principal
approach to the Cathedral is no doubt its
weakest point, the full eflfect of the building
being only realized from the south-east
Much has lately been done toward open-
ing up this part of the town, but if Mr.
Macgeorge wishes to neutralize as much as
possible the errors of the past let him advocate
the entire removal of the Barony Church,
with the adjoining school and sculpture yard,
as also the "bridge of sighs," the superinten-
dent's house, and the lodge connected with
the necropolis. The bridge and road leading
to it are utterly useless, a mere accommoda-
tion to a now obsolete state of things. The
true entrance to the necropolis is at its lower
angle, where a gate has been recently put
up. With the superintendent's house placed
to the southof this, all the obstacles mentioned
removed, and the connection between the two
sides of the ravine cut oflf, little more will be
required toward the opening up of one of the
noblest views of the cathedral that can
possibly be obtained. Let Mr. Macgeorge
CO something to effect this object and he
will deserve well of his country.

The woodcut on the following page re-
piesents almost the last existing relic
of the bishop's castle, which stood imme-
diately to the west of the Cathedral. It was
demolished toward the close of the last century,
the armorial bearings which had adorned the
gateway being built into the wall of a private
structure in the lower part of the town. They
are now transferred to the keeping of Su:
William Dunbar, of Mochrum ; but it is to be
regretted that they were not preserved either
amongst the other fragments in the Cathedral,
or in one of the local museums. The upper
portion represents the rpyal arms of Scotland,
with the initials I. 5. — (Jacobus V.), beneath
these are the arms of Archbishop Dunbar,
with the crosier in pale, and the salmon in
base, below thaf again are the arms of Arch-
deacon Houston.

At the first the Reformation told very
severely upon the inhabitants of Glasgow,
especially those living in the upper part of
the town, or that immediately adjoining the

L 2

14°

OLD GLASGOW.

Cathedral, where the Archiepiscopal court
and residence of the great dignitaries of the
church had been a fertile source of livelihood
and emolument. To such an extent was this
the case that in 1587 a supplication was pre-
sented to tlie Scottish Parliament " be the
fremen and vtheris induellaris, abone the
greyfriars wynde,"
entreating that
some of the mar-
kets held at the
city cross, then
situated in the
Trongate, might
be transferred to
the upper and ',
more ancient part ^'
of the town. Mr. .' )
Macgeorge states ^l —
(p. 96) that " The - '{y.
Parliament order- .:.. y
ed the matter to
be looked into, but
it does not appear
that thepetitioners ',\
succeeded in get- '". ,
ting any of the ; :
'mercattis' moved
above the wynde."
Now, the fact is,
not only was the
prayer of the peti-
tion granted, to
the extent of ap- £,
pointing a Parlia-
mentary com mis -
notice

alsc

: of .

subsequent modi-
fication of the
change so effected.

From the Acts %
of the Scottish
Parliament we find
that on the 29th •-"^
of July, 1587, an .
Act was passed
wherein, after narrating tliQ terms of the
supplication as quoted by Mr. Macgeorge,
a commission is appointed consisting of
Robert Lord Boyd, Walter Prior of Blan-
lyre, and one-half of the Town Council of
Glasgow, who are empowered " To convene

and tak order as thai sail think maist ex-
pedient tor rcleif of the decay and necessitie
of that part of Glasgow abone the gray freir
wynde therof, ather be appointting of the
mercate of salt, qwhilk cumis in at the over
port, or the beir and malt mercat, vpoun tlie
wjnd heid of the said cietieor sic vther pairt
theraboutwher the
saids commis-
sioneHs or the
maist part of thame
sail think maist
meit and expe-
dient *

1 he salt market
appears accord-
ngly to have had
Its locality shifted,
but the change
only gave nse to
renewed dissatis-
faction On the
Sth June 1594,
ne find another
■^ct passed where-
in, ^ter narrating
the substance of
the previous pre-
amble and refer-
ring to the com-
mission as having
been appointed
"for establisching
of the beir marcat
or salt marcat
abone the wynd
heid," proceeds
" Quha thaireftir
placit the salt mar-
cat thair, qwhilk
was altogidder in-
commodious, be
reasonc the same
wes tar distant ha.
the brig and watler
of the said citie
quhair the salt is
m.iist vsit and pat the merchandisand fischeris
quha bocht the sameto greit cxpenssof cariage
and transporting thairof fra the said wynd
heid to the brig be the space of ane myle and
■ "Acts of the Scollish Parli.iinent," vol. iii. p.

OLD GLASGOW.

141

mair, lyk as the sellaris of the salt vpoun that
occasioun removit thame selfiis to the auld
place narrer the said brig quhair the same
wes sauld of befoir ; and the saidis com-
missioneris wer myndit to have placit the
beir and malt marcat abone the said wynd
heid in place of the said salt marcat, gif be
deceiss of the said umqle Robert lord Boyd,
the said commission had nocht expyrit. For
remeid quhair of our said soverane lord, with
avise of his saidis estaitis, be thir presents,
gevis and grantis full power and commissioun
to his trustie counsellours Walter Prior of
Blantire, lord privie seill, Robert Boyd of
Badinheath, Daniel Foirsyth of Dykis, the
ordiner ministeris of Glasgow, the provest and
baiUies therof or the maist pairt of thame to
raise and lift the beir and malt marcat, and
establische the same abone the wynd heid of
the said citie. To the eflfect abone written,
at ony pairt or place thairof maist com-
modious as thai sail think expedient, and to
remove the said salt marcat to the auld
statioun quhair it stude for the commoun
benefite of the haill inhabitantis." *

We do not understand how Mr. Macgeorge
has overlooked these important Acts.

The latter portion of the volume deals
chiefly with the commercial progress of Glas-
gow, and so gradually escapes from the anti-
quarian element In some points we think
the author has scarcely realized the rapid
strides made by the city during the last cen-
tury, especially in the consumpt and mani-
pulation of comestibles — €,g,^ take the article
tea. Mr. Macgeorge considers that a century
ago " a few boxes ** only would have supplied
all requirements. This scarcely comports
with the liberal advertisements of the period,
where the luxury is quoted at all prices, from
three or four shillings a poimd up to fifteen
shillings for green tea. So much akin were
commercial habits then to what they are now
that we have, indeed, seen an advertisement, of
date 1785, wherein intimation is made that
the advertiser "Aox taken an oath that he
will not adulterate teas" In the west, " ma
conscience " seems to have been a n)ode of
appeal familiar to other lips than those of
Bailie Nicol Jarvie, and as used by that re-
doubtable worthy, forms a bit of local

• " Acts of the Scottish Parliament,'' vol iv. p. 79.

colouring due, no doubt, to Sir Walter Scott's
acute observation.

In conclusion, we regret that a sense of
duty has compelled us to mingle to such an
extent blame with praise. To the privately-
published " Armorial Insignia of Glasgow "
no such exception could be taken. Mr.
Macgeorge there knew his ground, and made
a valuable and, in many respects, an original
contribution to the history of the city. In so
far as it is the aim of the present work, as
already stated, " to cast a broader and a more
philosophic light over the retrospect of twelve
centuries," it also is an advance on previous
local histories; but it ought to be the ambition
of the historian to occupy, not a place at the
bar, but a seat on the bench, and to exhibit,
instead of special pleading, the calm im-
partiality of a judicial finding. Past ex-
perience has shown that this is a quality
specially requisite in dealing with the history
of a city like Glasgow, where, on the principle
ab uno disce omnes^ conjectures and sup-
positions are so speedily quoted, and made
to do duty as facts. We hope still to see
a second edition of this work, with the weak
points of the first expurgated. In get up and
typography the book is in every way credit-
able to the eminent firm by whom it is
published, and from the variety of the sub-
jects discussed, and the wide field from which
the requisite information is gleaned, forms
an interesting and suggestive volume.

W. G.

®ur Colonies unber tbe
fDern? flDonarcb*

|HE merry doings of our "Merry
Monarch*' have usually been made
the most of by historians, and we
think very much to the prejudice
of the more sterling qualities of his character.
That Charles II. inherited a love of the fine
arts from his unfortunate father, and that he
did all he could to recover the numerous
works of art which belonged to Charles I.,
but had been seized by order of the Common-
wealth, our State Papers furnish ample
evidence ; and ftom the same sources we &id

142

OUR COLONIES UNDER THE MERRY MONARCH.

that he contributed greatly to the improve-
ments, and employed quite a staff of artists
under the superintendence of Antonio
Verrio, " in painting and adorning our royal
castle of Windsor." But there is still more
conclusive evidence of this Sovereign's
attention to business in the volume of State
Papers relating to our Colonies,* which has
just been published under the able editor-
ship of Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury, a name well-
known on the other side of the Atlantic,
where his numerous publications in this field
of historical research have always met with
intelligent appreciation. In his present
volume, ranging from 1661 to 1668, are com-
prised nearly 2,000 documents, and one
cannot but be struck with the large share of
attention which Charles II. devoted during
that period to securing the prosperity and
welfare of our, at that time, youthful and
infant Colonies.

One of the King's first public acts in
relation to the Colonies was to appoint a
Coimcil for Foreign Plantation. This
Coimcil consisted of thirty-five members,
and included Privy Councillors, members oif
the Legislature, and merchants, five of whom
were to be a quorum for the dispatch of
business. From this august body committees
were chosen to inform themselves of the
condition of the several Colonies, or Planta-
tions as they were then more frequently
called, and of the commissions by which
they were governed, and to collect from each
governor all the information necessary for
the King himself to form a correct judgment
upon these points. This Council held their
first meeting on January 7, 1661, and by
the end of the year they had met and
transacted business on forty-one different
days. The Colonies of New England and
Virginia, Jamaica, Barbadoes, and the
Caribbee Islands, all in turn came under
their notice, and each Colony eventually
received instructions for its future govern-
ment and, as it w^ hoped, for its increasing
prosperity.

The results of all these consultations were
duly reported to Charles IL, and not unfre-
quentiy, at the same time, proposals for

• " Calendar of State Papers.'* Colonial Series.
America and West Indies, i66i~i668. Edited by
W. Noel Sainsbttry. Longmans.

reform and improvement were submitted to
the King for his consideration or approval.
If it be remembered how very much our
Colonies had been left to themselves during
the later years of the Interregnum, this
energetic conduct on the part of ^e restored
king was the more necessary, and these
valuable State Papers conclusively show that
it /contributed materially, not only to the
pmianent welfare of those Colonies which
wpre then in progress of settlement, but it also
gjdve an impetus to many adventurous spirits
vrho were desirous of founding fi"esh Colonies.
JTeither should we lose sight of the fact,
(hat, in the numerous Charters granted by
Charles II. for the settlement of new planta-
tions during these early years of his reign, if
we except the Charter for the Royal African
Company, there was no stipulation or reser-
vation of direct profit to himself; the Colony
of Virginia being the only Royal Government
in which a quit-rent was reserved. So that
every inducement, and encouragement too,
was given by the King to those, and there
were many, who wished to eichibit their
love of adventure in that direction.

At the time of Charles II. 's restoration, our
American colonies consisted of six only of
the original thirteen United States of
America — ^viz., Virginia, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Coimecticut, Rhode Island,
and Maryland. Five more as British Colonies
begin their history during these eight years,
that is between 1661 and 1668 — ^viz., the
two Carolinas, New York, Delaware, and
New Jersey, whilst of the remaining two,
Pennsylvania was not founded imtil 1682, and
Georgia not imtH half a century later.

Bancroft, Palfrey, and other American
historians ; have so fully and so graphically
discoursed in their many-volumed writings on
the stirring events which led up to the growth
and full development of these the original
states of their great Republic, that one would
imagine there was little or nothing more to
learn about them ; and yet we find by careful
study of the State Papers — now first arranged
and calendared in consecutive and chronolo-
gical order, embodying as they do historical
materials worked from every available mine
in the repository of our national records —
not a few key-notes to the right consideration
of many an important episode in the narration

Otm COICJOES VSiTEH 7SE ME££T MUXJIMCM.

of CMsAf

OIC 3CDBB^ CD 'ODS: DC OUT ^wffP

«T I* •- «i .ri ••-

lie <Vt'ii.iiTC nnxc Tm <i*^'
cf JBd jHnwuii?"
cf fte Omnicii inr Pfam-
tD J c yuBi imlayiiiiia iiir id liit

Vbc OovecmDeXC of JWeir I-infrLmri

) as tD like rtmr: mg of toan

of TlHSTinf-, sun UZh

in TrShgifiiL snd ixter aisD db-
liss ubjCLiiOED appeas fcLniii|gt: in

would lie

BtDck of Btiee^ ID msr
mfT went; so siuied loiii

tDtbem.'' Tnenadxi

iir«iiii>: •>aiiL«4

tint liiiar mode of govntmieni "was Eucb ^ af
if Acj mcDdfid tD suspezid thgr* aiisDiiile
o hfdirnnr to liie Kmgr'E amhor^Dr/ TTe see
tins dsposztiozi -on thy- part of Massa^uiseQE
thiB eaiiy JJaanAJiadowgd, and Cnarirs XL vcr
soon iuuDd om and attempted to raneor
wkax his saixxsaarB idled to notice, or did
not tike the troubie to aher. This coilairr,
tlicB, fiom Us iiibl aettienienl. did its uiuHibi
to IliiDw off evcji kind of depeodeiice on.
tbe llolher Comorj, iciiidi. as we all kDor,
after 150 yeais of consistent, if pertiDaci0D&.
condoct thcT ^xalhr accompiisfaed.

We find in tiKse papers quite a bistorr of
llie saffenngE infiicttd upon ** the peopk of
God caBed Quakers." whidi certain 1 y were
■evcre: Any one adjudged a ^'wandering
Qoaker " was stx^iped naked from tiie middle
up w aid& ,tiedtpa cart's tail whipped timni^
the town, and thence conveyed out of the
Maaadtimrllfc juxiBdictiQii. At the same time
k moot not be f or gotieu tiiat the Englisb
rariiaiiient had found it necessair to make
^a diaxp law" against the same sect in
Fngianri, but then. tokxatioD in religion was
not as gencial as it is now.

We shall letuzn to this subject again, and
r, bf tiie aid of these State Papers, what
IL did during this busr period of
ookxuzation, not only in our American
FlantBtians, but in the West Indies and in
Afiica.^ We sball also very probably have
imiiirlliing to say about tiie ^ccaneers and

Zbc Vkscnat Vcftfal of

BrditccXnic

<AL iuuujuuT of ihe old ndnnl

consioexF tooB

done a irrcsi osal muit hBEm
ntHod :: and hmn a anictlr
guauaL pain: of Tiew pexhegx ^uf je
many icmaxkable examples of the bamitti
aicimectoiaj details of tiie Middle Ages haovc
iieen rrrnreiT desiroyec by ignuuuit sdbi-
tEa3s under the mlse name of
A naonrm arcoicecL cspecialbr a
aaamecL too ofEcn thinks that he
stt^nrzv on whai the old people ha:ve
anc in this rieir he is of&en encouraged Iw
the dei^MvuiaiL who is. perhaps, more roid^
ignoiam on die subiea tiian the ardiittct
hrmseHl and who admires the very pret^
open timt^er toos ii^cb are part of what is
called the Vicio r ia n sryle. and whidi
often really pretty objects, being copied
some good old example, but are as often venp
mnch out tif place. I have known a VU15
good panelled wooden c^eiling of the UieoitL
centun* to be removed in order to maiee
room for a high pxtt^ed roof with the uiiibeis
left open and ornamented accanhng to ^he
modem st\'le.

In one remarkable instance tiiis has been
done even by Gilbert Scott himseb" ; it w»
very seldom that he made a mistake of this
kind, yet in this instance he has evident^
done so: he has endeavoured to imp i o fe
upon William of Wykeham in his own wmk,
Kew College ChapeL C>xibrd. The college
relied imphdtly on Scott carried away by his
great name, and allowed him to alter Wyke-
ifiun's own neariy fiat roof, with a pandled
ceiling, into one several feet higher, with tiie
timbers left open according to the £Ei^on of
die Victorian style. From the size and
height of the chapel this cannot be seen
without leaning the head back in a paiofiil
manner. Against the east wall is a series of
niches for images in many tiers, whidi formed
a reredos to the altar : these are carried up
to the line of the old panelled ceiling, ax^
have been carefully restored, but the interval
between that line and the modem nxi^ a

144 THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

space of several feet wide, is left entirely
blank, and catches the eye at once, on look-
ing from the west end, as an ugly feature, and,
to those who understand the subject, it is a
palpable blunder of the restorer. On the
exterior Wykeham's parapet is allowed to
remain ; but the new roof stands up 2|.bove
it at both ends, and at the west end this is
very plainly visible from the space between
the Clarendon building and the Bodleian
Library, especially from the steps in going
down from the theatre towards New CoDege.*

Antiquaries must remember that our
Mediaeval churches are not merely museums
of architectural history, but buildings erected
for congregational worship, and just as well
suited for that purpose now as when they were
built, and that the use of a building is the first
thing to be considered. I have no hesitation
in saying that the restorations of the Victorian
era have, on the whoky done a great deal
more good than harm ; in the great majority
of examples we have got rid of the galleries
across the windows, which were called scaf-
foldings when they were first erected, chiefly
in the Cromwellian era and under Presby-
terian influence, the object being to enable
the' people to hear a popular preacher, and
also to enable the wealthy farmers in the
village churches, or shopkeepers in the towns,
each to have his own family pew, for which
there was not room on the floor of the
church. In many cases each family had a
separate staircase from the exterior to his own
box. These family boxes are now generally
considered as most objectionable ; not only
are they extremely ugly and spoil the appear-
ance of a church, but the unchristian prin-
ciple of monopoly and exclusiveness has in
many parishes driven the poor entirely out
of the parish church, in which they have
just as much right to have a proper place
assigned to them as the richest or greatest
man in the parish.

These are now commonly called sleeping
boxes or donkey boxes, and ridicule is generally
found the best mode of getting rid of them ;

• We are assured by Sir G. Scott's son that this
impeachment against his father is founded on fact. It
is only fair, however, to add that he allowed his own
better judgment on this case to be over-ruled by the
authonties of the Colle^;e— the parties who really
ought to be held responsible for the roo£— [£d. A.]

but the system has imfortunately been
allowed to continue so long that, in some
churches, those who have bbtained posses-
sion of some portion of the soil of the chiurch
daim 2k prescriptive right to it, as the common
law of £ngland generally allows sixty years'
possession to give a legal claim, and, in the
most objectionable cases, those who think
theibselves the owpers will put any one who
tries to get rid of them to the expense of
a lawsuit. We must acknowledge that the
restorers have generally succeeded in getting
rid of these obstructions by inducing a majority
of the vestry to support tfie restoration.

Unfortunately the new system was begun
too soon, before either the architects or their
(employers knew how to set about it The
movement began in Oxford and Cambridge
in 1837-8, chiefly among the undergraduates.
Which of these Universities had the start is
considered rather doubtful ; the first meeting
at which the Oxford Society was formed was
in the summer of 1837, which was some
months before the Cambridge Society ; but
the latter was more active and zealous and
made more noise in the world. The Oxford
Society had a much larger number of senior
members ; the Venerable Dr. Routh was its
president for the first few years, and nearly
all the heads of colleges were vice-presidents.
These senior members naturally were more
cautious in their proceedings ; they all saw
that the movement was calculated to do
much good if properly regulated, but the
Oxford Society tried in vain "to put the
drag on" its Cambridge rival. The under-
graduates of both Universities naturally vied
with each other, but the committee of each was
the acting body, and in Oxford half of the
committee were Masters of Arts, whereas in
Cambridge they were all imdergraduates —
their venerable President, Archdeacon Thorp,
was as zealous and almost as yoiithful in his
ideas as the imdergraduates themselves.
When these young men left the University,
and went to their respective homes, a large
proportion of them took Holy Orders, and
had parish churches under their control.
Others were leading laymen in their respective
neighbourhoods, and formed the numerous
provincial Archaeological Societies, which
have done much good and have kept alive
a proper spirit, both for the love of uchitec-

THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 145

tare as a fine art and far the pioper use of
the old churches.

These yohmteer visitations of each church
firom time to time are nmch more attended
to than the Archdeacon's visits, whidi are
commonly looked npon as a mere matter of
form, idiereas ^e volunteers include generally
the principal people in the count}', and their
visit is quite an event in the parish. At
the nme time these excursions are exceed-
ingly usefol to the antiquary. Everydiing is
thrown open on such an occasion, and those
niio have some e:q>enence assist and instruct
the beginners. They also have die oppcr-
tonity of seeing what churches are in need
of restoration, and, where they have been
restored, whedier diis has been weU, or ill,
done. This keeps die whole county alive, and
is a great check upon the architects, as there
are always some well-informed persons in eadi
party of visttons.

To retnm to the beginning of the move-
ment People are very apt to overiook at
the present time the great difficulties widi
idiidi the work had to contend. Those with
whom it originated, though very zealous and
active, generally were extremely ignorant of
all practical details of such work. The clergy
themselves had to leain how what they
wanted to have done could be done ; not
only the architects and the builders, but their
woikmen, had to be taught that even the
construction of the walls during the Georgian
oa was as bad as bad could be. Every sort
of trick was practised by the workman
habitually as part of his trade ; they had no
idea of honest substantial walls, such as were
used in the Middle Ages, and had entirely a
new lesson to learn. Great credit is due to
the late Mr. Blore for educating a school of
workmen ; he was the first to see the neces-
sity for this and to carry it out, and this
example compelled other builders to follow
it At first the men could not understand it,
bat after a time they took a pleasure in doing
reaUy good honest work, and gloried in it It
took several years to have a sufficient school
of workmen properly instructed. The archi-
tects had almost as much to learn as the
boikleEi and their workmen.

The publication of the popular manuals of
Mr. Matthew H. Bloxam and myself^ and
opedaDy CMando Jewitfs beautiful wood-

cuts both in these books and in my
"Glossary of Architecture," which had an
enormous circulation, led the way to the
formation of these local societies. The clergy
especially admired so much the beautiful de-
tails shown in those woodcuts, that they
wanted to have their chinches restored and
these examples copied. This general demand
for architects who understood Gothic archi-
tecture soon led to a supply ; though it took
some years for the architects really to become
acquamted with the subject The works of
the Pugins, both father and son — ^the former
by his excellent eng^a^'ings of the principal
buildings of Normandy, and the latter by his
contrasts, which both amused and instructed
a large number of persons — greatly helped
on die work. The beautiful engravings in
Britton's "Cathedrals," and in his "Archi-
tectuxal Antiquities," had paved the way for
it, but the letterpress of these shows the
extraordinary ignorance of the subject which
pre\'ailed at ^at period, although generally
written by the clergy or others supposed to
be well informed by Britton and his pab-
lishers. No one can read them at the pre-
sent time without being astonished at the
extreme ignorance that diey show. It wonld
be invidious to mention the names of archi-
tects who came forward at this time to supply
the deficiency. Mr. Blore has been men-
tioned as one of the earliest He had been
previously known rather as an artist than an
architect; his admirable drawings and en-
gravings of monuments have never been
equalled. As an architect, as I have said, he
was the first to perceive the necessity of
educating a school of workmen. In this he
was afterwards coidially followed by Gilbert
Scott, whose Architectural Museum near
Westminster Abbey was, and sdll is, of great
use to the workman. For some years there
was a rivalr}- between Scott and Pugin ; but
Pugin was too eccentric to have any perma-
nent hold on the public, and his joining tiie
Roman Church naturally separated him from
the Anghcan clergy ; but he built the gate-
way of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1844,
three years after Scott had built the Martyrs'
Memorial, which was the first work that
brought him into notice, as he states in his
" Recollections."
As I happen to be acquainted with the

148

ALMANACKS THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.

the demand for such glimpses into futurity ;
and the prognostications began to be regarded
as the most important part of an aknanac^.
Nostradamus was supposed to have foretold
the death of Henry II. of France, the be-
heading of our Charles I., and the fire of
London. The fame and popularity of the
vaticinations of this astrologer so increased
the number of political prophecies in France,
to the unsettling of men's minds, that
Henry III. forbade such to be inserted in
almanacks ; and the prohibition was renewed
by Louis XIII. so late as 1628. At a much
earlier date than the seventeeth century every
almanack was required to be stamped with
Ae approval of the Bishop of the Diocese
before publication. In England almanacks
began to get into common use during the
latter part of the reign of Henry VIII., and
were issued with prognostications and a
variety of general information in the time of
Elizabeth. The tide of one for 1569 is as
foUows: — "An Almanack and Prognostica-
tion for the yere of our Lorde God 1569,
servying for all Europe, wherein is shewed
the nature of the Pianettes and Mutation of
the Ayer, verie necessarie for all Marchantes,
Marineres, Students, and Traveilers, bothe
by sea and lande, calculated and gathered by
Joachim Hubrighe, Doctour of Physicke and
Astronomic of Midelborowe in Sealand;
whereunto is annexed a profitable rule to
knowe the Ebbes and Fluddes for Marineres ;
also their courses; soundynges, markes, and
daimgers, all along the coaste of Englande
and Normandie ; also all the principall Faires
and Martes, where and when they be holden ;
mete for all those that use the trade thereof.
Imprinted at London by Jhon K)mgston for
Wm. Pickeryng." It is printed in black
letter, and the "dayes good to sett and sowe,
to take medicines, to lett bloude, to cut
heares, and fortunate and unfortunate dayes/'
are marked in the calendar. In the margin
are recorded the phases of the moon and
the direction of the wind at the time of
quartering. Many more saints' days aje
inserted than at present — ^viz., January 10,
"Paull first heare;" January 15, "Isidore
Martyr ;" February 26, " Peters Chaire ;"
April 28, "Peter of Milan;" May 7, "John
of Beverley ;" July 27, " Seven Slepers," &c.
Modem weather prediction's are quite sur-

passed by Dr. Joachim Hubrighe, for he gave
his readers "the daily disposition of the
weather, Tviih the juste hawer and minute of
the chaunge,^^ On March 3 he annoimces an
"Eclipse of the Moone, which bringeth
with It verie pestiferous fevers, and other
diseases, whyche the Lorde doth sende among
us onely for synne, except we speedyly
repente." Then follows "The Nature of
the Pianettes" with illustrative woodcuts : —

^ Saturne is cold and drie ; the purse in his
hand betokeneth gettynge of money, and the
sitting on the chaier betokeneth restynge to
wait on his riches. He governs long pere-
grinations, labours, slouthe, and affliction ;
fkthers, grandsiers, brothers, servants, and
base menne ; al blacke clothes, the inner
part of the eare, the spleene and stomacke."

^^ Jupiter is the best planett in heaven,
most frendlye to manne ; he maintaines Life,
governs the Sanguine, signifyes great menne of
estate and the Cleigy,signifyer of substaimce,
of ages, youth, of maistieres ; he is the planet
of Wisedome, Understand)mge, and use
thynges; of manne he rules the lightes,
stomacke, left eare, arme, and bellie."

" Mars is hot and drie, and the crowe that
he beareth sheweth that as a Raven dothe
love ded flesh or carren, right so dothe
Mars love to slea menne, he maketh all
cursed parverse workes in all nativities \ also
he holdeth iron, delyghtyng in bloudshed, all
thynges done by fier — shortning of joumies,
and the gathering together of captaines."

*^^ Mercurie is variable, like as the cocke
bloweth above all other fowles, so is this
planet hier in imagination of wisedom, and
he is stronger than anie other planet; he
ruleth quicksilver, he is good with the good,
and yll with the evil ; he signifyes predication,
Rhetoricke, Geometric, Philosophic, foresight,
versifying. He rules Wednesdaie and Sondaie
night"

Next come the " Courses and Marks for
Marineres," containing many curious details,
and references to objects long swept away
by the silent hand of Time. The book began
thus : — " You shal come downe the Thames
from London till you come to the easte ende of
the Nore, and there shall ye anker ; because
ye shal knowe how to anker cleare of it, your
markes be Priklewell steeple shut in bye the
woode that stands on the north shore by the

ALMANACKS THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.

water side, and so shal ye anker dere: If ye
be bounde to the noithwarde yaor course
lieth fro the saide place to the sheure, north-
east and southwest, and upon the saide
sheure stands a beacon, and so take heede of
the black tayle that lyeth on the north side
of that course, and come no nere it than 5
or 4 fadom ; also take heede of the hens
^ge that lyeth on the east side of that
course; and come no nere it than 3 or 2
fadom." The book concludes with a list of
" Faires and Martes when and where they be
holden," and does not contain a single poli-
tical allusion, or reference to the ruling
monarch, as was usually the case.

In an Almanack and Prognostication for
1589 by Gabriel Frende, after Finis comes
"God save Queen Elizabeth," and these
verses, evidenUy intended to disarm adverse
criticism —

Thou hast my guess at daily weather

Here present in thy viewe,

My credit shall not lie thereon

That every word is true ;

Yet some to please I thought it best

To shewe my mynde among the rest.

This author also ^^ shewed his tnynde^ in
headings to every month in the Calendar ;
containing practical advice in the style of
Stemhold and Hopkins ; of which two
examples will be sufficient : —

In May thou mays't with safety

Both Bath and take Purgation ;

Use Vomit and Phlebotomy,

And eyke evacuation.

• « « •

September yedfldes frutes pleasantly
Rdrayne, eat not thy fyll ;
Take medicine, use Phlebotomy ;
Now spice in meates not yll.

' Gabriel seems to have been a precursor of the
Sangrade school, for he prescribes " evacuation
and phlebotomy " for most of the months in
the year, and considers nothing so dangerous
to health as repletion. However, to make
amends, he advises his readers to provide a
good store of old wines and ale for Christmas,
to be used with moderation.

In England, owing to their loyal expres-
sions or to their abstinence from allusions to
a&irs of State, no Royal Proclamation
ever api>eared against Almanacks, but they
were under the watchful supervision of the
Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop
of London. Soon after the accession of

James I., that monarch granted a monopoly of
the trade in Almanacks to the two Universi-
ties and the Company of Stationers. The
Universities were not very eager to avail
themselves of their privil^e, and in consider-
ation of an annuity soon resigned all active
exercise of it to their partners. Under the
patronage of the Stationers, Almanacks were
more in request than ever; their makers styled
themselves Philomaths; weather wisdom
increased ; medical and agricultural precepts,
astronomical and astrological rules were
multiplied, and found their way into works
where their presence would be least sus-
pected. In a very "Smal and portable
Manuel," in 48mo, containing the Psalter in
prose and verse, and the Order for Morning
and Evening Prayer, black letter — *' imprinted
for the Company of Stationers " 1606 — at the
foot of each page of the Calendar are such
quaint and practical couplets as the follow-
ing:—

Februaue.
Now euerie day set hops you may.
And set for thy pot best hearbes to be got.

April.
Heare barke go sel ere timber ye fel,
The best that ye knowe for staddles let growe.

October.
Nowe sowe thou thy wheate to sel or to eate,
Sowe also thy rie, if October be drie.

December.
Your timber cut do>*Tie ; take birds that abowne,
With net or with lime ; and thus ends my rime.

•

The stationers of the seventeenth century
were evidently quite as capable as their
successors in the nineteenth of meeting the
requirements of their time, and from the
bucolic instructions contained in the '' smal
and portable manuel," it must have been
chiefly intended for rural use. During the
reign of James the Astrologers became so
numerous, and, in their own view, of such
importance, that they formed themselves
into a body, and for many years had an
annual dinner and celebration of their own.
Ashmole mentions in his Diary his attend-
ance at several of these meetings. The wits
of the time soon directed their attention
to the Astrologers and their proceedings,
and unmercifully ridiculed the failure and
extravagance of most of their predictions.
Dekker, the playright and satirist, lashes the

ISO

ALMANACKS THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.

whole body in his "Raven's Almanack,"

'published in 1609, "foreteUing of Plague,
Famine, and Civil Warre, that shall happen

' this present yeare 1609 ; with certaine Rules,
Remedies, and Receipts." The work is
dedicated to the "Lyons of the Wood"
(young courtiers), " to the Wilde Buckes of
tiie Forest " (gallants and younger brothers),
"to the Harts of the Field, and to the
whole country that are brought up wisely,
yet prove Guls ] and are bom rich, yet dye
beggers." The mock predictions are written
with considerable humour and force, and are
intermixed with a number of comic incidents,
including a curious " song sung by an olde
woman in a medowe."

An imitation of this tract was published
in 16 1 8 by Lawrence Lisle, entitled the
"Owle's Almanack," having for a frontis-
piece a woodcut of an Owl reading in his
study. It begins with an introductory
epistle from the Owl to the Raven, in which
the Raven's Almanack is termed "a hotch
potch of calculations/' and it contains con-
temporary allusions full of shrewdness and
drollery. The taste for prognostications
was far too deeply rooted in tilie minds of
the people to be extirpated by the keenest
ridicule : the credit of the Astrologers, though
somewhat shaken, received no lasting injury,
and they and their companion Philomaths
flourished as before. The Stationers, pro-
bably taking the hint from the productions
of Dekker or Lisle, issued Almanacks
disparaging all prophecies to suit the
sceptics, and simultaneously others con-
taining predictions to suit the credulous.

r During the troubled reign of Charles I.

. prognostications of all kinds were enormously
increased in number and repute ; and mild
examples of the predictions of Lilly and

>Booker exist in our own times on the respect-
able authority of Zadkiel and Francis Moore,
Physician. W. H. K

>K(»K'iC3v>X»Kt

St oneben ge.

IT would be a thankless and unneces-
sary task to repeat for the thou-
sand-aud-second time the descrip-
tion of Stonehenge ; nor anything
but waste of time to return to the various

theories regarding its intent, including that
last novelty — ^which would have delighted the
gphe-mouches Athenians — ^that it was an
ancient Christian temple I Its stones most
clearly refute such a theory, and in part in
fact declare, without hesitation, its real pur-
pose. But it is worth while noting an error
of description which is, or was, I believe, all
but universal, and which, when corrected,
explains so far the origin of a popular and
welMmown superstition.

Stonehenge has been spoken of as com-
posed of two concentric circles, having within
them two ellipses concentric with one another.
There are no ellipses, not even one, but —
speaking inaccurately still, — ^there are two
semi-elliptical curves. The conjecture there-
fore that these curves were dedicated to the
Moon, and represented the ^g, the origin of
all things, vanishes in vacuo. Some, also,
have spoken of the chief or inner curve as
originally formed of seven trilithons; but
these exist only in the imaginations of those
who seek a mystic and planetary number.
There are five ; and not a vestige of other
two, — no remains, nor traditions of any of
their stones, nor a mark of their site.

That these curves were not even semi-
elliptical struck me on my first visit, and after
measurement confirmed it. Since, I have
found that Sir Henry James had given a
correct description of them in his " Survey of
Stonehenge." Standing in front of the curves,
the first or lowest trilithon on the lefl will be
seen to trend outwards from its lowest edge,
and the first upright of the corresponding
trilithon on the right — the second upright
having fallen — ^will be seen to do likewise.
In other words the curve commences thus,
\/. The second trilithon on the left —
the corresponding one on the right having
£dlen — ^will be observed, on the contrary, to
trend inwards, thus /\, till its prolongation
meets in the central or fifth trilithon. My
measurements — rather more rough thantrigo-
nometrically exact — are :

1. From the inner and lower edge of the
lowest stone of the first trilithon on the
left, to the same point on the right,
43 feet

2. From the inner and upper edge of the
same stone to that of Uie other. 45 feet
i^ inches.

STONEHENGE.

151

3. The length of the curve from the
(ground) side centre of central trilithon
to centre ofline No. i, 45 feet

In a word the shape of the curve resembles
that of a horse-shoe. And in this shape of
what is evidently the most sacred part of the
structure, we can cany back to Druidical*
times the origin of that superstition which
nails horseshoes on doors, or throws them
over the left shoulder that we may keep
away evil, and have good luck brought us.

It would be extending our results too far,
I think, into the cloud-land of conjecture
were we also to associate with this horseshoe
superstition, the throwing of the old shoe
after the just-married couple, on the plea
that the heel represents the horseshoe curve.
More probably this deUvery merely meant,
'' May there soon be one to fill it," with the
addition, if one likes to extend one's imagi-
nation so far — '' and may he (or you) live till
he becomes as aged as Uiis shoe.'''

I have spoken of the stones -speaking. I
alluded to the fact that a person standing on
the centre of the so-called Altar Stone
can, at sunrise, on the 21st of June, the
longest day, see the sun appear on the
top of the Friar's Heel. It is said^ also,
that the now missing stone outside the outer
circle, at the back of the central trilithon,
pointed to the sun's setting on the shortest
day. Stonehenge, therefore, had to do with
the sun's apparent motion. But it is clear
that the mystical arrangement of the circles
and inner curves could not have aided these
observations. , And these curves ; their inward
position; the position of the Altar Stone
within them ; the greater size of their stones ;
the greater care taken as to their shapes and
adjustments ; their peculiar increase in size
and height ftom the commencement of the
curves to their centres ; and the siurounding
tumuli ; all tend to show that it was a temple.
Hence, and from the first-mentioned fact, one
dedicated to the Sim, and, not impossibly,

* The word "Druidical" has been here used as con-
veniently eacpressive of some va£;ue pre- Roman time.
VThile there are some grounds lor supposing that the
bnilden of Stonehenge were the ancestors of the
people found in England by Caesar, the question
stands thus. There is no argument wluch pronounces
against this view, but a lack of proof (from want of
infiomiatioD) in its fitvour.

to other associated heavenly bodies. The
meanings of the two solitary stones still re-
maining outside the outer circle, and in
advance, and right and left — ^though not
symmetrically so — of the observer who, on
the Altar Stone, looks towards the Friar's
Heel, have yet to be made out I can only
say that neither are visible from the centre
of this Altar Stone. Whether from any point
of view they touch the horizon I know not,
though it is said they do horn depressions
outside the outer circle, and within the
vallum. They do not from any part within
the circles.

I might, enpassofUy speak of an hypothesis,
without vestige of fact for its support, that the
small stones of the inner circle mark the
burial places of persons or families of rank
or sanctity. No tumulus in the neighbotir-
hood, or I believe anywhere else, has such a
stone; they are utterly different from the
Cromlech ; no Stonehenge stone is accom-
panied by a tumulus ; no sign of a burial
has ever been found beneath or near them ;
and, finally, we must suppose that the number
of deaths, or, at least, of burial places re-
quired, was so accommodating as to reach
^e exact number of the stones or passages of
the outer circle and then cease.

I also paid a visit to Avebury, but it was
hurried, and the stones being left here and
there, I was unable, to determine with cer-
tainty whether the inner curve was of a horse-
shoe shape. But I feel certain, both by the
eye and by such measurements as I could
take, that it is not a circle. The far greater
extent of the outer Avebury circle, and its
comparatively immense vallum and ditch,
greatly struck me. While, however, the want
of horizontals to the outer circle, the want
of trilithons, and the less attention to the form
and cutting of the stones may point to a
greater antiquity than Stonehenge, the great
difference of size and extent is not to be so
accounted for ; and I would suggest that were
the Druids divided into grades, these places,
speaddng in Masonic fashion, might be lodges
— ^Avebury of a lower and more general
grade, Stonehenge of the more select and
higher, if not highest

Brinsley Nicholson, M.D.

BOOKBINDING.

Booftbfnbfna.

lBr^n?|ESSRS. MORGAND and FATOUT,
Etraj S the Paris booksellers, who have
P.Qfl.W already produced in their Bulletin
Mensucl some marveUous copies
of highly ornamented old book-covers in
coloured lithography, have lately issued a very
fine volume on
French bookbind-
ing by Messrs.
Marius Michel.*
Their motto on the
title-page is pecu-
liarly appropriate,
because if (as all
true book lovers
know to be a fact)
■' un livre est un
ami qui ne change
jamais," then there
is all the more rea-
son why that friend
should be cared for
and put into a
handsome coat

The French con-
sider binding as
very specially a
national art, and
truly some of the
most exquisite spe-
cimens of ornate
leather binding
have been pro-
duced in their
country. Still, ive
must remember
that the art died
completely out at
the period of the
great Revolution,
and when in course
of time taste for beautiful objects had again
revived, the eyes of France were turned
towards England for inspiration. Then passed
over the country that wave of Anglomania
alluded to by Lesn^ in his poem on book-

"Iji Reliure Ftancafse, depu

de I'in

binding (iSaa), when speaking of Eoz^-

'• Ccl artiste atontcur Uetruiait k folic
Dc regftHer rAnglnis avec idolatrie,"
This was soon shaken ot^ and the French
have now again obtained the place of leaders
of the art.

Grolier, the founder of the French school
of ornamental binding, drew his inspiration
from Italy. One
great charm of the
work produced for
this generous man,
IV ho announced
that his books were
as much at the ser-
vice of his friends
as at his own, is
its constant variety.
Some specimens
are severely geo-
metrical, others are
more architectural
in design, and
some again exhibit
freer forms, such as
the figure below,

Grolier employ-
ed some of the
best arUsts of his
time to design for
him, but neverthe-
less all his books
exhibit the in-
fluence of his oivn
individuality.

Most of the sove-
reigns of France
have been munifi-
cent patrons of the
art of bookbinding,
and their wives and
mistresses usually
showed the same
spirit. A volume with intertwined crescent
moons, and the letters D. and H. stamped
upon the sides, showing that it has come
from the library of Hemi II. and Diana
of Poitiers, is amongst tlie most coveted
treasures of the bibliomaniac. In spite, how-
ever, of the fascination of these distinguished
names, the great historian De Thou stands
out prominently as next in rank after Grolier

BOOKSnWING.

153

of the an. He had s mag-
i libraiy of choice books, besuttfiii io
^^^^ fees, frotD boog ifae &oest pnxsuable
oopKS erea before he bound Cbeni. The
most usual style of binding adopted bj- De
Tbou conssted of a plain side with his aimE
in the centre and his monogTan] repeated
down the back. When he was 3 bachekw he
bound all bis books
in F«xc white »d-
luED ; after his mar-
riage he adopted
sheepskin (usual! y ,
bowerci, styled
morocco); and
lasdy, be Isrgely
used li^ broiro
calf {vt^M/oKFe) as
well sa diSereut
coloured morocco.
^VbeQ be manieii
his first wife, Marie
de Barban^ii

Caoy, in 1 58;, be
added beranns to
bis own OD the
ades of the books :
and tbeanneof his
MOOad wife were
abo iodaded in the
«<jMgii of those
boood after hei
msniage to him.
De TboD left his
librsry to his itya
by the second wife,
with strict injunc-
tiims that itthodld
not be disposed oC
Tlu> Mtt ontinued
the libsiy and
bound tiia books
ia die OBC style as
hii fildio did. On
fak deuh, in 1677,
it was dpridrd thst
the libmy should be &otd by public auction,
and a catalogue was publish^ The Presi-
doit De Uenars purchased the whole libran-.
with the exocptioo of the books in the bz%t
two Avfi aak; which were dispersed before
be knew they were to be sold. Some of
tbcK, however, he afierwards succeeded in
»0L. u.

buying bncL The librBiy was subsequcnity
booght from his heirs by thi^ Cardinal de
Rohan, who incorpotated it n-ith lus own,
and in 17SS the Pnuce de Soubise, lineal
BODceisor Io the Rohan property, sold it by
public auction.

AJtbou^ most of De Tbou's bindings were
plain, he sometimes adopted on ornate sl3rlc>
and the figure be-
loK- wjQ give a good
idea of one of these
patterns.

Messre. Michel's
book,howe\-er, con-
tain)^ a representa-
tion of certain^
one of the fine^
s p ec im ensof ornate
ijcjokliinding ever
produced. The
giBcdul imion of a
■.arieiy of designs,
some rigid and
othersfio wing, posi-
tively baffies de-
Koipiiott The
arms of De Thou
and his first wife,
m the ceniie of
the side, give a
character to the
whole design.

Bookbinding may
tic broadly divided
inio two distinct
schools of an,
Ahich curiously
enough do not ap-
pear to have encr-
ted any particu-
lar infiuence the
one on the olbo :
1 ) the old stamped
leather, which was
tirought to pofec-
tion by the Gci-
ux^iva , {3} the gill loi^Iing which came to us
fiom lt:dy. We might imagine that the second
class of work grew out of the first, as the
taste for effect was cultivated, but this does
not appear to have been the case.

I. In the first instance, the onuunents on
the leather were of the ^nqilest descriptioo.

154

BOOKBINDING.

and merely intended to hide the bareness of
the side. Afterwards an elegant artistic
taste came into play, and the designers of the
blocks which were used to stamp the calf,
vellum, or pig-skin covers often treated their
subjects with consummate elegance. A con-
siderable variety of design was indulged in,
and portraits and other illustrations of the
contents of the book were often stamped
upon its cover. All this ornamentation was
blind work, and the scroMs and flowers and
mottoes were only shown by their slightly
elevated surface over the rest of the cover.

2. The gorgeous gold tooling which
flourished for many years, and gradually
drove blind tooling out of fashion, came to us
from Italy, but there is no doubt that it had
an Eastern origin. Some of the earliest
Italian ornamental bindings are evident
imitations of the covers of Persian and
Indian MSS. There were two styles that
were, more particularly copied — ^viz., the
corded and dotted patterns, and those in
which large surfaces of solid goldwork were
spread over the side. The lesOher lining
called doublij which is supposed to be a
French invention," will be found in Eastern
bindings of the fifteenth centuiy.

Messrs. Marius Michel have worked out
with great care the history of the styles
prevalent at difierent periods. Their book
contains twenty plates in heliogravure, which
give us an excellent idea of the sumptuous
bindings produced by French artists.
Besides these, the 'different tools, the
borders, the centre ornaments, &c., used
at various times are illustrated in the text.
The notes contain particulars respecting
certain of the noted binders, from which
we learn that there were fourteen who
bore the name of De Rome, and diirteen of
the family of Padeloup. The names of
Nicholas and Clovis Eve, and Le Gascon,
are the most distinguished in the annals of
French bookbinding, but littie or nothing is
known about the men. The Eves obtained
some beautiful effects by a quite novel
treatment of foliage ; and Le Gascon, who
bound for Sir Kenelm Digby, produced a
deUcate tracery on his covers which has
never been surpassed. Other distinguished
names are those of Anguerrand, Bradel,
Boyer, Dusseuil (mentioned by Pope),

Duboisson, and Le Monnier. Particulars of
some of these men have only been discovered
by a considerable expenditure of research, for
while the names of the collectors are remem-
bered, those of the binders are in most
instances forgotten. If this be the case in
Fiance, how much more is it so in England.
All those who are interested in the history of
this branch of fine art should devote special
attention to the discovery of the men that
dttl the work which still lives to delight us.

In studying a chronological series of fine
bindings we cannot but notice how the art
gzadually decayed. The later work is rich,
but not delicate; thus gaudy flowers are
often made to sprawl over the whole side,
and this is well illustrated in some of the
plates of Messrs. Marius Michel's book.
The old binders so thoroughly appreciated
the fundamental principles of their art, that
although they covered their books with
ornament, we can wish none of it away ;
but the later artists frequentiy mistook the
object they should have aimed at, and in-
troduced much that is incongruous.

Now that rich bindings are so highly

S predated, it is to be hoped that binders of
e present day will be induced by the
study of the fine specimens that come in
their way, not to imitate servilely, but to
emulate the spirit of the work of the best
days of the art

In conclusion, we will refer to two instances
of the extravagant prices that specimens of
old binding now realize. The Baron de
Longepierre, after writing many dramas
which no one would listen to, made a success
with his tragedy of " Medea" in 1785. He
was so pleased with this that from that time
he stamped the covers of all his books with
Jason's golden fleece. The volumes, which
were elegandy bound in morocco of various
colours, are much sought after now, and a
Uttle book will sell for ;^i5o or ;^2oo.
Even modem bindings, when very fine, will
realize high prices ; thus at a recent sale in
Paris a book of no very great value, bound
by the late Mons. Trautz-Bauzonnet in his
best and most elaborate style of inlaying,
sold for ;£'64o.

H. B. Wheatley.

»X»X'^^lH»><'

ST. OLAFAND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM. 155

St ®Iat an^ tbe Overthrow ot
flortbem paaaniam.

By William Porter,

Author of** The Norse Invasum 0/1066, a NtgUcted
Chapter in Engiish History ."

FART II.

|LAF having thus revealed his plan
to Sigurd Syr, the help of Rorek
and Ring — ^two petty kings of
Hedemarken — and Gudrbd, of
Gudbrandsdalen, together with that of some
others of minor note, was speedily obtained,
and soon the whole districts within their
several little empires were summoned to a
Thing, or Parliament, where, by general
acclamation, Olaf was proclaimed king. It
was no easy work, however, to make himself
master of all the petty provinces of Norway,
where for generations party feuds and
jealousies had constantly or periodically
raged; but by dint of continued persever-
ance, and by hard fighting, he at length
succeeded in establishing himself a kingdom
commensurate with that of his famous pre-
decessor. It was, however, only for a time ;
the harshness and cruelty with which he
prosecuted his mission of exterminating
every trace of the ancient paganism of his
land — a mission with which he believed him-
self to be entrusted direct from Heaven —
could not but tend to provoke much ill-
will, and to rouse, beyond endurance, the
warlike propensities of his liberty-loving
countrymen. Years of strife, even after his
possession of the throne, were thus engen-
dered to him j and ultimately, by the defec-
tion of one trusty supporter after another,
CHaf was compelled for very safety to betake
himself to exile. His old enemies, the
Danes, were not slow to profit by his mis-
fortunes, and Norway, being left for a while
without a recognised head, became once
again, though only for a brief period, subject
to the second Sweyn. On the death of this
king, however, and while his subjects were
holding disputes regarding the succession of
Hardicanute, Olaf once more succeeded in
triumphantly over-running Norway as its
lawful monarch. But his disasters had not
taught him the lesson of forbearance. He
seemed rather to be endued with a still

more ferocious spirit of severity ; he seemed
to be governed less by the mercy and the
•love of the Gospel than by the vengeance
and chastisement of the Law; not an
apostie, but an Old Testament judge, who
believed himself to be dealing not so much
with hb own enemies as with the enemies of
God.* It was a hard time for Norway; it
had obstinately resisted the propagation of
the light of truth and peace, and had now
to drink the cup of its somDw to the very
dregs. It had fostered to the last Uie
brutalizing elements of its idolatry, and,
spurred by its tenets, had wrought destruction
among the more enlightened communities
where Christ had begun to reign ; and this
tribulation was perhaps its fit reward. It
seemed as though Heaven had so destined
that by the will of one man — and that man
its own king — this now unhappy land was to
have meted out to it what it had so long
meted out to others ; and that by the will of
that one man also, the old faith, with its
encumbrances of superstition, and its mani-
fold moral and material props, was to be
beaten and crushed into the very dust.

We will just take an example or two of
the manner in which Olaf prosecuted his
" heaven-bom" mission.

In the summer of 102 1 he sailed with his
vessels over Sbndmore and Nordmbre, and
spent the autumn in the now famed Roms-
dalen; here he left his vessels, and, with
Bishop Sigurd and an armed force, betook
himself overland through Romsdalen to
Lesje in Gudbrandsdalen. At Lesje and
Dovre he made captives of all the chief men,
and compelled them either to be baptized or
to suffer death, or to go into exile. Those
who adopted Christianity were forced to de-
liver their sons as hostages for their con-
sistency. Thence the king passed over the
mountains through Lordalen towards Lom,
where afterwards the Scottish chieftain Sin-
clair fell. On the heights of Stavebrekke,'
whence a grand view is obtained over the
whole panorama of the Lom, embracing both

* A kindred thought of Lamartine may have
suggested this passage ; I know not, nevertheless I
let it stand : — "EUe (sinc^rit^) lui donne aussi cette
implacability d'un sectaire qui, en frappant ses ennemis,
croit frapper les ennemis de Dieu. — Cromwell, ch.
xc. Me judice, the expression, as I have put it, ap-
plies with more truth to Olaf than to CromwelL

M 2

156 ST. OLAF AND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM.

sides of Ottaelven, the grandest district of
Norway, Olaf stood still a moment to con-
template the gorgeous scene. " It is a pity,*-
said he, '* that so magnificent a district should
be burned." Then he continued his way
down into the valley, and spent some days
at Nes, on the south side of the lake. Here
he cut Thingbud — or messages for assembly
— summoning the peasants from the three
districts of Lom, and Vaage, and Hedalen,
and giving them this choice : either to adopt
Christianity and deliver their sons as hostages,
or to fight with him and see their possessions
burnt and destroyed. The greater number
yielded to his command, but many also fled
further southward down the valleys.

There was one man with whom he had to
contend caUed Dale Gudbrand. He was
almost a king in these valleys, though only
of inferior rank. Gudbrand dwelt on the
estate of Hundorp, in Fron ; and upon his
estate was a temple dedicated to Thor,
wherein was the image of that god, grandly
gilt and gorgeously adorned. This Gud-
brand hearing of King Olaf s arrival at Lom,
and that he had compelled the people there
to be baptized, despatched Hcsrpil—ox sum-
mons to armed meeting — to call the inha-
bitants to Hundorp. Speedily a vast con-
course assembled, there being good means
of passage both by land and lake. Here
Gudbrand held a Thing, or council, with the
peasants, and addressed them thus : — " I
have heard," said he, " there is come a man
to Lom called Olaf; a man who will offer us
another faith, and break all our gods to
pieces. But I certainly think if we bear out
our-god Thor he will help us now as he has
done before ; when he looks upon this Olaf
and his men they will be struck with fear,
and then it will be all over with their God."

The peasants, having listened to this
speech, cried out with one voice that Olaf
should not depart alive if he dared to ven-
tiure so far southward as to their home, and
they sent over 800 armed men to intercept
him on his march ; but these were speedily
vanquished and put to flight. It was then
agreed that on a given day the peasants
should hold a Thing with Olaf. The even-
ing before the appointed day, the king
inquired of Gudbrand's son, who had been
sent to him in token of good faith, what their

god was like. " It is Thor," said he ; " he
is tali and stout, and bears a great hammer
in his hand. He is hollow within, and stands
upon a pedestal ; of gold and silver is there
enough upon him, and every day he has five
measures of bread and meat" Thereupon
the king called one of his men, by name
Kolbein Staerke (or the Strong), and gave
him instructions to stand by his side the next
day with a large club, and if it should happen
during his speech that the peasants turned
their eyes away from him, to strike the idol
with all his might The next morning the
Thing was seated ; some of the peasants bore
out tibe image of Thor, and all prostrated
themselves before the idol-god. The image
was placed in the centre, on the summit of
the Hill of Council On one side sat the
peasants, on the other the king and his men.
Then Gudbrand rose and said, " Where is
now thy God, O king ? He carries his beard
rather low, and thou art thyself ashamed ;
for now our god is come, who advises us in
everything, and looks upon you with frowning
eyes. Be reconciled to him and worship
him ; it is wonderful he has spared thee so
long." To this the king replied : — " Thou
wonderest thou canst not see our God; I
expect his speedy coming to us. On the
other hand, I wonder that you will try to
terrify us with your god, which is blind and
deaf, and can neiAer protect himself nor
others. I think it will soon go hard with
him ; for look now towards the east — there
comes our God, with glorious flood of
light !"

The sun was just rising, and all the peasants
turned to look at it At the same moment
Kolbein struck the idol with his club ; the
image fell to pieces, and from its interior
issued mice and toads and creeping things.
The peasants were struck with terror, and
took to flight But Olaf had given orders to
scuttle their boats and to drive their horses
astray into the forest They were in
complete confusion. Olaf summoned the
assembly again, and the Thing was seated
anew. " Now," said he, " ye have seen how
much your god availed you, upon Which ye
have bestowed gold and jewels, and to which
ye gave meat and drink. Worms and toads,
mice and creeping things, have devoured
these, as ye now see, and it is good enough

ST. OLAFAND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM. 157

for those who believe in such things and
support such folly. Take now your gold
and your costly things home to your wives,
and hang them not on stocks and stones.
And choose now one of two courses — either
at once to adopt Christianity, or to fight with
me; and let those win to whom God will
vouchsafe a victory!" All promised to
accept Christianity, and to be baptized.
Bishop Sigurd himself baptized Gudbrand,
who built a church upon his estate, and en-
dowed it with great possessions.*

This was the general course with which
King Olaf prosecuted his mission of " peace
and goodwill to men;^ by armed force to
lay hold of and subdue the chief peasants of
each district, that thereby the commoner
people might be awed into submission. The
homes of all suspected persons were visited,
many were taken prisoners, all were plim-
dered. But even worse than this, his zeal
was not satisfied without the putting of many
of his victims to death \ while others were
hamstrung, some deprived of sight, and some
condemned to perpetual banishment. t

But we must hasten to the closing scene
of King Olaf s life, and though we find him
suiTOunded with difficulties arising firom his
own severities, again left almost unsupported
by the chiefs of his native land, and threatened
with a violent insurrection through the whole
northern half of his dominions, we shall still
find there is something of a halo around him,
and that by the sheer force of his faith his
sun was yet to go down with something of
natural splendour.

A vast rising of the peasantry on the
borders of Finmark had been brought about
by the united machinations of several of the
chieftains banished by Olaf during the earlier
portion of his reign, helped, as is related, by
English gold, and under the auspices of Har-
dicanute, who still clung tenaciously to his
|2Ioject of regaining Norway to his crown.
Foremost among the leaders of this insurrec-
tion was one Thore Hund, whose followers
were inspired as much by their faith in the
ancient religion of their land as by their de-
sire to free themselves from a cruel monarch.

* Si^wart Petersen, " Fortaellinger at Faedre-
landcts Historic," p. 313, d seq.

t Snorre SturUsson, "HemiskriDgla," ed. Unger,
cfaap. 116.

It was thus an acknowledged conflict between
the hammer of Thor and the followers of the
Cross. And it was to be the last.

Olaf s band had been weakened by con-
tinual internecine war, and by defection and
desertion. In his last extremity he had felt
compelled to seek the help of his relative the
Swedish king, who, however, having enough
to do to manage his own refractory subjects,
offered him only the questionable assistance
of obtaining whosoever would of their own
free will enlist beneath his standard. In such
a time, and under such circumstances as then
prevailed, there were numerous bands of free-
booters on the troubled borders of these two
States, and many such flocked to Olaf s train ;
and thus, with an army of desperadoes, he
crossed over once again into his own domi-
nions. Drawing up his forces at a place
called Stav, Olaf numbered and appointed
his army.N Here he made the sorrowful dis-
covery that there were about a thousand
heathen amongst his followers. He flatly re-
fused to have a single unbeliever in the battle
by his side. Like Gideon of old he would
purge his army to its lowest force. They
must be baptized, or go. "We will not,"
said he, " rely upon our numbers alone, but
will put our trust in God, for by His power
and mercy shall we gain the victory." Sin-
cerity cannot be denied to a man like this,
whatever other blemishes may stain his
character. The heathen withdrew to con-
sider the question, and about one-half agreed
to be baptized ; the other half returned to
their native land. There was a small troop
also, led by two brothers, Gaute and Afrafaste,
both mighty men in war, who again offered
themselves to the king. Olaf asked once
more if they would be baptized. " No,"
answered they. The king said, " Then you,
too, must go your way." They went a Utde
distance, and the brothers, anxious for the
firay, considered what to do. Afirafaste said,
"I want to fight, and to me it matters not on
which side I am found." Gaute answered,
" Nay, if I fight, I shall help the king, for he
needs it most, and as we have to believe on
some god, what matters it whether we believe
on the white Christ or any other ? My ad-
vice is that we be baptized, since the king
desires it so much; then we can go into
battle with him." All their company joined

158 ST, OLAFAND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM.

in this \ they went to the king uid were bap-
tized, and in the battle of Sdcklerstad fought
with the band of confirmation still on their
heads.

All was ordered for the fight On one
side the host of Odin, led by Thore Hund,
representing the last struggling energy of the
Pagan North ; on the other the band of Olaf,
animated with a doubtful ray of that light
which was now to conquer or to be destroyed.
About mid-day the two hosts met The sun
shone brightly on the plains of Sdcklerstad,
and the white cross gleamed upon the helmets
and shields of Olafs warrior-band. The
fiery fierceness of rage flashed fi-om the eyes
of die Finmark peasantry, looking still fiercer
in the grotesqueness of their reindeer-hide
apparel. With a cry of ^^ Fram^ fram^
Biiandmenn /" the raging Thore urged them
on. " Fram^ fratn^ Kristsmmtty Krossmmn^
Konungsmmn /" cried Olaf, and in deadly
throes they closed.

We have exceedingly prolix and minute
accounts of this famous battle in the old Sagas,
giving almost every incidental stroke of many
of the daring heroes who fought on both
sides, and which, for the most part, are reli-
able enough, but here we shall content our-
selves by giving a generalizing view as more
suitable to our purpose.

The batde, then, commenced a litde after
noon. It was a bright and glorious autumn
day, and the clearness of the northern at-
mosphere was sullied by no single cloud.
But it seemed as if the God of nature looked
down upon the struggling and raging mass of
human beings whose whole energies were
bent on dealing death. So eager, indeed,
had been the combatants, that speedily after
their first furious onslaught the two opposing
forces had become intermingled in almost
inextricable confusion, to which the kindred
war-cries of their several chiefs no little
contributed. The supreme stillness of Nature
seemed at length to overawe the surging
hosts, and the shoudng of the warriors them- .
selves was hushed. Though there was no
breath of air, no single cloud, and nothing to
betoken 'any convulsion of natural forces, a
gloom seemed to be gradually overspreading
the sky above their heads, and an intenser
gloom began to setUe upon the deadly field.
The darkness thickened, but still the seething

hosts fought on. As if influenced by the
natural gloom surrounding and overshadowing
them, every hmnan voice was stilled. The
deadly javelin was cast to strike alike on
fiiend or foe; hand to hand the brave men
fought; the wounded fell without a murmur,
and no groan or sigh escaped the dying on
that dreadfiil day. Amid the impressive
gloom none were conscious of victory or
defeat They seemed aniriiated only with
desire to slay or die. At length the curtain
of darkness began to draw aside. Litde by
litUe the deep crimson in the west passed off
into streaks of gold ; and ere the sim betook
him to his final rest, he once more cast his
beams, as if exultingly, upon the still strug-
gling remnants of the Christian and heathen
hosts. His light was opportune; the white-
cross emblems of Olaf 's followers were seen
to gleam on every part of the batde-field.
The war-cry — " Men of Christ" — was once
more heard, and the forces rallied to a given
point. It was, however, but to die more
nobly; Olaf's forces had been vasdy out-
numbered, and had been beaten down by
fearful odds. Olaf himself at length was
slain, but still the desperate carnage was
continued till the second darkness, that of
night, laid hold upon them with its staying
hand. Then Olaf's army had been almost
decimated; but though Thore Hund and
Paganism had gained a well-fought field, and
had obtained the victory of brute force, it was
a victory over which they could not boast,
for the glory that so speedily setded upon
Olafs name, and the miraculous trust that
lured the minds of men to the doctrines he
had spread, vanquished once and for ever
the old beliefs, and thus the Paganism of the
North was slain. As Nature once before had
seemed to work on its behalf, so now, at its
close, it seemed to make amends by teaching
their superstitious minds that the glory of
the old things had passed away; they were
not slow to interpret the wonderful darkness
and the then succeeding light of that me-
morable day into an omen of death and of
the life to come. This batde was fought on
the 31st of August, 1030, during an almost
total eclipse of the sun, and the coincidence
is none the less impressive even to us who
can now read its efiect in the light of science.
Upon the ignorance of that age it came

.ST! OLAFAND THE OVERTHROW OF NORTHERN PAGANISM. 159

as a warning voice and message from the
Most High Hiinsel£ As the Danish writer,
Ladwig Winmier, puts it: — "The peasants
gained the day, but thej were ill-satisfied
with their victory; in that solar eclipse they
saw a visiMe token of the wrath of God ; and
by his death, which was soon looked upon
as that of a martyr, Olaf did more for
Christianity than he had done with all his
efforts during life.**

Shall we say an3rthiQg now of Olaf 's
character, or is it not sufficiently shown in
those incidents we have selected from his
life ? That he was a man of great mind and
great daring his thoughts and actions tend to
prove. That he possessed deep affection is
instanced by his constancy to his friends,
which has not been shown in our Paper,
because such instances lie outside our pur-
pose. But that along with these and many
other traits we must admire, there were also
many evidences of severity, and harshness,
and even cruelty, we are ready to confess.
These, however, to a great extent, reflected
the influences of his time and nation. They
were the forces of the school in which he
lived, and if under the teachings of the new
dispensation he did not learn all the love of
which his heart was capable, Olaf does not
stand alone. The severities he practised
cannot be too much condemned. He did
not learn the lesson which Christianity has
since taught to nationalities as well as to
individuals of ** overcoming evil with good."
It is, however, no little to say of him, that in
the general darkness of that age, and amid
the general rudeness of that people, he could
lay hold of a great and new belief, and by
the force of h& will prosecute its establish-
ment against all odds, and at the sacrifice of
his own temporal welfare and power. That
he was sincere and earnest in his endeavours
to supplant the old idolatry by the newer
faith, the privations he endured bear sufficient
testimony; his whole energy was bent to
the object of its triumphant proclamation
throughout his native land, from the first
planting of his foot upon the treacherous
soil of Selje to the moment when, upon the
terrible plain of Sticklerstad, he fell a sacri-
fice to his own determination, and where,
also, he "sealed his testimony with his
blood."

ZTbc ZTrcatpec of f ^eeb^itfic
w^tb an Hnfilc*

T is not often that a book of the
fifteenth century interests others
than the scholar and antiquarian.
Besides the value which this
facsimile reprint, however, possesses in their
eyes, it must be dear to every angler as being
the first printed English book on matters
connected with his craft. Yet it has hitherto
been more talked about than known. The
original editions have become very rare, and
are only found in the best libraries. The
late Mr. Pickering, in 1827, published a
reprint of it, but in Roman •t}'pe, which
rapidly went out of print, and has for many
years been practically unattainable. It was
a happy thought to include it in Mr. Stock's
series of reprints ; and to our mind, whether
judging it as the scholar, antiquarian, or
fisherman, it is the most interesting of these
reproductions. Every angler may now ac-
quaint himself for a few shillings with this
most curious treatise, the sole remnant of
English monastic writings on fishing (many
of which were current in the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries), and the fountain-head
firom which so many succeeding angling
writers borrowed, frequently without acknow-
ledging their debt As only a limited num-
ber of this "Treatyse" has been printed, we
counsel scholarly anglers to purchase a copy
at once. If Pickering's edition speedily
became rare, 4 fortiori this most beautiful
facsimile will much sooner be sold off, and
then cannot fail of being largely enhanced in
value. At least another half-century must
elapse, in all probability, before any one will
for a third time reproduce the book.

Before describing this reproduction it is
worth while alluding to the history of the
" Book of St Albans." The Prioress of the
Benedictine Convent of Sop well in Hert-
fordshire (a cell to the Abbey of St. Alban),
Dame Juliana Berners, in the second half of
the fifteenth century, seems to have possessed
very strongly those tastes for hunting, hawk-
ing, and fishing, which prevailed for another

* By Dame Juliana Berners. Reprinted from the
''Book of St Albans." Elliot Stock. 1880.

i6o

THE TREATYSE OF FYSSHYNGE iVYlH AN' ANGLE.

century at least among the high-born ladies
of £ngland. For these likings, as well as for
the extreme beauty and great learning which
tradition has attached to her, she may be com-
[ pared with Queen Mary of Scotland, though

Hunting and Heraldry is speedily promised,
in order, together with this " Treatyse,"
to complete the " Book of Sl Albans ; " and
Mr. Blades, than whom no more competent
authority could be found, has engaged to

.^e was more fortunate in the even flow of unravel all the intricacies of its bibliography
L her hfe, and death. To this noble lady, in a lengthy preface. We shall gladly leave
f daughter of the ill-feted Sir James IJemeis, a this task in liis hands, only entering upon the

favourite of Richard the Second, is assigned
the authorship, or at least the compiling, of
the " Book of St. Albans." The number of
editions of this book, and the different issues
of the " Treatyse on Fysshynge," one part of it,
as a separate publication, form a very difficult
chapter of bibliography. Fortunately a repro-
duction of the separate treatises on Hawking,

subjects sufficiently to trace the literary
genealogy of the " Treatyse " before us.

The first edition of the " Book of Sl.
Albans" treats of Hunting, Hawking, and
Court Armour, and was printed in i486 by
the schoolmaster-printer of Sl. .\lbans. In
the next, printed at Westminster by Wynkyn
de Worde, 1496, the "Treatyse" appears for

THE TREATY SE OF FYSSHYNGE WYTH AN ANGLE,

i6i

the first time, and this it is which is here repio-
ducecL For the reason why it was thus set
f(Nth in the greater volume the reader may be
referred to the curious reason, exacdy suited,
however, to the age in which she lived, which
forms the last paragraph of the '' Treatyse/'
But it was soon published separately, and
some ten editions, either of the greater or
smaller quarto, are enumerated before 1600,
which is an index to the popular estimation
'in which the work was held.

The diction, the haphazard spelling, and,
above all, the subject-matter of this first
angling treatise are especially interesting to
the antiquarian. He cannot help lamenting
that no wrecks of mediaeval fishing lore, save
this one gold-laden argosy, have been
drifted finom the storm which to>ke over the
monastic houses in Henry VIII.'s time to the
shores of the eager nineteenth century. The
'* Treatyse ^ contains absolutely all that we
know of the practice of angling fix>m Olian's
time onwards. The Dame sp^iks of '' bokes
of credence'* in which she had found
angling secrets "wryten." They have all
irretrievably perished, so that, a parte ante
as well as a parte post especial lustre fiadls
upon the Dame's own performance.

The scholarly angler will turn with peculiar
pleasure to the pages of Burton's ^^ Auatomy
of Melancholy," to find how that general
plunderer enriched his book with the most
beautifiil passages of Dame Juliana's
"Treatyse." Another curious investigation
will show him how gready Walton, usually
reputed the fans et origp of English angling,
was indebted to the Dame's arrangement of
her subject, as well as to her wise and
practical knowledge of the art Most
interesting also it is to trace how lovingly
this " Treatyse " is named in the many books
on fishing which have been put forth during
the present century. Few books have so
coloured the practice of an art, and the
estimation • in which its professors are
popularly held, as this "Treatyse" has
affected angling. For these topics, and an
analjTsis of the whole " Treatyse," we may
refer our readers to the preface which the
Rev. M. G. Watkins has contributed to this
reproduction. It is worth while pointing out
briefly to those anglers, whether humble
float-fishers or followers of the more artistic

practice of casting a fly, the valuable
character of the information contained in the
"Treatjrse" relating to mediaeval angling,
which it is useless to seek elsewhere. It
opens with an eloquent pleading for angling
as a healthy and cheerful pastime. The
only mishap likely to befall the angler is to
lose a hook or a fish, and " yf he faylle of
one, he maye not faylle of a nother, yf he
dooth as this treatyse techyth \ but yf there
be nought in the water. And yet atte the
leest he hath his holsom walke and mery at
his ease, a swete a5rre of the swete sauoure
of the meede flowers; that makyth h3nn
hungry," — ^and much more to this effect.
Then follows how the angler's " hamays," or
rod, line, and hooks, are to be made. No
Farlow or Bowness as yet existed to give a
fisherman the benefit of skilled workmanship.
Those who wield a light trout fly-rod at the
present day will smile at the ponderous
rod with which the lady equipped their
forefathers. It must have been eighteen
feet long, and resembled a modem salmon
rod. With this the angler was supposed to
capture every fish that swims, a dace as
well as a pike. The Dame particularly
insists on the floats and plmnmets which are
to be used, and teaches how hooks are to be
made ; this too not yet having become a
separate branch of industry. The different
modes of angling succeed, together with the
most suitable times of the day and year at
which to go fishing. An excellent account
of the different fresh-water fish comes next;
and is followed by what has excited more
interest than perhaps anything else in the
Dame's book, as it proved helpful to Izaak
Walton in his unmortal work, the list of the
" xij. flyes wyth whyche ye shall angle to ye
trought and grayllying, and dublie like as
ye shall now here me tell." We are unwilling
to spoil his pleasure who has yet to make
thd acquaintance of Dame Juliana Bemers,
by quoting from the conclusion of her
"Treatyse," with its deeply religious tone,
and the many admirable suggestions which
she offers to fishermen, and which, it may be
added, are still as applicable to every " civil
well-governed angler," as they were in her
day. Much of the spirit of the fifteenth
century, as far as consideration for others
and for the highest blessedness of a Christian

l62

THE TREATYSE OF FYSSHYNGE WYTH AN ANGLE.

angler's soul is concerned, might be trans-
planted with great advantage into the busy
anxious life of our own days.

It only remains to speak of the general
appearance of this beautiful reproduction.
Whether as regards type, paper, or binding, it
seems to us to leave nothing to be desired.
The boards are thick, and stamped with an
old-world pattern in exactest keeping with
the wide margins and rough edges of its
dainty yellow-tinted paper, from which the
black-letter characters stand forth so pleas-
antly to the eye. The woodcuts are faithful
representations of the grotesque originals.
Mr. Elliot Stock's reproduction of the
" Treatyse " is in short a book that will be
highly prized, alike by collectors, antiquarians,
scholars, divines, and anglers. To take the
lowest ground with such a relic of monastic
days, its possession will speedily become a
valuable investment. The difference of
appearance between its solid binding and
wcdl-approved contents, and the flimsy cloth
covers in which the vulgar inanities of too
many modem so-called books on fishing are
enclosed, is precisely the measure between
the pious Abbess of the fifteenth century,
fishing for "the helthe of her body and
specyally of her soule," and the unsavomy
float fishers who may be seen occasionally
on the canals and rivers round our great
cities at present, eagerly contending who can
take the greatest number of ounces of fish
for a Britannia metal teapot or a waterproof
coat.

^be flDlnt

HE following is an abstract of the
Tenth Annual Report of the Deputy-
Master of the Mint, which has
lately been issued : — ^The gold
coinage of the year, which only occupied a
part of the month of December, has been
insignificant, while the amount of silver coined
has hardly exceeded the average, and the
bronze coinage, though larger than in 1878,
has not been so great as in the two preceding
years. The continued absence of a demand
for gold coin has enabled the Mint to execute
the whole of the work devolving upon it, with

the exception of one colon^ coinage entrusted
to a private firm. Had the demand for gold
been normal, it would, no doubt, have been
necessary, as in former years, to make pro-
vision for the execution of a laige part of the
bronze coinage by contract ; but the depres-
sion of trade during the greater portion of
the year had its natural efiiect upon the
requirements of the country, and the gold
coin in- circulation, with a small amount im-
ported from Australia, was sufficient to meet
the wants of the Bank of England. The
coins struck during the year 1879 were of
twenty difiierent denominations. The total
number of pieces struck at the Mint was
3®>050>344, as against 24,491,230 in
1878, and their value, real or nominal,
;£'662,664 3^. The total number of British
coins struck during the year was 27,800,344,
and their value as follows : Gold, ^37,613
lof. ; silver, ;^s67,i25 9^. 5//.; bronze,

;^43>S5o 3^- 7j^- The demand for gold
coin during the year, as already shown, has
been very small, no gold having been sent in
for coinage by the Bank of England until the
month of November. This is the more
remarkable, as the consignments of sovereigns
from the Sydney and Melbourne Mints
received at the Bank were smaller by more
than a million than those of 1878, which had
themselves shown a falling off of a million, as
compared with the importations of the pre-
vious year. The amount of Australian
sovereigns received was ;^i,6 17,000, as
against ;^2,773,ooo, in 1878, and cannot be
held to have had any appreciable effect upon
the circulation. The coinage of gold was
resumed in January, 1880, and was continued
imtil the end of March last The amount of
silver coin struck during the year was
£,<fi*l^ 1 25, as against ^6 14,426, in 1878, and
^407,822, in 1877, and the amount issued
was ^618,800. Of this amount ;£^i53,430,
was sent to the Bank of England, ^130,000
to the Bank of Ireland, and ^^298,470 to
colonies; ;^3 2,400 was shipped for the use of
the Treasury chests abroad, and ^£^4,500 in
threepences was sold direct to banks and
private persons. No silver coin was issued
to Scotch banks. The total issues of three-
pences amounted to ;^3 7,220, as against
;^3o>425 in 1878, and, as in previous years,
persons applying for small sums in coins of

THE MINT.

163

that denomination were referred to a London
banky which requested to be relieved of a
surplus stock. The nominal value of the
half-crowns issued during the year was
^151,550, and the total amount of those
coins put into circulation since 1874, when
their coinage was resumed, has thus been
increased to £fi2i^\<fi. The issues and
withdrawals in Ireland have again been very
considerable, and show that tlie renewal of
the silver coinage in that part of the United
Kingdom has proceeded satisfactorily during
the past year. The amoimt issued has been
rather less than in 1878, when systematic
arrangements for improving the condition of
the silver coinage in Ireland were first adopted
by the banks, while the amount with-
drawn has been more than doubled. In
Scotland, on the other hand, where steps
were sooner taken to renew the silver coinage,
and where both issues and withdrawals since
1872 have usually been considerable, no coin
has been issued or withdrawn. This change
is, no doubt, to be explained by the
continued depression of trade, and by the
satisfactory state of the coinage consequent
upon the withdrawals of worn coin in former
years. The demand for Imperial silver coin
has been greatly stimulated in colonies by
the arrangements sanctioned by their lord-
ships at the beginning of the year, under
which this department has been authorized to
pay all expenses connected with the carri^e
of new silver and bronze coin to colonies,
and of worn coin to the Mint or one of its
branches. The amount of new silver coin
shipped to colonies in 1878 was only ^69,950,
whereas in 1879 it rose to ^^298,470, no less
than ^125,500 having been sent to Victoria
alone, and ;^85,ooo to New South Wales.
The average market price at which standard
silver has been purchased for coinage during
the year has been ^2\d, per ounce, so that,
the rate at which silver coin is issued by the
Mint being 66^. per ounce, the seigniorage
accruing to the State has been at the rate of
i3i^ per ounce, or 24 13-16 per cent. In
1878 the average price at which silver was
purchased by the Mint was 50 i-i6/il per
ounce, and the rate of seigniorage 3i|//. per
cent. The rate of seigniorage in 1879, there-
fore, was nearly seven per cent, less than in
the previous year. Notwithstanding that.

since the introduction of the bronze coinage
in i860, a total amount of ;^i, 446,000 has
been issued to the public, or nearly three
times the amount of the old copper coin
withdrawn from circulation, the demand for
bronze coin has as yet shown but little ten-
dency to decrease. It will be seen that the
issues in 1879 have amounted to ^^38,570,
as against ^39,205 in 1878. Of this amount
;£'28,o5o consisted of pence, ;^7,735 of half-
pence, and ;^3,i85 of farthings, so that the
issue of pence has exceeded that of the pre-
vious years, while that of the half-pence and
farthings has been rather less. There has
been no suspension in 1879, as in some pre-
vious years, of the issue of bronze coin in
the metropolitan districts, but from Septem-
ber to December last applicants for coin from
the north of England were referred to a
banking firm at Newcastle-on-Tyne, which
had intimated that it held a stock in excess
of its own requirements. The bronze metal
purchased during the year amounted to 100
tons, in bars ready for coinage. The only
colonial coinage executed by the Mint during
the year was a silver and bronze coinage of
twenty, ten, five, and one-cent pieces for the
Government of Hong-Kong, of the nominal
value of ;^ 10,000. A silver coinage for the
Government of the Straits Settlements, of the
nominal value of ;^8,333, and consisting of
twenty, ten, and five-cent pieces, was execu-
ted by Messrs. Ralph Heaton and Sons, of
Birmingham, in the month of May, with the
sanction of their lordships, and under the
supervision, as usual, of this department
The general account shows a net loss on the
transactions of the Mint during the year of
>i^27,9S5» as against a loss of ;^5i,543 in
1878. The annual profit or loss to the Mint
on its operations depends, in a great measure,
as has been frequently explained, on the
amount of silver bullion purchased in each
year, and on the amount of worn silver coin
withdrawn from circulation, the bullion being
converted into coin at a profit to the State,
and the worn coin being purcliased at its full
nominal value, and re-coined at a loss. The
pecuniary results of each year's transactions
are further affected by the amount of bronze
metal purchased for coinage, and rated, as
shown in the " Bronze Coinage Account," at
the nominal value of the coin to be produced

164

THE MINT.

from it. At times when trade is expanding,
therefore, and the demand for silver and
bronze coin is large, the profits of the de-
partment considerably exceed its expenses,
and this, it may be hoped, will generally
prove to be the case. Of the eight years
which have elapsed since a " Profit and Loss
Account" was first compiled in the present
form, the first four shows a profit varying
from;^98,3i3 in 1872 to £i(iAlS in 1874.
In 1876 there was a loss of ;;^ 24, 7 19, which
was entirely due to the suspension of the
coinage for nearly five months in consequence
of a break-down of machinery. In 1877
there was a profit of ;;^32,o4J[, and it was not
until 1878 that the eflfects of the contraction
of trade manifested themselves in a falling
off in the demand for coin, and a large reflux
of large amounts of worn silver to the Mint.
In that year, and in 1879, as above shown,
the transactions of the department have re-
sulted in a considerable loss, but it is satis-
factory to note that, after payment of super-
annuation and compensation allowances, and
of all expenses incurred by other departments
on behalf on the Mint, the operations of
the last eight years show an average annual
profit of ;^2i, 117. In 1879, the profit on
the coinage of silver bullion was only
;^2S,548, as against ;^3 1,933 in 1878, while
the loss on worn silver coin, including the
coin withdrawn from circulation by the
Sydney and Melbourne Mints, was;^55,o47,
as against ;^48,959 in 1878. On the other
hand, however, the profit on the bronze coin-
age was ^35,396, and the operations of 1879
show an excess of expenditure over receipts
far less considerable than that of the preced-
ing year.

Z\iz Cromwell family*

|R. JOHN PHILLIPS, of DisraeU
Road, Putney, sends us the follow-
ing communication on the above
subject : —
Among Thomas Cromwell's papers in the
Record Office are two or three letters which he
wrote to his " wyffe Elizabeth ;" and one letter
which was written to him, Nov. 2, 1523, by
Harry Wykys, " ffrom Thorpe," near Chertsey,

in Surrey. In this letter he says : " Cussen
Cromwell, I hertely recommend me unto you,
and unto my s}'ster and your good bed-
ffelow." Without doubt, therefore, this lady
was Thomas Cromwell's wife, whose name
was Elizabeth Wykys. Until this letter
was foimd it was supposed that Thomas
Cromwell "married Eliz. or Jane, daughter and
co-heiress of Sir John Pryore, iSit, and
widow of Thos. Williams, Esq., of an ancient
family in Wales." (Noble's "Protectoral
House of Cromwell," 1788.) In Thomas
Cromwell's will, dated July 12, 1529, he
refers to his "late wyffe," and makes sundry
bequests to a lady whom he calls his "mother-
in-law, Mercy Pryor." Now, if this lady was
not the mother of his " late wyffe," she must
have been the mother of his second wife, if
he had one. But did he take a second wife?
As negativing this supposition it may be
stated that in the will before mentioned he
makes no allusion, nor any bequest, to an
existing or second wife. Hence, it may be
taken as indubitable that Mercy Pryor was
the mother of Thomas Cromwell's wife by her
first husband, who was a gentleman named
Wykys, and that she took a second husband
named Pryor. The latter was not "SirThomas
Pryore, KnL," for in an extant letter written
by a Thomas Baxter of Newcastle to Thomas
Cromwell, he says, "Sir, I hertely recom-
mend me to Mastrer Prior," who, no doubt,
was a London merchant. Mercy Pryor's
first husband then was named John Wykys.
He was a copyhold resident at Putney, in
Surrey. At that time his name frequently
occurs in the Court Rolls of Wimbledon
Manor (to which Putney then belonged) as
a Juror of the Inquest and the Homage. He
was Usher of the Chamber to Henry VII., as
his father, John Wykys, had been to Edward
IV. An estate at Lavenham, in Norfolk,
which had belonged to the Eaxl of Oxford,
whose estates were confiscated to the king,
after the battie of Towton, 1461, was granted
to the last named John Wykys, who dso was
with the king, Edward IV., in 1463, at the
taking of Alnwick Castie. ("Paston Let-
ters," vol. ii. pp. 95 and 98.)

The Wykys family were related to the
Paston family, of Norfolk. On Nov. 15, 1463,
Margaret Paston wrote the following letter
to Sir John Paston : — ** I wold ye shuld speke

THE CROMWELL FAMILY.

165

with Wykys and knowe hys dysposysion to
Jane Walsham. She hathe seyd, syn he
departyd hens, but (unless) she myght have
hym, she wold never maiyd, hyr hert ys sor
set on hym. She told me that he seyd to hyr
that ther was no woman in the world he lovyd
so welle. I wold not he shuld jape (Jest with)
hyr, for she menythe good fe)rthe \ and yf he
woUe not have hyr, late me wete in hast, and
I shall purvey for hyr in other wysse" (" Pas-
ton Letters," vol. ii. p. 142). Jane Walsham,
no doubt, became the wife of this "John
Wyk)rs, Ussher of the King's Chambre," as
he signs himself in a letter to John Paston.
His father was "John Wykys, Armiger, of
Kisteven," in Lincolnshire, whose name so
appears among the names of the gentry of
that QOimty in the return of 1 434, 1 2 Henry VI.

John Wykys, of Putney, had two daugh-
ters, Elizabeth and Joan, and one son, Harry.
In 1513, Elizabeth became Thomas Crom-
well's mife ; in 1523 Harry resided at Thorpe,
near Chertsey, as we have seen ; and Joan
became the wife of a John Willyamson, who
was a clerk or an accountant, in Thomas
Cromwell's employment.

The following is the letter, in full, of Harry
Wykys to Thomas Cromwell, before referred
to.—

" Cussen Cromwell, I hertely recommend me mito
yoo, and unto my sjrster and yo' good bedfTelow, and
do hertely thank ye for man)rffold kyndnes. Syr,
I ded wryte unto you that a ffrynde of mynd wolde

sell certen land to the value of ;f 20 by yere. Sjrr,
ye wrote to me kyndly that ye wolde knowe whether
it were a man' or otherwyse. The lande ys myne
and no manor. I send you by the brynger herof a
boke of every parcel therof. Cussen, I most selle it
fTor very nede by my ffayth, and over that my chyldryn
be not as I wolde have them. Wherefor I pry you
do me sur good in this behalf, and I shall rewarde you
so that ye shal be wele content and plesed. And at
our next metyng I wiU showe you of a man' of ;f 10
by yere, and lyeth in Wilshyr, that shal be solde.
Syr, in good ffayth ther jrs on or to offers me after 20
yers purchas for my lande. Sir, I pry you send me
sum knowleg of yo' mynde in thys behalf, and so our
Lorde preserve you.

Ffrom Thorpe, thys present All Sowles Day,

By yo' owne,

Harry Wykys."

The lands (and tenements) referred to in
the foregoing letter were situated in and near
Chertsey. It may be that Thomas Cromwell
bought them, or that he found a purchaser
for them. In 15 19 Harry Wykys was ap-
pointed feodary of Crown lands in Surrey and
Sussex. His son, Gilbert Wykys, was collated
to the prebend of Wenlakesbam, in the
parish of St. Giles, September 7, 1538. He
died early in March, 1541 (Newcourt). In
1505 the estate of Botleys Park, about one
mile south-west from Chertsey, came into the
possession of HenryWykys, Gent (jtf<f Lysons),
who, it is thought, was the brother of John
Wykys, of Putney. In 15 12 permission was
granted to Henry Wykys to hunt with the
Abbot of Chertsey in Windsor Forest.

JohnWjkys^
Armiger, of
Kisteven^ in

Lincolnshire.
M349 iaHen.VI.

Genealogy of the Wykys Family,

John Wykys,

of Lavenluun,

In Norfolk,

Usher of the

King's Chamber,

Hldw. IV.

Jane Walsham,

of Caistor. in

Norfolk.

I
John Wykys, = Mercy

of Putney, m
Surrey, Usher of
tbekLi^s
Chamber.
Hen. VII.

married, secondly,

Pryor,

merchant, of
London.

Henry Wykys,
of Botleys Park,
Chertsey, in
Surrey.

WUliam Wykys,
of Caistor,
in Norfolk.

Harnr Wykys,
of Thorpe,
in Surrey.

Elizabeth Wykvs

Thomas Cromwell,

of Putney, in Surrey,

Earl of Essex.

Wyl

Joan Wykys

John A^^yamson,
Clerk to
Thomas Cromwell.

Gilbert Wykys,
ooDated to prebcsid
of Wenlakesbam,
' March, 1541.

Gregory, Lord s
Cromwell, of
Wimbledon.

I
Anne

Grace =

i66

THE CROMWELL FAMILY.

Putney in Surrey is pleasantly situated on
the right bank of the Thames, opposite
Fulham. It originally consisted of a number
of copyhold cottages clustering round a church
beside the Thames, at the lower or northern
end of the High Street It now extends for
a mile in length from east to west, and a mile
in breadth from north to south, over a gentle
slope rising from the Thames to Putney
Heath and Wimbledon Common — z, breezy
expanse, whence there are charming views of
Coombe Valley below, Kingston Hill beyond,
and the Surrey hills in the distance. Formerly
a fishery and a ferry existed at Putney. Both
belonged to the Saxon kings as Lords of
the Manor of Wimbledon. Affcer Harold's
death at the battle of Hastings, the Con-
queror gave the manor to the Archbishop of
Canterbury, in whose possession it remained
until 1535, when it was exchanged by Arch-
bishop Cranmer with Henry VIII. for St
Rhadegund's Priory in Kent. The next year
the king granted the manor to Thomas Crom-
well, who at this time was Lord Cromwell of
Okeham, in Rutlandshire. The fishery was
destroyed about thirty years ago when the
Thames, which oscillates with the tides from
the sea up to Richmond, was made the Cloaca
maxima of the metropolis. The ferry was
abolished in 1729, when the present wooden
bridge, which connects Putney with Fulham,
was erected.

Putney is as ancient as London itself.
Before even the channel of the Thames was
embanked on both sides from its mouth up
^to Westminster and Wandsworth by Belin,
the British king, from whom Belinsgate
(Billingsgate) was named, a ferry boat from
Fulham, and boats and barges coming up
the river from London, with people and
merchandize for West Surrey, put-in here.
From this the Britons, as well as the Saxons
and Danes, called the village Putten, The
landing-place was at the existing opening in
the river wall, to the east of the church, at
the lower or northern extremity of Brewhouse
Lane. The long foreshore outside this open-
ing was called Futtmhithe, whence the name
of Futney is derived. Owing, therefore, to
the fishery and the ferry, as well as to the
boats and the barges which continually plied
between London and Putney, the latter was
always a busy, important place.

In the year 1487 a smith and farrier named
Walter Cromwell^ who had been connected,
as such, with the English contingent of Henry
Tudor's army at Bosworth Field, took up his
abode at Putney. From this date until 15 16,
when he died and was biuied in the church-
yard beside the Thames, he occupied a
cottage, the village smithy, and several acres
of land, situated on the south side of Wands-
worth Lane, between Starling Lane, now
called Oxford Road, and the High Street
The cottage, which was known by the sign
of the Anchor^ stood nearly opposite Brew-
house Lane. This property was granted to
him, by Copy of Court Roll, from Arch-
bishop Morton, Lord of the Manor of
Wimbledon, as a reward for his services to
Henry Tudor. " In his latter days," Stowe
says, " he was a brewer." The brewery was
situated in Brewhouse Lane, on the east side,
near the river. It, with a cottage and some
land, was a copyhold belonging to a David
Dovey, who died about 1510. Whether or
not Walter Cromwell purchased this copyhold
or held it on lease, we cannot say.

The family of Walter Cromwell consisted
of his wife, two daughters, Katharine and
Elizabeth, and one son, Thomas. These
were all the children he had that we
. know of. If he had other children they
died when young. Thomas and Elizabeth
were bom at Putney, the former in 1490, the
latter two or three years after that date.
Katharine, who was nine or ten years old
when her father came to reside at Putney,
married about 1495 ^ young gentleman from
Lanishen, in Glamorganshire, named Morgan
Williams^ who, at this time, was a copyhold
resident at Putney. His brother, Richard
Williams, held a copyhold cottage and some
land at Mortlake, between the lower Rich-
mond Road and the Thames, opposite where
the Oxford and Cambridge boat races termi-
nate. As to this Richard Williams, Noble,
in his " Protectoral House of Cromwell,"
says that he was ** Dr. Richard Williams, the
beloved chaplain of Henry VIII.," and that
he "succeeded Richard Sampson in 1536 in
the deanery of Lichfield, of which he was
deprived, in the beginning of Queen Mary's
reign, for having married in the time of
King Edward VI." From him was descended
the Lord Keeper Williams, in the reign of

THE CROMWELL FAMILY.

167

James I. Thomas Cromwell, the son of Walter
Cromwell, the blacksmith of Putney, became
the famous Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex,
the malleus monachorum^ or, as old Fuller
renders it, " mauler of monasteries," in Henry
VIII/s time; and Katharine Cromwell, the
blacksmith's eldest daughter, the great-great-
grandmother of the more famous Oliver
Cromwell, the mauler of a perfidious king,
and Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
of England. She also was the great-great-
grandmother of the celebrated patriot, John
Hampden, whose father, William Hampden,
of Great Hampden, in Buckinghamshire,
married Elizabeth Cromwell, aunt of Oliver
Cromwell. Thus John Hampden and Oliver
Cromwell were cousins.

Of Walter Cromwell's cottage and smithy
in Wandsworth Lane, not a vestige remains.
They were pulled down in 1533, when a large
mansion was erected on the site. In 1647,
when the army of the Long Parliament was
stationed at Putney, Chafrles I. being then
under restraint at Hampton Court, Commis-
sary-General Ireton lodged in this mansion.
His father-in-law, the Lieutenant-General,
Oliver Cromwell, lodged at Grove House,
which stood at the south-east comer of the
High Street, where Putney Railway Station
now stands. This house is supposed to have
occupied the site of the copyhold residence of
his great-great-grandfather, Morgan Williams.
The mansion in Wandsworth Lane was demo-
lished early in the present century. The site is
now covered by a building called Cromwell
House, and some small tenements called
Cromwell Place. Considering the great
changes that were wrought in the history and
destiny of England, first by Thomas Crom-
well, the blacksmith's son, and secondly, by
Oliver Cromwell, the great-great-grandson of
the blacksmith's daughter Katharine, some
memorial to the blacksmith, more definite
than Cromwell House, or Cromwell Place,
should be set up on the site of his cottage
and smithy in Wandsworth Lane.

Morgan Williams, and his brother Richard
Williams, were with the South Wales contin-
gent of Henry Tudor's army at Bosworth
Field, probably as subalterns. They were
rewarded for their devotion and service to
Henry Tudor in the same way that Walter
Cromwell and many more were rewarded —

namely, by copyhold grants. These grants
were made chiefly on ecclesiastical manors.
Many of the Kymry permanently settled in
and around the metropolis during and after
the reigns of the Tudors. In fact, it was by
this infusion of Kymric blood among the
population of the metropolitan zone, that it
became permanently Kymricized. Thus the
Kymric names of Rice and Price, Jones and
Lloyd, Evans and Edwards, DaVies and
Thomas, Owen and Howell, Morgan and
Williams, and many others, everywhere
abound, and constitute the aggregate of the
names to be found in the Post Office Direc-
tory.

The Court Rolls of Wimbledon Manor are
in the possession of Earl Spencer, the pre-
sent lord of the manor. These, if examined,
would without doubt throw much light on
the history of the Cromwell and Williams
families while they resided at Putney and
Mordake. By extracts already made from
them we know that Walter Cromwell and
Morgan Williams were each twice presented
by the Homage before the Manor Court, for
what follows : —

On 6th of October, 4 Hen. VIII., Walter
Cromwell was presented for having " leased
beyond his own lands the common of one
virgat of land (15 acres) formerly belonging
to Donnys (Dovey), contrary to the custom
of the Manor." Probably he leased this land,
which belonged to the copyhold of his
brewery, without first obtaining permission to
do so from the Lord of the Manor. On loth
of October, 5 Hen. VIII., he was again pre-
sented for having " erased the terriers (land-
marks) of the Lord .... to the disturbance
and disinheritance of the Lord and his tenants.
.... Therefore .... it was commanded
the Beadle to seize into the Lord's hands all
his lands and tenements, held from the
Lord by copy of Court Roll, and to answer
to the Lord of the issues." What the upshot
of this was we cannot say. Perhaps the
matters were arranged by restoring the terriers
and paying an amercement

On 13th of October, 18 Hen. VII., Morgan
Williams was presented for having " cut on
the common of Wimbledon, Putney, and
Roehampton, more fuel — viz., furze and
bushes — ^than for his expenditure seems fit."
On 23rd of May, 23 Hen. VII., he was again

1 68

THE CROMWELL FAMILY.

presented for having " taken fuel on the com-
mon of Putney Heath and Roehampton
excessively, and carried it away to Wann)rs-
worth (Wandsworth) against the custom of
the manor." At this time he was carrymg on
a brewery at Wandsworth, and no doubt he
required this fuel to biun in his brewhouse
there. He also had another brewery at Mort-
lake.

In the accounts of Hea VIII. of Feb. 1517,
Morgan Williams is described as "of Green-
wich, Brewer." At that time he was paid
20 shillings for the " hire for six years of a
plot of ground, which was appointed to the
King's rode-horse, lying along the Friars wall
at Greenwich." Hence, for some years before
that date, there is no doubt he had removed
from Putney, and resided at Greenwich.
Here he also carried on a brewery, besides
those he had at Wandsworth and Mortlake.
If he was " Brewer to the King's Household,"
as is most likely, he supplied beer to the
palaces at Greenwich, Eltham, Nonsuch, and
Richmond. It is also probable that he was
associated with Walter Cromwell in his
brewery at Putney. Morgan Williams* great-
grandson, Oliver Cromwell's father, Robert
Cromwell, was a brewer. Thus brewing
seems to have been a favourite pursuit of the
family.

Thomas Cromwell married, in 1513,
Elizabeth Wykys, the eldest daughter
of John Wykys, of Putney. (See above,
page 164). Elizabeth Cromwell, his sister,
married a William Wellyfed. He was a
copyhold resident on Wimbledon Manoi*,
probably at Putney. His name often occurs
in the Court Rolls of the manor as a juror of
the inquest and the homage. Where he came
from, or what he was, we cannot tell for
certain. We think his family was located at
Egham, in Surrey. He had two sons,
Christopher and William, and one daughter,
Alice. The two sons were educated, with
Thomas Cromwell's son Gregory, at Cam-
bridge College. Both Christopher and
William were brought up to the church. On
Feb. 25, 1533, the former was appointed
rector of Littiebury, in Essex. He died
before April 12, 1538, as at that date he was
succeeded as rector by William May. {See
"Newcourt") On October 14, 1534, William
Wellyfed was collated to the prebend of

Mapesbory, at Willesden, in Middlesex.
This he resigned before December 17 follow-
ing, as on that day Thomas Bedyll was
collated to it. But five days afterwards the
latter resigned it (he being appointed by
Thomas Cromwell one of the commissioners
to visit the religious houses with the view to
their dissolution), when William Wellyfed
was again collated to it He, however, again
resigned it before March id^ 1540. {See
" Newcourt," vol. i. p. 175.) What became of
William Wellyfed after this, and when he
died, we cannot say. In Thomas Cromwell's
will, dated July 12, 1529, he bequeaths to
Christopher Wellyfed £\o, to William Welly-
fed, jun., £,20^ and to Alice Wellyfed ^20.
He also bequeaths " to my syster, Elizabeth
Wellyfed, wyffe to William Wellyfed, ^^40,
three goblets without a cover, a inaser, and a
nut" He further wills, " that my executors
shall take the yearly profits above the charges
of my farm of Canbery (Canonbury^ at Isling-
ton)y and all other things contained within my
said lease of Canbery, in the county of
Middlesex, and out of the profits thereof
shall yearly pay unto my brother-in-law,
William Wellyfed, and Elizabeth his wife,
my only sister (his other sister Katharine
was therefore dead at this time), Twenty
Pounds" Where William Wellyfed and his
wife lived, and when they died, we cannot
telL We believe they Uved and died at
Canonbury House, Islington, and were buried
in Islington Churchyard.

John Phillips.

Mr. R. S. Chamock, F.S.A., also writes : —
I find in my Common-Place Book the fol-
lowing note on the Cromwell Family : —

Thomas Carlyle, in his "Letters and
Correspondence of Oliver Cromwell," says
the family of Cromwell derive their name
from the hamlet of Cromwell, or Crum-
well, in the county of Nottingham. They
were afterwards lords of Tattershall in
Lincolnshire, firom whom probably de-
scended, through a younger son, Walter Crom-
well, the blacksmith of Putney, father of
Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, the Com-
missioner for Visiting Monasteries under
Henry VIII. Carlyle states the descent of
Oliver Cromwell from Robert Cromwell,
brother of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex,

THE CROMWELL FAMILY.

169

uid makes no mention of the Welsh Wil-
liamSy who married the sister of the Earl of
Essex. An elaborate pedigree of the Crom-
well family is inserted in the " Bibliotheca
Topographica Britannica," vol. iil, which
traces the Cromwells of Hinchinbrooke,
Huntingdonshire, from whom Oliver Crom-
well descended, fraternally from Morgan ap
Williams, son of William ap Jevan. Morgan
ap M^lliams, married .... Cromwell, sister
of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex : —

Walter Cromwell,
blacksmith,
of Putney.

Thos. Cromwell,
Earl of Essex,
beheaded a8
July, 1540.

William ap Jevan
ap Morgan

Gregory Cromwell,
created Baron
Wimbledon.

Iward

Lord CromwelL

n ^ I —

. . . . Cromwell, ss Morgam Williams,
sister of Thos. or ap William.

Cromwell, Earl married

of Essex. sister of Thos.

Cromwell, Earl
of Essex.

Sir Thos. Williams, Knt.,
assumed the name of
Cromwell.

Sir Ny. Cromwell,
of Hinchinbrooke,
CO. Himtingdon,
died x8 Sept 1657.

Robt. Cromwell,
married Eliz.,
dau. of Sir
Thos. Steward

Oliver Cromwell,
bom a^ April,

i599» (^^ 3 S«P*
1658, aged 59 y.

4 m.9d.

1?Ct>lCW0*

Domesday Studies, Somerset, By the Rev. R. W.
Eyton, late Rector of Ryton, author of " Antiqiii-
tics of Shropshire," &c. 2 vols. 1880. (Reeves
& Turner, loo^ Chancery Lane. Bristol : T.
Kerslake & Co.)

|R. EYTON has followed up his "Key
to Domesday as illustrated by the
Dorset Survey," by the present laborious
and exhaustive analysis and digest of the
Somerset Survey ; and we gladly welcome
the re-appearance of such a careful and conscientious
stndoit m this still dark field of research. Domesday
remains a sealed book even to the majority of so-
called antiquaries, and will continue to be so until
the antiquarian world is furnished with a reliable
extended version and translation of this ancient Sur-
vey. ^ We must, however, be thankful for smaller
mercies, and content ourselves for the present with a
fiwCTientary view of the subject. Turning to our
author, it is satbfactory to find that his principles of
criticism as applied in his previous " study" luive in
no way been disturbed by his further researches.
''Domesday," he tells us, "thus examined, county
VOL. II.

af^er county, becomes a science more and more exact"
One of the great difficulties in dealing with Domes-
day is the fact that it stands, as it were, the solitary
manuscript monument of a dark period. Side-lights,
broadly speaking, in the way of contemporary records
there are none, and this want surrounds the subject
with obscurity. Fortunately, however, with regard
to five of the south-western counties of England — viz.,
Wiltshire, Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall,
the Gheld-Inquest of A.D. 1084 (two years previous to
Domesday) is to some extent preserved, and gives us,
in addition to other valuable matter, the names of the
Hundreds into which each county was divided — in-
formation which is almost entirely omitted in the
greater Survey. This Inquest was engrossed on simi-
lar vellum, and bound up in the same folio, with the
Exon Domesday ; in some parts of the Codex, pages
of the Inquest being even mterleaved with pages of
the Survey. As a natural result, the Inquest came
to be quoted as The Exon Domesday^ and led to the
confusion of two absolutely distinct records. The
way in which these two documents explain and sup-
plement one another is of exceptional value : thus, as
already stated, where we get the names of the Hun-
dreds from the Inquest, Domesday furnishes the
manors or viUs whicn are rarely mentioned in the
Gheld-Inquest. Moreover, besides the Exon Domes-
day proper, a second version exists in the Elxchequer
Domesday. There are curious differences between
the two versions— the re-casts of the original notes of
the surveyors — and Mr. Eyton puts it as a conjecture
••that the clerks who drew the Exeter Domesday
effected their work while yet the Commissioners* notes
were in the provinces, and before the said notes were
sent to undergo a stronger process of filtration and
digestion at the Royal Exchequer." It has always
b^ a point of great interest to determine the time
occupied in the production of Domesday Book, and
our author's statement that "the whole, thsLt is,
Xhe Survey, the transcription and the codification,
were completed in less than eight months, and that
three of the eight were winter months," certainly
justifies his remark, that " no such miracle of clerkly
and executive capacity has been worked in England

since.

Our space will not permit us to do more than
refer our readers to Mr. Eyton's pr^mant chapters
on "The Royal Burghs of Somerset,^ "Domesday
Schedule of Somerset Landholders," " Terra Regis '
of Somerset, and " The Old Hundreds of Somerset**
The second volume contains numerous elaborate
statistical and comparative tables of the several
Hundreds and Liberties, and is, above all things,
provided with excellent indexes of places and per-
sons. Every Domesday student should secure a copy
of Mr. E3rton*s work.

A History of the Castles^ Mansions^ and Manors of
Western Sussex, By D. G. Cary-Elwks^F.S.A.,
and the Rev. C. J. Robinson, M.A. (Longmans,
London. A. Rivington, Lewes.)

We owe an apology to our readers as well as to
the painstaking and conscientious authors of this
work, for having so long delayed the pleasant duty

lyo

REVIEWS.

of noticing it, as one of the most valuable additions to
our daily-growing store of county topography. It has
evidently been a labour of love, and one on which
either, or probably both, of its authors has bestowed
an infinite amount of care and research. It is clearly
not got up at secondhand, but is the result and out-
come of personal investigations extending over a large
period of time, and a fairly large area also, contain-
mg as it does hotices, with iUustrations for the most
part, of such venerable and historic places as Amber-
ley and Arundel Castles, old Petworth House, Cow-
dra^ House, Wiston, Slindon, and Halnaker. Each
parish is headed separately, and in alphabetical order,
so that there is the less need of an index ; but this has
been supplied. The view of Arundel Castle, bv
Hollar, is reproduced in facsimile among the fiill
page illustrations ; and it is only one among some
forty or fifty of the same kind. The woodcuts
scattered up and down through the letter-press are,
we are tola in the pre&ce, borrowed from the publi-
cations of the Archaeological Society of Sussex. In
a word, the book is an admirable and worthy supple-
ment to Cartwright's and Dallawa/s Histories of
that coimty. ^_i«

Views of Ancient Buildings in the Parish of Halifax,
By John Leyland. (Leyland & Son, Halifiuc.)
In this handsome volume, which we doubt whether
to designate as a folio or a quarto, Mr. Leyland has
placed on permanent record a large number of old
houses, some of timber, and others of stone, which
are still to be seen in and around Halifax, but which
are vanishing day by day, and destined to be super-
seded by the Italian and Grecian villas of modem
architects. There is no doubt, however, that within
the last five years a strong under-currenf has set in
amongst us in favour of the older type of domestic
architecture; and therefore we doubt not that the
book before us will meet with a cordial reception, and
especially in Yorkshire, to the inhabitants of which
county it more especially appeals. The illustrations,
though true and accurate, are quaint and stiff, and
have quite a character of their own. They are too
large, nowever, for reproduction in our columns.

SUmehmge: Plans^ Descriptions^ and Theories, By
W. M. Flinders Petrie. (£. Stanford.)

Apropos of the visit of the British Archaeological
Association to this celebrated monument of antiquity,
Mr. Petrie has issued his brochure just at the time
when the attention of the archaeological world has
been specially drawn to this mvstic circle. Mr. Petrie
tells us in his preface that the lack of any thoroughly
accurate survey of Stonehexige will be a sufficient
reason for the production of the present plan, in
addition to those already published. "Neither the
plans of Wood, Smith, Colt Hoare, Sir Henry James,
nor Hawkshaw," he says, '* lay any claim apparently
to accuracy greater than a few inches, thus missing
important results and deductions ; whereas that now
produced is correct to a few tenths of an inch, in &ct
quite as closely as the surface of the stone can be
estimated in most cases." The various sections of
the work are divided into "facts" and "theories,"

the former comprising a description of the several
plans, details of the stones, the methods of work-
manship, and the number of stones. The theoretical
portion of the book deals with Stonehenge as a work
not complete ; and treats of the position of the " altar
stone ;" it also deals at some length with the question
of sun-worship, which is one of the reasons which
has been assigned for its origin.

^K*)*</7fK'x«/i.

flDeetinga of antiquarian
Societies^ ^

METROPOLITAN.

British ARCHi«OLOGiCAL Association.— The
thirty-seventh annual Congress of this Society was
hdd in the neighbourhood of Devizes, under the
presidency of Earl Nelson, and commenced on Mon-
day, August 1 6. After the reception of the members
by the Mayor and Corporation of Devizes, the
Museum, the Castle, and the churches of St. Jolm and
St. Mary were inspected. — Liord Nelson delivered
his inaugural address at the Town Hall, in the even-
ii^. Speaking of what archaeology had already
effected, lus lordship said there was no end to the
immense advantages arising in these days from its
aid in elucidating history, for during the last half
century the history of this country had been largely
re-written by the means of archaeological research.
After some other remarks, his lordship proceeded to
refer to several of the places of interest which it was
the intention of the archaeologists to visit. Referring
to the tumuli, he said those on the Wiltshire Downs
had been sufficiently excavated, and he thought
nothing could justify the profanation of old burial

E laces when there was a certamty of no new discovery
eing made. He did not see, however, why a careful
tunnelling should not be conducted under the so-
adled altar-stone at Stonehenge, to see if any remains
which might illustrate the age of Stonehenge could
be found there, or within the sacred circle ; and,
secondly, he advocated the replacing of those stones
which had fallen within man's memory, or a record
of which had been carefully preserved. The mechani-
cal appliances of the present day could easily replace
them. The necessity of something being done to
preserve the ruin as handed down to us was becoming
more and more pressing. — The proceedings on Mon-
day were closed with a pubUc dinner, the noble
President occupying the chair. — On Tuesday the
members and friends made their first excursion, the
first halt being made at the viUaf e of Potteme, where
the church, the " church house/' and a picturesque
specimen of the Domestic Architecture of the fifteenth
century, were examined and commented upon. The
drive was then continued by Eastwell House — a good
specimen of the country residence of an English
gentleman of the seventeenth centuiy — and on through
Erlstoke, to Edington, where the oiurch was visited,
and its architecture described by Mr. James R. Bramble
and others. After an inspection of the remains of the
old monastery of Edington, the excursion was con-

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

171

tinned to the chnrdi, and castle, or encampment, of
Bnitton. The latter occnpies the summit of the hill
overlooking the vale of Westbury, and lies imme-
diately above the historically interesting object known
as the "Westbury White Horse." On the return
journey, a rather hnrried examinatioQ had to be made
of the several churches of Steeple Ashton, Keevil,
and Poulshott. At the evening meeting, held in the
Town Hal], Devises* Papers were read by Dr.
Stevens on the "Discovery of Palaeolithic Flint
Implements with Mammalian Remains in the Read>
ing Drift," and by Mr. J. A. Picton on the ** £thno>
logy of Wiltshire as Illustrated in its Place Names."
— The excursion on Wednesday was one of great
interest, including as it did visits to the churdi of
Bishops Cannings, the Wansdyke — an ancient earth-
work which extends across the county of Wilts, from
the Severn to Inkpen in Berkshire — the old Roman
road some two miles distant, and the great Avebury
Circle. Here addresses and speculations as to the
origin and probable use of the enclosure were de-
livered by tne Rev. C Smith, the Rev. Bryan King,
Mr. Picton, Dr. Stevens, and others. Avebu^
Church, which is now under restoration, was next
visited, after which the party proceeded to Silbanr
Hill, the largest artificial mound in this country. This
vast conical barrow was opened in 1 777 by the Duke
of Northumberiand and Colonel Drax, who sank a
shaft from the top downwards through the centre,
under the idea of its being a place of sepulture, but
no remains were found there. In 1849 it was again
CTaminrd, with no better result On that occasion
a tunnel was cut horizontally, following as nearly as
possible the surface of the natural ground on which
the hill had been raised. After penetrating for
eighty-seven yards the centre was reached, and, in
order to make a thorough exploration of the central
mass of earth, a gallery was carried half way round
and various recesses made in the sides. The opinion
seems now to gain ground that this mound and the
ancient stone circle at Avebuzy mark the sites of the
principal places of ceremony K>r the more ancient in-
nabitants of Mercia, to whom the latter place itself
may have stood as a kind of ecclesiastical capital.
Some time having been spent here, several of the
company, under the guidance of the Rev. C. Smith,
proceeded to inspect a small circle of stones about a
mile distant on the south side of Silbury. The return
drive to Devizes was very pleasant, and at the even-
ii^ meetinjg^ a Paper on " The Recently-discovered
VUdng Ship" was read by Mr. Loftus Brock. —
On Tnursday, the members made Malmesbury the
point of destinarion. The party having been con-
veyed by special train to Chippenham, the excur-
sion was continued thence in carriages, stoppages
being ipade to inspect the churches of LangTey
Burrell, Draycott Cone, and Sutton Benger. A halt
being xnade at Dauntsey, the party proceeded on foot
up the hill to Bradenstoke Priory, Mr. Loftus Brock
acting as guide, and giving; an interesting description
of the remains of the edifice. The journey was next
continued direct to Malmesbury, where the companv
was entertained at luncheon by Mr. Walter Powell,
M.P. The party afterwards proceeded to the Abbey,
some interesting details of which were given by Mr.
George Patrick, under whose guidance the venerable

building was inspected. The mitred Abbey of
Malmesbury, on the site of, and indeed a growth out
of, a small Saxon monastery, was, in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries, one of the finest and richest
monastic institutions of the country. The Bene-
dictines — ^who formed, as it were, the High Church
or Ritualistic p>arty, in contradistinction to the
severer-minded Cistercians, who were gradually re*
forming the luxurious styles of elaborate building
goigeous tracery, and interior decoration, and the
highly omamentid and imposing religiousservicesof the
Order from which they had sprung — were then at the
height of their power and influence, and Malmesbury
Abbey wasone of theirgreatest strongholds in England.
The great central tower of this Abbey was at one
time surmounted by a lofty spire. This fell within
the memory of persons who recounted the event to
the antiquarian Leland. With it there fell much of
the eastern portion of the Abbey Church, the choir,
and the Lady Chapel. The western tower also fell at
a subsequent period, and mined the western front.
A brief visit to the Abbey House, and an examination
of the ancient Market Cross, brought the proceedings
to a close. At the evening meeting, at Devizes, Mr.
Thomas Morgan read a Paper on* the " Antiquities of
Wiltshire," and Dr. Phene another on "Existing
Analogues of Stonehenge and Avebury." — Fridays
excursion was by way of Enford and Netheravon, the
churches of which places were duly inspected and
commented upon, to Amesbury, where the party was
joined by the Newbury District Field Club. Ames-
bury Church was then visited, and its principal
architectural features pointed out by Mr. Brock.
After luncheon, the visitors made their way to
•* Vespasian's Camp" — ^so named by Stukeley, though
without any real authority — ^where Professor Rupert
Tones and Mr. Brock gave some interesting details of
Us history and use. The drive was then continued to
the world-renowned temple of Stonehenge, some two
miles distant Mr. W. Cunnington was odled upon
by the noble President to say a few words in explana-
tion of some of the supposed objects for which the
temple or tomb was erected, and its probable date.
This led to a long discussion, in which Mr. T. Morgan,
who read a short Paper on the spot. Lord Nelson,
Professor Rupert Jones, Mr. W. Money, Mr. Wright,
and Mr. Brock, took part. Stonehenge, when per-
fect, appears to have consisted of two circles and two
ellipses of upright stones, concentric, and environed
by a bank and ditch, and, outside this boundary, of a
single upright stone and processional avenue. The
entrance to the cluster laced north-east, and its
avenue is still to be traced by banks of earth. One
stone, called the " Friar's Heel," sixteen feet high, is
sup|>osed to have been a gnomon. The outer circle
consisted of eighty stones, 'fixed upright at intervals
of about three-and-a-half feet, connected at the top
by imposts, which formed a continuous corona, or
ring of stone, at a height of sixteen feet Within
this was the grandest part of the temple, the great
ellipse formed of five— or, in the estimation of ouers,
seven — triliths, the largest attaining the great eleva-
tion of twenty-five feet. Again, within the space
bounded by these triliths was the inner elliptical
compartment, consisting of nineteen granite posts, or
the stone of astronomical observation. At the pre-

N a

172

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

sent time the outer circle consists of sixteen uprights
and six imposts, the inner circle of seven uprightSi the
great ellipse of two perfect triliths and two single
uprights, the ellipse of six blocks, and within the cell
remains the so-called altar-stone. Earl Nelson, in
closing the discussion, said he should like to see those
stones which had fallen within the memory of man,
and whose originalpositions were unquestioned, care-
fully replaced. The party afterwards returned to
Devizes over the plain, by way of Redhone, and at
the evening meeting, Mr. T. Burgess read a Paper on
" Ancient Fortifications," especi^ly with reference to
the Castle of Devizes. — On Saturday the excursionists
made their way to Bromham Church and the Roman
tessellated pavement which had been unearthed in a
neighbouring field. Roman remains, including two
urns and a coin of Carausius, were found on this site
forty years ago. The pavement consists of several
square yards of intricate scroll-work, ivy leaves, and
the well-known dolphin s3nxibols. A short Paper
descriptive of this discovery having been read by Mr.
G. Wright, the party proceeded thence to view the
Roman road opposite Wanshouse ; next to Bowood,
to inspect the magnificent gallery of pictures belong-
ing to Lord Lansdo^vne ; then on through Spye Park
and Bowden Hill to Lacock Abbey. Mr. C. H.
Talbot, the owner of Lacock Abbey, received the
visitors, and conducting them over Uie buildings,
pointed out and explained the various architectural
features of the grand old monastic pile. The art
treasures which the house contains were next in-
spected, after which the old tythe-bam and the parish
church were visited. At the evening meeting, held
as usual at the Town Hall at Devizes, Mr. G. Lam-
bert gave some account of the regalia belonging to
the Corporation of Devizes, together with a short
disouisition on civic maces in general. Mr. Walter
de Grey Birch then proceeded to speak of the borough
charters ; and Mr. G. R. Wright naving made a few
observations with reference to "treasure trove," the
noble President delivered his closing address, which
was followed by the usual votes of thanks to all
concerned. — Although the Congress was thus formally
closed, on Monday and Tuesday extra excursions
were made to Longleat, the seat of the Marquis of
Bath, and to the town of Marlborough, where the keep
of the old Castle was inspected.

PROVINCIAL.
Bradford (Yorkshire) Historical and
Antiquarian Society. — Sep. 10. — At the Gram-
mar School, Bradford, Mr. T. T. Empsall in the
Chair. — A communication was received from Dr.
Willis, acting on behalf of the Bradford Philosophi-
cal Society, mviting a deputation from the Society to
a conference to consider the desirability of an amal-
gamation of the Bradford Philosophic^ Society, the
Bradford Scientific Association, the Bradford Histori-
cal Society, and the Bradford Naturalists' Society.
After considerable discussion, a deputation, consisting
of Messrs. T. T. Empsall, S. O. Bailey, and T. W.
Skevington, was appointed to attend the conference.
— Mr. W. Cudwoith exhibited specimens of pottery
and bones forming portion of a recent discovery at
Headley, near Tliomton. The "find" comprised
several funeral urns, containing human remains, which

were discovered by Mr. A. Craven in quarrying a
portion of Lower Headley farm, the property of the
trustees of Sowerby Grammar School. Although
found within a short distance of the surface, the pot-
tery seemed to be of pre-Roman origin. Two of the
urns were about 1 4 inches in height, 9 inches across
the top, 114 inches at the widest portion of the bowl,
and o inclies at foot ; one being of sun-baked clay
with very rude markings, the other having evidently
been subjected to fire. A sketch of these rude ex-
^amples of earthenware, prepared by Mr. J. Thornton,
was laid upon the table, and he also exhibited several
Roman and pre-Roman samples of pottery, recently
found near Peterborough.

Cambrian Archaeological Association. — This
Association held its annual congress at Pembroke dur-
ing the last week in August. The daily excursions
were carried out with great success, the weather being
most favourable throughout, and the evening sittings
produced one or two interesting Papers aAd snort dis-
cussions. Among the objects of interest visited were
Castlemartin Church, St. Govan's, Stackpole Church,
Nash Church, Upton Castle, Carew Castle and Church,
Manorbier Castle, Lamphey Church and Palace, and
one or two other churches of archaeological preten-
sions. At Carew Castle the Dean of St. David's
thought that the chapel was in the inner ward of
the eastern tower, notwithstanding the presence
of a fireplace in the room. In the room above the
chapel was pointed out a staircase built into the
wall of the tower. A range of chambers on the
north side is said to have been the work of Sir J.
Perrot, to whom Queen Mary granted a castle, he
being then Lord- President of Ireland. He afterwards
was attainted and sentenced to death, but died in the
Tower. The castle presents a combination of several
styles of architecture, as pointed out by the Dean —
the Norman and the Edwardian fabric, the decora-
tions of Sir Rhys ap Thomas to the inner face of the
west side forming a transition from the purely military
portions of the edifice to Tthe domestic additions
in the Elizabethan style, alleged to have been begun
by Sir J. Perrot. A leading feature in the Eliza-
bethan portion is formed by two fine semicircular
oriels running up the whole height of the rooms. At
Carew Castle Sir Rhys ap Thomas held, in 1488, the
first tournament which had ever taken place in Wales.
In the road at the entrance to the village there is
a Cross bearing an undecipherable inscription.
In Carew Church is the tomb of Sir John Carew and
of his wife and their family of three sons and five
daughters. Manorbier Castle is famous as the birth-
place of Giraldus Cambrensis. Here Dr. Harper, of
Jesus College, Oxford, who is occup)ring the habitable
part of the castle, hospitably received and entertained
the visitors. The castle is situate near to a creek of
the sea, not far from Tenby, and six cellars found
underground were, there seems every reason to believe,
used by smugglers for storing their contraband goods.
It is a fair model of a Norman baron's residence.
The church is a very plain building — a chancel and
nave divided by a row of pillars, without decoration
of any kind. Lamphey Palace was the last place
visited. It is valuable as an example of Domestic
Architecture of the fourteenth century, and is said to
have been built in great part by Bishop Gower. The

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

173

last resident Bishop (Barlow) alienated the palace in
favour of his godson, Richaid Devereux, from whom
it passed in 1600 to the Owens of Orleton. The
final excursion on Friday was but thinly attended,
some of the visitors having departed to join the
sazfons of the British Association at Swansea.

Kent AjLCHiCOLOGicAL Society. — The annual
congress of this Society took place on the 26th and
27th July, under the presidency of Earl Amherst.
The preliminary meeting was held in the Headcom
Literary Institute, when the annual report was read
and adopted, and other formal business transacted.
The members afterwards visited Headcohi Church,
where a Paper on its history was read by the Rev.
Canon Scott Robertson. Smarden Church was next
inspected, the Rev. Francis Harlewood, author of
" The Antiquities of Smarden/' acting as cicerone.
This church, which is of the Decorated period, is,
from the peculiarity of its construction, popularly
known as the **Bam of Kent." The churches of
Hi^h Halden and Woodchurch were subsequently
visited, after which the party proceeded to Tenterden,
the church of which place, full of historical reminis>
cences, was duly inspected. At the evening meeting,
held at Tenterden, Papers were read by Mr. Robert
Furley, '* On the Early History of Tenterden ;" by
the Rev. R. Cox Hales, ** Brief Notices of the Hales
Family ;" and by the Rev. Canon Jenkins " On the
Gnldeford Family." The second day's excursion
commenced with a visit to Appledore Church, where
the vicar, the Rev. M. D. French, acted as cicerone.
The party afterwards drove to the Isle of Oxney,
where Stone Church was inspected, and a Paper on
its history and architecture was read by the Rev. E.
M. Muriel, rector of Ruckinge. From the church
the company proceeded to the vicarage garden to see
an ancient Roman altar stone. Wittersham Church
was next visited, the Rev. Canon Robertson under-
taking the task of describing its architectural features.
The excursion was then continued to the churches of
Rolvenden and Newenden, after which the Manor
House of Losenham, and an ancient earthwork in its
vicinity, were inspected and commented upon by Mr.
George Lambert and others.

Leicestershire Architectural and Archaeo-
logical Society.— At the last meeting, the follow-
ing articles were exhibited by Captain Whitley : an
ou painting of Goose Simpson, by Throsby, the
Leicestershire hbtorian. — By the Rev. Canon Pownall,
F.S.A. : A dish of StafTordshire ware of the seven-
teenth century ; and coins of places mentioned in
Scripture — viz., silver coins of Ephesus, Miletus
(loma), a tetradrachma of Tyre, and one of Ptolemy
IL, struck at Paphos (Cyprus), and a copper coin of
Sidon, of Alexander Severus. — A Paper by Mrs. S.
W. Thursby, upon a wall painting in Lutterworth
Church, was read by Canon Pownall.

Newcastle Society of Antiquaries.— August
25. — Mr. J. C. Brooks in the Chair. — Dr. Bruce read
a letter from Sir Charles Trevelyan, drawing the
attention of the Society to the remarkable discovery
of bronze weapons and female ornaments near Wal-
lington on the 14th of May, consisting of fifteen axe
heads, four spear heads, three sword blades (two with
handles), and three female ornaments ; and later on in
the year another spear head, which he (Sir Charles)

thought was fair to conjecture had been hidden in
some time of trouble, and thict the hiders had died
without having an opportunity of recovering them.
Respecting their age, the writer considered that they
were older than the Roman period, when iron was in
general use, but not so old as the Stone period. The
articles were now deposited in a glass case at the Hall,
where they might be inspected at any time. — Mr.
W. H. D. Longstaffe, in a Paper on the neighbouring
churches, alluded to certain alterations contemplated
on Ponteland Church, which he considered would
prove distasteful to persons of culture, and if the
Society could get them re-considered he thought it
would be desirable to do so. — After some discussion,
it was agreed that the members of the Society should
meet on Friday, September the 3rd, and after inspect-
ing the churches in Newcastle and St. Mary's, Gates-
head, proceed to Pontdand, and examine the church
there with respect to the alterations proposed.

Somerset ARCH^toLOGicAL Society. — The
twenty-third annual meeting of the above Society
commenced on Tuesday, August 17, at Glastonbury.
The proceedings were open^ by a meeting at the
Town Hall, when Dr. E. A. Freeman was elected
President. After the reading of the annual report
and the transaction of other routine business, the
President delivered his inaugural address, in which he
spoke at some length on the history of Glastonbury
and of its famous Abbey. He likewise insisted on two
special points — the proper way of studying local
history as a contribution to general history, and the
natural connection between the two branches of study
which the Society undertook — antiquities and natural
history. Mr. J. H. Parker afterwards made some
remarks with regard to the Abbey, quoting copiously
from the charters of the monastery. During the day
the Abbey and the Tor were visited, Mr. Parker
acting as guide. At the evening meeting a Paper
was read by Mr. MacMurtrie on ** The Lamb Lair
Caverns at Harptree," and one by Mr. Green on ** The
Huguenot Colony of Glastonbury." — Wednesday's

froceedings commenced with a meeting in the Town
lall, when Mr. Dymond read a Paper on ** ITie
Ancient Plank- way at Shapwick." Mr. Boyd Daw-
kins afterwards made some important remarks with
regard to what were termed "Corduroy Roads." A
perambulation of the town was subsequently made,
visits being paid to the hospitals, almshouses, churches,
the "George" Hotel, and the "Tribunal," in the

Principal street. Later on excursions were made to
[ere, Shapwicke, Walton, and Sharpham, the
churches and other objects of interest at each place
being duly inspected and commented upon.

Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographi-
cal Association. — The annual excursion of this
Society took place on Wednesday, August 25, Went-
worth and Rotherham being the chief places visited.
The party first proceeded to Templeborough, to view
the site of the old Roman encampment, supposed to
have been formed by Agricola. Here the remains of
a Roman prsetorium were imearthed about two years
ago. Papers on the subject were read by the Rev.
W. Blazeby and Mr. J. Leader, F.S.A. The party
then drove to Wentworth Woodhouse, the seat of
Earl Fitzwilliam, which was described by the Rev.
Dr. Gatty, who gave an interesting account of the

174

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

house and its owners. The picture gallery was much
admired, especially Vandyke s fiamous portrait of the
first Lord Strafford. The tomb of the nobleman, still
preserved in the family mortuary chapel, was an
object of considerable interest on the part of the
archaeologists. The visitors afterwards made their
way to Rotherham, where they were entertained with
luncheon in the Mechanics' Hall. The old parish
church — a fine example of the Perpendicular period —
was afterwards inspected, and a Paper on its history
and chief architectural features was read by the Rev.
J. Stayce, Master of the Shrewsbury Hospital, Shef-
field. Mr. Micklethwait, F.S.A., then described the
different parts of the church to the visitors ; after
which many of the party visited the chapel on the
bridge, of which a view has been given in our pages
(see vol. i. p. i68).

^t ^

XTbe antiquan^'0 'Dote^Soofu

From end to end of the metropolis the old Catho-
lic times survive to popular remembrance in our
familiar and indelible nomenclature. St. John's
Wood was annexed, as its name imports, to the great
House of the Knights Hospitallers at Clerkenwell.
The great monastery bf St. Bartholomew's " blocked
the way" at Smithfield. St. Mary Abbotts at Ken-
sington relates to the Abbot of Abingdon, whose
manor house formerly stood where now is Holland
House. Blackfriars, Whitefriars, Austin Friars,
Paternoster Row, Ave Maria Lane, Amen Comer,
Marylebone, Charterhouse, Clerkenwell, and count-
less other names familiar as " household words" in
the mouths of Londoners, still breathe of the old
Catholic days when England, for a thousand years,
remained loyal in her allegiance to the Holy See. —
IVeekly Register.

Antiquarian Relics near .Taunton. — Mr.
Edward Jeboult, in a communication to the Somerset
County Gazette, reminds his readers that the position
of the Romans in Britain was very much as that of
Englishmen in India at this time. " During the four
hundred years the Romans governed this country,"
he writes, *'they laid the foundation of all the civili-
zation and prosperity that followed. They brought
with them from Rome (then the capital of the world)
the various arts and sciences at that time known and
practised. Traces of the roads they made, the walls
they erected, and the palaces and villas they built,
prove what a great people they were. The villas
to which reference has been made were something
more than our ideas of a villa at this time. The
Roman villa was in itself almost a small town, as
the ruins of them will testify. They contained halls,
baths, walks, passages, courts, terraces, and rooms
of all descriptions. Underground hot-air flues warmed
or ventilated the rooms, which were floored with
hard cement or tiles often in the most beautiful
manner. Samples of some of them may be seen in
the Taunton Museum. As a rule, these villas were
to be found every few miles along the great Roman
roads. In the front you entered a court-yard, plain,

but yet with handnome outlines; this led you to a
circular court surrounded by galleries ; over the
centre was ti handsome dining-room with doors or
windows all around, that could be opened or closed
according to the wind or weather. Behind was a
quadrangle, a portico, and a lesser court, and then
a vestibule. On the left hand was a large parlour
and a small withdrawing room. This part contained
rooms for the servants. On the other side were the
libraries and bedchambers for the family and for
visitors. Then you came to the baths. Everything
was large, airy, and spacious, the baths being large
enough to swim in. Close by were small chambers
for anointing and oiling the bathers, and here also
were the heating-stoves. Behind all this came the
tennis-courts, and generally a high tower for obser-
vation. Then the gardens and pkces for exercise for
the family and also for the servants. Occasionally
vineyards surrounded the villa, and in the gardens
were choice trees and arbours. Here also were the
fruitery and kitchen-garden. Water was generally
laid on in abundance to all parts, and there were
numerous fountains. The Roman gentleman who
inhabited such a villa was a sort of local king in his
way, and governed his numerous servants and slaves
with despotic power. It must not be forgotten that
the villa also combined in a great measure the farm-
house, and that various trades were carried on with-
in its walls, as in the baronial castles in latter
times. Ruins of Roman villas are to be found at
Wadford, near Chard ; at Pitney, near Langport, and
in other places."

" Sin-eaters."— In the county of Hereford was
an old custom at funerals to hire poor people, who
were to take upon them all the sins of die party
deceased, and were called "sin-eaters." One of
them, I remember, liv'd in a cottage on Rosse high-
way. The manner was thus : ** When the corps was
brought out of the hous, and laid on the biere, a
loaf of bread was delivered to the sinne eater over
the corps, as allso a mazar bowle (a gossips bowl of
maple) full of beer, which he was to drink up, and
six pence in mony, in consideration whereof he took
upon him ipso facto all the sinns of the defunct, and
freed him or her from walking after they were dead.
In North Wales the sinne eaters are frequently made
use of ; but there, instead of a bowl of beer, they have
a bowl of milk. This custom was by some people ob-
served even in the strictest time of the presbyterian
government. As at Djmdar volens nolens the parson
of /the parish, the relations of a woman deceased there
had this ceremony punctually performed according
to her will. The like was done in the City of Here-
ford in those times, where a woman kept, many years
before her death, a mazar bowl for the sinne-eater ;
and in other places in the county, as allso at Brecon,
at Llangors, where Mr. Govin, the minister, about
1640, could not hinder this superstition. Methinks
doles to poor people, with mony at funerals, have
some resemblance of the sinne-eating. Doles at
funerals were continued at gentlemen's funerals in the
west of England till the civil warrs ; and so in
Germany, at rich men's funerals, doles are in use, and
to every one a quart of strong and good beer."
(Aubrey of Gentilisme, MS.) — Kennetfs Purochial
Antiquities,

THE ANTIQUARrS NOTE-BOOK.

175

Wager op Battue. — The last occasion on which
this ri^t was exercised in England was in the case
of "Ashford v, Thornton." Ashford had accused
Thornton of the murder of one of his relations, and
the latter desired to fight. By the ancient laws of
'England, when a person was murdered, the nearest
relative of the deceased might bring what was called
an appeal of death against the person accused of the
murder. Under this process the accuser and the ac-
cnsed fought. < The weapons were clubs. The battle
began at sunrise, and was fought in presence of the
judges, by whom also the dress of the combatants
and all formalities were arranged. Part of the pre-
liminary oath administered was that neither com-
batants should resort to witchcraft. If the accused
was slain it was taken to be proof of his guilt. If
the accuser, of his innocence. If the accuser held
out till starlight, that also attested his innocence. If
either yielded while able to fight, it worked his con-
demnation and di^race. The case of " Ashford v,
Thornton" was aigued in the Court of King's Bench
on the i6th April, 1818, before Lord Chief Justice
EUenborough. Mr. Chitty argued against the rijg^ht
of battle; Mr. Tindall being on the other side.
Finally, the Court decided that trial by battle was in
force. It had never been repealed. No battle, how-
ever, on this occasion was fought. A technical plea
interposed. And Parliament passed a repealing
statute. — Once a fVeek,

The Reaping Machine of the Gauls and
Ancient Britons. — The following will prove of
interest at this season, when a most ^untiful harvest
is calling into unusual activity the reaping machine —
too commonly supposed to be one of ike scientific
appliances of modem agriculture. The passage is
quoted from Pliny, as translated by Lysons, with his
comments thereon. ** After stating that Pliny says
the reapinc^ machine was known to the Gauls, and, if
so, undoubtedly also to the Britons," Lysons pro-
ceeds : — ** Plin^s description of the reaping macnine
is most interesting, as snowing that if there is any-
thing new under the sun, there is very little. In Book
xviiL c. 30, he says : — * Of reaping there are various
methods. In the broad level fields of the Gauls
enormous machines, with teeth set in a row, placed
upon two wheels, are driven through the standing
com, a horse* — (or rather a mare, he uses the woid
'jumento,' doubtless from mares being steadiest for
such work)—' being attached to the machine back-
wards the com thus cut off falls into the furrow or
baiTOW.' Critics differ as to whether 'vallum,* the
word used, means a furrow or a barrow ; it means
both. Are these proofs of barbarism ? — seeing that
it is not twenty years that the reaping machine has
been reintroduced among ourselves." — Our British
Ancestors, by Lysons, 1 865.

(^^>rv

antiquarian flcwe.

_J*he National Gallery will no more be closed during
the month of October.

A statue of Pascal was lately unveiled at Cler-
mont-Ferrand, his birthplace.

Professor KnoU, of Vienna, the editor of Babrius,
intends to bring out a complete collection of Greek
fables.

The remains of apparently an important Roman
dwelling have been discovered in the woods of Lille-
bonne, near Folleville, in France.

An heraldic and historical exhibition, relating
chiefly to the Royal House of Orange, was opened at
the Hague on the md of August.

A grand monument to Pius IX., in the form of a
statue, little less than twice the size of life, has been
erected by private subscription in Milan Cathedral.

The Voce delta Verith says that there is no founda-
tion whatever for the report that Leo XIII. contem-
glates transferring the College of Propaganda to
[alta.

One of the fluted stone columns which support the
west portico of St. Paul's Cathedral has become
cracked and dangerous, and is now being carefully
restored.

It may be worth noting that the importer of the
Egyptian obelisk to New York is Mr. W. H. Vander-
bilt, who has paid 75,000 dollars to cover the expenses
of its removal.

The late Frau Pretorius, the wife of the well-
known historian and private secretary of Prince Alberti
has bcKjueathed her husband's libraiy to the Germanic
Museum at Nuremberg.

Messrs. Marcus Ward & Co. have just published a
new and cheaper edition of Seemann's ** Mythology
of Greece and Rome," revised by Mr. Bianchi, of
St. Peter's College, Cambridge.

The cross of the new tower of the church of Erke-
lenz was recently put in its place. The tower is 81 4
metres high, ranking second in height to Cologne,
and thirteenth among European edifices.

Hales Place, Canterbury, the seat of Miss Hales, with
fifty-seven acres of land, has been purchased by the
Jesuits, for the purpose of a college to accommodate
between 100 and 100 students. Tlie purchase money
was £i^oaQ,

Mr. Holman Hunt has entered into a crusade
against the use of non-permanent pigments in art, and
is rousing his compatriots to work for the restoration
of the "lost art" of colour-mixing.

The people of Pieve di Cadore, the birthplace of
Titian, celebrated the fourth centenair of the great
painter's birth, on September the 5th, bv the inaugu-
ration of a statue to his memory in the chief square or
Piazza.

At a recent meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society of
Bengal, several ** finds" of ancient coins from various
parts of India were exhibited. But, in at least two
cases, strong doubt was thrown upon the genuineness
of the specimens.

It appears from the coffin-plate on Lord Stratford
de Redcliffe that the eminent diplomatist was bom, as
stated by Lodge's Peerage, on November 4, 1786,
and not, as stated by the other peerages and news-
papers, in 1788.

Captain Cole, R.E., who is well known for his

176

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

investigations into the early architecture of Kashmir,
has been appointed by the Indian Government to the
new office of Conservator of Ancient Monuments and
Antiquities in India.

The old and interesting church of Bakewell, in
Derb]rshire, which contains the tombs of the Vemons
of Haddon Hall, is now in process of restoration,
under the superintendence of Mr. Gilbert Scott, son of
the late Sir Gilbert Scott.

A correspondent informs us that the Vannes Museum
contains the stone implements, &c., lately found at
Mont St. Michel. Among the objects here preserved
are two jade (?) celts, which for beauty of outline and
finish have scarcely an equal.

Excavations for drainage in Cirencester opposite the
old church, are revealing large masses and cores of
ancient walling, and a great amount of Roman and
mediaeval relics, chiefly coins and fictilia. They will
probably be deposited in the town museum.

^ A memorial cross of granite, ten feet high, in the
form of a monolith, has been erected on the Surrey
Downs at Evershed's Rough, near Dorking, in memory
of Dr. S. Wilberforce, Bishop of Winchester, who
was killed on that spot by a fall from his horse in

1873.

**The Armenians Judged by Foreigners" is the
title of a pamphlet just published, consisting of tri-
butes paia by Lord B3rron, Van Lenneps, Dr.
George Smith, Lamartine, and other travellers, to .
the high character and civilization of the Armenian
nation.

The *' Report of the Historical Manuscripts Com-
mission," to be issued at the beginning of next year,
will contain a great mass of vtuuable matter. The
papers of Lord Salisbury at Hatfield will be included
m It, aqd from Scotland and Ireland contributions of
much interest are expected.

The Society of Antiauaries has advanced far in the
preparation of a complete and exhaustive index to
the '* Archseologia," which is to be issued as part of
that publication. Such a book will be a great boon,
not only to Fellows of the Society, but to all who are
interested in the study of archaeology.

The September number of the Months published
by Messrs. Bums and Gates, contains a most elabo-
rate description and plan of Oxford in ^e Middle
Ages, by the Rev. F. Goldie, which will be found of
great interest to all genuine antiquaries. It deserves
to be reprinted as a separate publication.

The new church, which was built on the site of the
old Whitechapel Church, about four years ago, at a
cost of nearly ;f 30^000, was destroyed by fire on the
16th of August. Of the building, which was a large
and lofly edifice of red brick, with a tower and spire,
nothing remains but the tottering walls and the
tower.

The death is announced of Mr. Henry C. Pidgeon,
a very old member of the Institute of Painters in
Water Colours. He was one of the founders of the
Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. At

one time he edited the Berkshire Chronicle, and,
amongst other works, wrote a small essay on the Eton
"Montem."

We understand that the series of articles on old
customs in connection with the calendar which Mr.
Thomas B. Trowsdale is contributing to the pages of
"The Welcome" (S. W. Partridge & Ca) under the
title of ''Lore of the Months, Antiquarian and
Historical," will, at the close of the year, be repub-
lished in a volume, with many amplifications and
additions.

Mr. H. B. Wheatley is about to issue a volume
entitled " Samuel Pepys and the World he Lived in,"
in which the pronunciation of the name of that im-
mortal gossip will be dealt with. Mr. Wheatley will
give abundant evidence that the diarist was called by
his contemporaries *' Mr. Peeps," and not, as is com-
monly the case now, " Mr. Peps," or, as Punch once
put it, "Mr. Pipsr

Mr. T. Potter Briscoe, F.R.H.S., has in the press
a small local volume of antiquarian and historical
gleanings, which he will shortly issue under the title
of ** Old Nottinghamshire." It will consist chiefly
of papers contributed to the Nottingham Guardian,
under the title of " Local Notes and Queries," con-
ducted by Mr. Briscoe. Several well-known local
authors have promised contributions.

Great inconvenience seems likely before long to be
experienced in the reading-room of the British
Museum, in consequence of the increase in the num-
ber of applications for admission, which, it is stated,
have now reached about 3,^00 in the course of the
year. A large number of additional seats have
already been provided, and it is scarcely practicable
to add more seats within the existing room, spacious
as it is.

The oldest infantry regiment in the Austrian army
celebrated, on the 21st of August, the 250th anni-
versary of its enrolment. It bears the name of
" Prince George of Saxony, No. ii," and was raised
in Bohemia in 1630, during the Thirty Years* War.
The regiment is at present quartered in Herzegovina.
The day was celebrated by a grand banquet given by
the officers, while the soldiers had a sort of historical
masquerade, illustrating the career of the regiment.

The Vatican has decided to augment and reorganize
the colleges for Asia and Africa, being desirous of
largely developing the Catholic Church in those
parts of the world. As the College of the Propa-
ganda is not sufficient to meet the requirements,
branch colleges will be established in suitable loca-
lities. A Vicariate Apostolic will be created in
Morocco, and the Vatican is also considering the
question of another suitable place in the interior of
Africa.

A farm servant ploughing ntix Rosenberg, in West
Prussia, lately turned up an earthenware pot contain-
ms about 0,000 old coins. They were so-called
"hollow pennies" of the old Teutonic knights, and
belonged to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
The " hollow penny" is a silver coin with a raised

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

'77

rim around it ; the centre displays the arms of the
Grand Master of the Order for the time being.
There were twenty-one different sorts among the
coins found.

A "History of Cheadle," county Stafford, is
announced as nearly ready for publication. Mr.
Robert Plant, F.G.S., is the author. Mr. W. Moly-
neux will contribute to the book a chapter on the
geology of the neighbourhood ; and Mr. Charles
Lynam will give an account of Croxden Abbey. The
chronicles of Cheadle will be brought down from the
time of the Conqueror to the present date, and the
work will be einbellished with many engravings on
wood and steel.

Another Lake village, assigned by experts to the
age of Bronze, has lately been discovered at Auver-
mer, near Netichatel, Switzerland. Several millstones,
quite new, others half made, have been brought to
U^t, from which it is inferred that the place may
have been the seat of a manufactory of these articles.
Another conclusion drawn from this discovery is that
Swiss pile buildings served as actual dwellings for the
primaeval inhabitants of the land, and were not, as
has been supposed, merely storehouses.

In the latest volume of his ** Collectanea Antiqua,"
Mr. Roach Smith has published some interesting
anecdotes of his late friend and colleague, Mr. Thomas
Wright, F.S.A. Our readers will regret to learn
that the widow of Mr. Thomas Wright is in severe
suffering, and almost in a state of destitution. It has
been suggested that a portion, at least, of the literary
pension which was awarded to Mr. Wright should be
continued to her ; and it is to be hoped that Mr.
Gladstone will recommend the proposal.

In answer to an inquiry respecting pictures of Arch-
bishop Becket (see vol. i. p. 235, and 133 ante), a
correspondent informs us that on the north side of the
nave of St. Albans Abbey, upon the south face ot
the fifth pier, there is a distemper painting, which
almost certainly represents that saint. From the
"Liber Benefactorum" of the Abbey, preserved in
the British Museum (" Cotton. MS.,*' NeroD. vij. fol.
^3), it appears that this painting was executed about
the jrear 1360 by one of the monks, named Robert de
Trunch.

An interesting archaeological discovery is reported
from Greece, ft is no less than the finding of some
of the bodies of the Theban Holy Band, who, 300
strong, were annihilated by the Macedonians at
Chaeronea B.C. 338. The bodies of the dead heroes
are admirably preserved, and ranged in parallel rows
of forty each, the wounds which proved fatal to the
gallant Thebans being clearly discernible in every
case. The bodies were found about four metres under
ground, beneath the ruins of a colossal memorial lion
— the Lion of Chaeronea.

Among the latest additions to the Manuscript De-
partment of the British Museum*are a series of the
Swincnr Lectures, by Drs. W. B. Carpenter, Grant,
MelviUe, Percy, Cobbold, and Nicholson, ranging
from 18^ to 1880; several volumes of correspondence,
r eg i s t eiSy journals, and other papers of Admiral Sir

John Jervis, afterwards Earl St. Vincent, from
1757 to 1823 ; and a narrative entitled **La Verity
sans Peur," giving some account of the escape of the
Dauphin, Louis XVH., from the Temple, in 1793, by
Augusta de Bourbon, alias Meves.

The Lords of Conmiittee of Council on Education
have responded to an application by Lord Aberdare,
President of the Royal Historical Society, by grant-
ing the lecture theatre at South Kensington for a
course of lectures on History, to be delivered by Dr.
Zerffi, under the Society's auspices. The learned
Professor will commence hU course early in Novem-
ber, and it will be continued every Saturday after-
noon for nine months. A prize of ten guineas for an
essay on the study of history has been offered by the
Society in connection with Uie course.

The following curiosities, writes the City Press^
are exhibited in a recess near the Guildhall Library :
— ^Letter from Sir Robert Peel to the Lord Mayor,
dated March 3rd, 1829 ; letter sent from Paris by
balloon post, January the 17th, 187 1, presented by Mr.
Isaac Samuel ; a three-dollar note of 1775, presented by
Mr. Leander Walcot Boynton, of New York, U.S.A. ;
and a second bill of exchange of a set of three, drawn
by the late Prince Imperial in Natal, on Messrs.
Rothschild, London, through the Standard Bank of
British South Africa, April 17th, 1879, presented by
Mr. Robert White.

Antiquaries will learn with satisfaction that an
endeavour has been made at Canterbury to put a stop
to the practice, frequently indulged in by visitors to
the Cathedral, of defacing the walls and columns
within the interior of the sacred edifice by inscribing
their names or initials thereon. A prosecution was
lately instituted by the Dean and Chapter against a
Mr. Morris Morphet, sojourning at Margate, but
whose permanent residence is in London. Defendant
was proved to have been guilty of the offence in
question, and was mulcted in a penalty, inclusive of
costs and damage, of 24J. dd.

The ** Strange Story of Kitty Canham," pub-
lished, as presumably new, in Temple Bar for July,
is a reprint, word for word, from ** The Strange Story
of Kitty Hancomb," as it appears in vol. vii. oiOncea
Week. The story is taken from the history of the family
of the Primroses, Earls of Rosebeiy, in the last cen-
tury, and shows how a certain Lord Dalmeny, a
century ago, married in error a lady who was the
wife of an Essex clergyman. A Mr. Charles
Tindal, of Aylesbury, has written to the Academy
avowing himself to be the author of this ''literary
piracy.

A revised edition of Himter's " History and Topo-
graphy of the Deanery of Doncaster** is ' in prepara-
tion. The late Mr. Hunter left an annotated copy of
his work, which is in the possession of Canon Jack-
son ; this will be used by the editor. Dr. Gatty, who
will incorporate the emendations and additions with
the original text. New matter, contributed by those
who have had access to authorities not open to Mr.
Hunter, will be added. The pedigrees will be
amended, whilst some others will oe added. Canon
Raine, Canon Omsby, Mr. C. G. S. Foljambe, Col.

178

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

J. L. Chester, Mr. J. J. Cartwright, of the Record
Office, and others have promised help.

The death is announced of Dr. Philip Jacob Brutinf
for forty years Professor of History at the Imperial
University, Odessa. He was the author of " Histori-
cal and Geographical Researches on South Russia,
1852-1880" (in Russian) ; "A Treatise on the Iden-
tity of Prester John, lately controverted by Professor
Zamcke, of Stuttgart ;" ** Notes on the Ancient Topo-
graphy of New Russia, Bessarabia, the Crimea, &c. ;"
** Commentaries on the Writings of Various Travellers
in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Cen-
turies ;" ** Notes to Captam Telfer*s Edition of * The
Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, 1396-
1427,*^* printed (1879) for the Hakluyt Society; and
many other works.

The following curious advertisements appeared in
the Times of August the 28th :— "The Ancient Palace
of the Inquisition at Rome. — To be sold, the Halls
of the Tribunals, Prisons, and Dungeons of Torture,
situate No. 3, Via Monte Vecchio, Rome. Building
valuable, and architecture 1614. For partioilars
address I'Agence de Publicity 127, Piazza Monte-
citorio, Rome." **The Right of Excavation of
about 300 hectares to be sold, in the ancient Etruscan
territory near Canino and Toscanello, a coimtry
much noted for discoveries of Etruscan objects of
great value. The exclusive right of excavation re-
served by an ancient fief. For particulars address
I'Agence de Publicity, 127, Piazza Montecitorio,
Rome."

Mr. T. H. Wyatt, F.R.I.B.A., &c., the architect,
who died on the 5th of August, at the age of seventy-
three, was the eldest son of the late Mr. M. W^tt,
metropolitan police magistrate, and brother of the
late Sir Matthew Digby Wyatt. On the death of his
father he went into the office of the late Mr. P. Hard-
wick, F.R.S., the architect, as a pupil. At the ex-
piration of his pupilage he was appointed district
surveyor of Hackney. His professional engagements
increasing rapidly, he entered into partnership with
Mr. D. Brandon, F.R.I.B.A. During a practice
extending over nearly fifty vears, Mr. T. H. Wjratt
has designed and superintended the construction of a
large number of important public buildings, both in
London and in the country.

With reference to Mr. Trowsdale's account of
** The Largest Oak in Britain" (see p. loi, ante\ a
correspondent assures us that the writer is mistaken
when he says that he *' does not consider the opening
wide enough to give colour to the assertion that the
interior has been used for stabling of cattle." **Had
he been with me," adds our correspondent, "when I
visited it with a party about twenty years ago, he
would have come to a different conclusion, as we had
to drive out nine or ten cows and calves before we
could get in, and from the interior appearance it
was in constant use for such purpose, as it stood
ankle-deep in dung. Our party were twentv-seven
in number, at all events not under-sized, and there
seemed room for, say, about half a dozen more."

The Glasgow Herald states that while some work-
men were engaged about half a mile east from Fort
William in deepening the dam which supplies the

Nevis Distillery with water, one of the men came
upon a large shell in a complete state. It was em-
bedded in the moss, and was found to be fifteen inches
in diameter, and weighed about 100 lb. The powder
was Quite fresh-looking, only the portion of it near the
fuse being damp. The fuse itself was burnt out.
Tlie shell is supposed to be one of those fired from
the fort in April, 1746, at a battery raised by "Prince
Charlie's" men at the Craigs, within 500 yards of
the fort. It was found in a straight line with the
fort and the battery. Mr. Hutton, contractor. Fort
William, while sinking a foundation near the same
place, discovered several splinters of shells, which,
judging from their dimensions, must have been shof
from the same mortar.

A correspondent writes : — " Whilst I was employed
in excavating, some little time aeo, on the site of the
New Com Exchange at Ipswidi, some interesting
relics of a past age were brought to light. The work-
men there engaged came across two portions of tomb-
stones of black marble. The smaller piece of the
two has the date 11 64 very legibly cut in figures ;
there is also a matrix for a brass plate or tablet,
measuring four and three-quarter inches by six inches.
On the other piece, which is much laiger in size,
the following legend is to be plainly deciphered : —

GVLIEL SPAROW AVO GVLIELMO ORDINE SVCCEDENS
FAMILIiB ET FIDE APVD ANTIQVOS NOTiE SVB MORE
CONDITVR CONJVGE DILECTA PRIMOGENITA. These

interesting relics are at present in the chaige of
Mr. R. £. Blasby, of the Globe Lane, Ipswich.
I am informed that an ancient church, dedicated to
St. Mildred, formerly stood on the spot where these
excavations are being carried on, , and perhaps some
further discoveries may be made."'

A fine specimen of horological art has been lately
added to the Germanic Museum at Niimberg. It has
been erected at the expense of the Princes of the
Royal House, and is intended as a memorial of the
Wittelsbach Jubilee, which was recently celebrated.
The clock is placed at an elevation of a little over
46} feet. It is surrounded with ornamental work in
mediaeval style and several gilt figures, most of which
move by mechanical arrangement. The idea intended
to be expressed is that the Bavarian people at all
times reverences its king, who governs under the pro-
tection of God. Above is the sitting figure of the
Saviour, and below that of Louis II., also seated.
Around the Saviour are arranged eight angels, some
of whom strike the clock bells, others blow trumpets,
others hold a curtain behind the king, before wtiom
two citizens bow down reverentially. An inscription
records the object and authors of the work. The old
arms of the Palatinate are set below. The whole
work is in the style of the fourteenth century.

The Antiquarian world, writes the Times, will learn
with regret that the Archaeological Society of Rome,
which has done so much good service in the explora-
tion of the ancient walls and fortifications of the city,
and of its ancient churches, such as that of San
Clemente, is practically, if not formally, extinct. It
has lived a lingering existence for the last year or two
— in fact, ever since the return of Mr. J. H. Parker
from Rome to Oxford — and even in its most success-
ful days it had much to contend with. The other

ANUQ UARIAN NE WS.

179

societies were jealous of it, and there were divided
counsels among its members. Within the last few
^years, too, the colony of English residents in Rome
has been seriously diminishing in point of numbers,
and the railways have made a complete revolution in
society, so that the association would have to depend
henceforth on the subscriptions of casual visitors.
CTnder these circumstances, it has been resolved to
discontinue its subscriptions and to allow it quietly to
pass away into the domain of history.

Another relic of the Spanish Armada has lately
come to light on the north-east coast of Scotland.
One of the vessels, the St. Catharine^ was wrecked
at a little creek, since known as ** St. Catharine's
Duh,** near Slains, on the coast of Buchan, Aberdeen-
shire. On August 21, one of the guns belonging to
this vessel was recovered from the sea, where it had
lain for nearly three hundred years. The gun is in
excellent preservation. It is of malleable iron, eight
feet in length, and the diameter of the bore is four
inches. The gun had been loaded at the time of the
disaster, and the ball and wadding are still there, oc-
cupyin^ a space of thirteen inches. This is not the
only piece of ordnance of the St, Catharine that has
been recovered. Lieut Paterson, R.N., made a first
attempt in 1840 and raised two guns. One of these
is now in the possession of the Earl of Aberdeen. In
1876 the Countess of Enroll employed a diving party
to search the site, and they were rewarded with two
cannons and an anchor, which were sent to the Queen
at Balmoral. The gun just recovered, is, however,
the largest and most complete of all.

The Geneva correspondent of the Times writes,
under date of September 8 : — " Farther excavations
made in the ancient glacier bed near Solothum have
produced some very interesting results, and the spot
IS being daily visited by geologists and sightseers.
The debris removed consist of four-and-a-half metres
of drift mixed up with boulders and crystalline erratic
blocks. The rock bared measures twenty metres
long by seven wide. It is highly polished by the
action of the ice, and traversed by channels, through
which the glacier-water found its way into the so-
called 'giant's pots,' or * kettles.* These, so far as
has yet been ascertained, are three in number. The
largest measures eight metres from west to east, 37
from north to south, and is three-and-a-half metres
deep. The second is five-and-a-half metres across,
and still contains the great boulder or millstone by
which it was hollowed out. The third is smaller and
oval-shaped, and there is reason to suppose that, if the
excavations were continued, several more would be
brought to light. This interesting relic of the great
ice age, or rather of the last glacial epoch, is at
present private property, but a project is on foot for
Its acquisition by the canton and preservation as a
glacier garden in the manner of that of Lucerne."

The Geneva correspondent of the Times writes,
under recent date: — **The rebuilding of Tell's
Chapel on the famous Platte by the lake of the Four
Cantons (there is another chapel near Kussnacht),
rendered necessary by the dilapidated condition of
the ancient structure, was completed a few weeks ago,
and the restoration of the mural paintings is now in
active progress. The artist to whom, at the instance

of the Swiss Society of Fine Arts, the work has been
entrusted is Herr Ernst Stuckelberg, of Basel. Four
scenes will be painted on three of the walls. On the
wall looking towards Brunnon will be depicted the
Apfelschuss — Tell shooting the apple on his son*8
head ; on that looking towards Fluelen, the
Kutlischiuur — the oath of the three Switzers in the
Ruth meadow. The middle wall, looking towards
Bauen, will contain two scenes — the 7 ctlensprung^
Tell leaping from Gesler's boat on to the Platte^ and
the MdstersckusSf the shooting of the Austrian Vogt
in the ' hollow lane.' Though the story of Tell may
be a myth, it is a myth dear to the hearts of the Swiss
people, and the artist is resolved that all the acces-
sories of his pictures shall be true to Nature and to Art.
The primitive cantons have placed at his disposal their
oldest paintings, and he has the assistance of the
most learned historians and antiquaries of the Con-
federation. The apple-shooting scene will show
Altorf as it was in the beginning of the fourteenth
century. Its walls, its towers, and its * bann* wood
will be faithfully reproduced, and the picture will
possess a special interest in that, while the costumes
will be costumes of the period, the figures will be
portraits of men now living. Gosler and his Poth-
sehimmel (iron-grey charger) will be painted from life,
and the model of Tell is a handsome and stalwart
peasant of the commune of BUrglen, in the Schachten-
thal. The grouping will for the most part be after
the description in Schiller's play ; but the artist has
made also a special study of the sources from which
the poet obtained his most valuable suggestions — the
works of Johannes Miiller and ^gedius Tschudu
Herr Stiickelberg is now occupied with his task eveiy
day from sunrise till one o'clock P. M. During this
time no one is admitted into the chapel under any
pretence whatever, to which effect notices in the three
languages of the Confederation have been placed on
the outer wall bv the Government of the canton.
It is rather remarkable that this temple of a myth,
this re-consecration of a noble legend, still cherished
by the bulk of the Swiss as fact, should coincide with
the completion of that part of the St. Gothard Rail-
way which sweeps past the Bay of Uri, and from
which the traveller of the future, as the train skirts
the shores of the loveliest lake in Europe and the
cradle of Helvetic freedom, may look down upon one
of the most famous relics of the past."

On the order of the House of Commons, a memo-
randum by the Goldsmiths' Company has been issued
as to certain antique plate with forged marks dis-
covered to have been firaudulently sold in London to a
customer, who had purchased them at an enormous
price as genuine. The memorandum, which is signed
" Walter Prideaux, Clerk of the Goldsmiths' Com-
pany," and is dated Goldsmiths' Hall, June 22, 1880,
is as follo\i'6 : — ** In the years 1872 and 1873, * silver-
smith in London, in a large way of business, sold a
large quantity of silver plate to a customer. Last
autumn a person who is well acouainted with plate
marks saw this plate, and informed the owner that it
was spurious. Hereupon the Goldsmiths' Company were
communicated with. Their officers were sent to examine
the plate, and over 600 pieces were found to bear
counterfeit marks. Application was then made to the
seller, and he was informed that the Goldsmiths' Com-

i8o

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

pany would sue for the penalties unless he could re-
lieve himself under the statute by making known the
person, and the place of abode of the person, from
whom he receivea it. After having seen the invoices
he admitted the sale, and, after some time, during
which he had the plate examined by several persons in
the trade, gave the name and residence of a person,
who, he said, supplied him with all the articles in
question. Tliis person is a working silversmith in a
small Way of business. The Gol£miths' Company
thereupon applied to the last-mentioned person, who
examined some of the plate in a cursory way, and
after some time replied, through his solicitor, that he
was not prepared to admit that he sold the plate, or
that he had ever had the plate in his possession ; but
that if the wares in question had been sold by him they
must be some of certain wares which, in 1872, he
either bought or received in exchange from a person,
whose name he mentioned, who b dead. The solicitor
of the person first applied to was then asked by letter
whether he was prepared, by production of his books
or in some other manner, to substantiate his state-
ment. Whereupon he produced invoices which cover
about 600 pieces of plate, answering the descriptions of
the plate which is the subject of inauiry, and cheques
to order for payments made for it, all of which cheques
appear to have passed through a bank and are duly
indorsed. The circumstances bore a very suspicious
appearance, but the Goldsmiths' Company were ad-
vised that the evidence was such as would be deemed
sufficient in a court of law, and that they would not
be doing right to continue the proceedings against the
person who apparently had cleared himself under the
provisions of the Act of Parliament. They, there-
upon, commenced proceedings against the person from
whom he asserts that he bought the plate m question,
and these proceedings are now pending. The de-
fendant has raised a point of law under the Statute of
Limitations, which is set down for argument on
demurrer. The articles in question purport to be of
the time of Queen Anne, before the duty was imposed,
and, therefore, do not bear the duty mark."

Sr^^^-^r^

Corre0pon^ence.

to admit that either of the names in the quotation is
of Phcenician derivation (see ** Chips," iii. 199-310).

WM. PSNGELLY.
Torquay.

MARKET-JEW STREET AND MARAZION.

When the writer of "Our Early Bells" (see The
Antiquary, vol. ii. p. 18) wrote, "there can be
little doubt but that the PhGenicians introduced their
customs and religion into our country in very early
times, and Market Jew Street, or Marazion, near
Penzance, is a name which tells the tale of their inter-
course and settlement," he fell certainly into one
error, and probably into more than one.
, Market' Jew Street was, in my boyhood, a name for
a street in Penzance, but never for the little town of
Marazion, about three miles eastward. Marazion
was, no doubt, sometimes called Market-Jeut^ but
never Street in addition.

Again, the reader of Prof. Max MUUer's "Chips
from a Gennan Workshop" will scarcely be willing

HARVEST CUSTOMS— HOLLOAING
LARGESS.

In Norfolk the day after the harvest supper is oc-
cupied by the harvestmen in going round to the friends
and tradesmen of their employer asking largesses, or
drink-money. On receiving a largess, the men form
a circle round their lord (or foreman), who acts as
fugleman, shouting three times "holloa 1-a-rgess," fol-
lowed by three piercing "whoops." The syllable
"lar," in largess, is sung in a bass monotone, drawn
out sufficiently to form a decided chorus. The thrice
repeated " whoop " is given in a high falsetto tone.
This apparently unmeaning custom is, probably, a
survival of the Cornish one of " saluting the neck ;''
the slight ceremonial part of the Cormsh practice
having fallen out of use in Norfolk, while the shouting
only remains to mark the survival of the custom.
The Cornish proceeding is this — When all the wheat
is cut, a large handful (understood to be the last mown)
is tied together, decorated with flowers, and held
aloft by the harvest lord. He (lord) then shouts at
the top of his voice, three times, "I have him!"
One of the pther harvestmen then says, also three
times, " What have ye ?** To which the first
speaker replies, " A neck !" " A neck 1" " A neck !"
On this the whole company join in a thundering
"Hurrah," repeated three times. The threefold
repetition of all the cries, in both the counties men-
tioned, has apparently some significance. Perhaps some
of your readers will be able to add further details of
local customs at harvest endings. What has become
of the old song called " Harvest Home?" Its effect
on me as a lad, many years ago, I shall not easily
forget. It was almost unlawful to sing it, except at
harvest endings. The ballad contained a touching
description of the year's farm-work, with moral
reflections, expressed, I fancy, in really poetical
language.

A Hedgerow Parson.

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.

Mr. Cornelius Walford's excellent Paper on the
above subject (see ante^ p. 60) cannot fail to interest a
large portion of your readers, and it opens a very
wide field.

As he seems to invite supplementary remarks I
should like to be permitted to add one or two, and to
preface them by recommending those who are in-
terested in the matter, besides other sources of infor-
mation, to consult Beloe's " Anecdotes of Literature,"
Sir Egerton Brydges' "Restituta," and Disraeli's
" Curiosities of Literature." The last-named writer
observes : " Were it inquired of an ingenious writer
what part of his work had occasioned mm most per-
plexity, he would often point to the title-page. The
curiosity which we there would excite is, however,
most fastidious to gratify."

CORRESPONDENCE.

i8i

We cannot doabt the accuracy of these remarks,
and the latter consideration is doubtless the one that
has given rise to the many extraordinary title-pages so
often met with. Nor can the importance of a telling
title-page be over-estimated. A book with an unfor-
tunate title-page has been known to meet with scarcely
a reader ; whereas, the same book, with an altered
title-page, has gone through several editions. This
was the case, LVIsraeli tells us, with a novel brought
out under the title of ** The Champion of Virtue,"
afterwards altered to "The Old English Baron."
Possibly virtue was thought to need no *' champion,"
as George III. is said to have remarked, he thought
the Bible needed no ** Apol<^," when Bishop Wat-
son wrote his well-known work in answer to Tom
Paine.

But I am digressing. Mr. C. Waliord has given us
a few specimens of title-pages curious and rare. I
will add one or two cxurious, but I am not so sure as
to the second adjective.

Two very outrageous ones are mentioned by
D'lsraelL They are those of two religious pamphlets
published about the middle of the last century :
** Die and be Damned^' and " A Sure Guide to Hell,"

The following are in my own possession : —

•* Heaven Taken by Storm ; or the Holy Violence a
Christian is to Pitt Forth in the Pursuit after Glory,
By Thomas Watson, Minister of the Gospel." [Text
follows.] ** London : Printed by R. W. for Thomas
Parkhurst, at the sign of the Bible, on London Bridge,
1669."

There is nothing very remarkable in this ** small
tractate," as the author calls it (nearly 200 pp.), be-
yond its prolixity and its warlike title, except that in
one place (p. 37) he compares spirituality to spirits of
wine, and in another (p. 34) he speaks of religion as a
•* trade," but in no itreverent way. ** Prayer is a duty
which keeps the trade of religion agoing."

**Ieniaculum Jndicum ; or a Breake-fast for the
Bench ; Prepared^ Presented^ and Preached tn Two
Sacred Services^ or Sermons y the Morning Sacrifice be-
fore the two Assizes f at Thetford^ at Norwich^ 1619.
Containing Monitory Meditations, to execute Justice
and LaW'Businesse with a gooil Conscience. By
Samuel Gaurey, Preacher of God's Word at Win-
farthing in Norff." [Text follows.] "London:
Printed by B. A. for Matthew Law, and are to be
sold by Edmond Casson at Norwich, in the Market
Place, at the Signe of the Bible, 1623." The
"breakefast" was both ample and recherchS, and, it is
to be hoped, agreed well with the stomachs of the
bench.

** A Manuall for Magistrates, or A Lanteme for
Lawyers ; a Sermon Preached before the Judges and
Justices at Norwich Assizes, 1619. By Samuel Garey. "
[Texts follow], "Printed by B. A. for Matthew
Law, 1623."

This sermon is quite as curious as its title-page.
The " Lanteme" stiU bums, and emits sufficient light
to show that there were rogues in the law then as now,
amd that the perils, uncertainty and costliness of liti-
gation were at least as great in the times of our fore-
Sithers as they are at the present day.

As a modem curiosity in title-pages, I remember
havii^ seen a religious tract styled " The Railroad to
Heaven," bat I omitted to note particulars.

I could give many more curious title-pages, but the
fear that they may not be sufficiently rare deters me.

It has been observed that the title-page is often the
best part of a book. ** It is too often," says D' Israeli,
" with the titles of books as with those painted repre*
sentations exhibited by keepers of wild beasts ; where,
in general, the picture itself is made more striking
and inviting to the eye than the inclosed animal is
found to be. " On the other hand, it must be allowed
that the modest ** bills of fare" put forth in the title-
pages of some works gives us but a faint conception
of the literary feasts that await us.

William Rogers.

Maidstone.

THE RECENTLY-DISCOVERED VIKING

SHIP.

The Antiquary for August (see p. 53) contains
an account, mainly reproduced from tne Titnes* cor-
respondent, of the discovery of an ancient Viking
ship at Sandefjord, near Laurvig, in Norway. As a
friend resident in the neighbourhood has sent me
three little splinters from this long 'buried craft, with
a query as to whether I think it may or may not have
belonged to King Halfdan Hvitbein, or King Half-
dan Svarte, it may not be considered presumptuous
of me to lay before the readers of The Antiquary a
thought or two that may interest them. I may say,
however, en passant, that I am awaiting information
from antiquarian friends in Scandinavia, and that
probably I may erelong furnish more lengthy and
mteresting particulars on the subject

With regard to Halfdan Svarte, Snorre Sturlasson
relates that he was drowned, with many of his fol-
lowers, while crossing the treacherous ice over Rund
(now Randefjord), in Hadeland, and that because he
was so highly esteemed there came the chief men of
Raumerike, Vestfold, and Hedemarken, to claim his
body for burial in their several districts. The conclu-
sion of the matter was, as he relates, that Halfdan
Svarte was quartered, and that these several portions
were buried in Ringerike, Raumerike, Vestfold, and
Hedemarken ; where there are still mounds bearing
the name of Halfdan 's Hoie.

The story of Halfdan Hvitbein forms a part of the
Ynglinga Saga of Snorre, of which the following is
the concluding portion : — ** Halfdan Hvitbeinn
became a mighty king. He married Asu, daughter
of Eystein Hardrada, king of Uppland, who ruled
over Hedemarken. Halfdan obtained a good deal
of Hedemarken, Thoten, and Hadeland, and a great
part of Vestfold. He lived to be an old man, and
died a natural death in Thoten. He was borne to
Vestfold, and *heygbr' — that is, was 'mounded* —
at a place called Skaereid in Skiringssal." And then
Snorre Quotes a verse from the contemporary Skald
Thjodolf, which I translate as follows : —

" This know all (everybody) , that Halfdan by his dependents
missed should be. And that the cruel damp of death the valiant
king seized in Thoten. And Skaereid in Skiringssal over his
armour-clad bones resoundeth."

Now as Skaereid and Skiringssal were both, as we
are told by C. R. Unger and other Professors of
Norway, in the district of Thjodling, by Laurvig,
ther6 seems but little doubt but we have here the ship

l82

CORRESPONDENCE.

which at some time also has contained the remains of
this old and celebrated king. We are told that there
were evident marks of the mound having been once

Sreviously opened, and there may have been some
espoiling of the relics it contained. Skaereid is a
portion of the sea ; hence Thjodolf s poetic expres-
sion of its waves singing, as it were, the requiem
over the dead king's grave. We should also gather
from his expression, ** armour-clad," that the chief
had been entombed — as was indeed the custom — in
full armour. To carry this back so far as Halfdan
Hvitbein's time, is not to overreach the evidence
adduced, which points us to the early iron age, or
probably about the year 800— the period when also
the famous Ragnar Lodbrok flourished, from whom
so many of the plundering Vikings sprung.

' W. Porter.

Driffield, Yorks.

THE TERMINATION "HOPE."
(See vol. i., p. 233).

Your correspondent, the Rev. £. M. Cole, suggests
that "hope," as a component in place-names, "is a
lost child of the great tamilv of thorpe."

I am inclined, for the following reasons, to regard
"hope" as a derivative of a Celtic root, at the same
time venturing to assert that your correspondent's
phonetic exegesis pertains only to special combina-
tions, some of which are mani^t corruptions.

Firstly^ Hope is a component in the place-names of
dbtricts, the local nomenclature of which almost in-
variably displays a strong element of Celtic, e,g,y
Hopton Heath, Hopton-in-the-Hole, Hopton (Castle),
Hopton (Monk), Hopton-Wafers, Hopton-Baggot,
Hopton-Bowdler, and Hopesay in Salop ; Hope-
under-Dinmore, Hope-Mansell, and Hope (SoUers) in
Herefordshire ; Longhope^in that part of Gloucester-
shire (N.W. of the Severn) essentially Celtic ; Hope-
man in Elgin, and Hope in Flintshire.

Secondly^ Hope is conspicuous by its absence in the
nomenclature of those districts notably Danish and
Anglo-Saxon ; it is found, but very rarely, in the
Danelagh, and, though more frequent in the Midland
counties, it is far from common, and is confined to
those localities in which there is a strong element of
Celtic. Further south and east, in the almost exclu-
sively Anglo-Saxon territory, I am able to meet with
Hope but once — viz., in Kent.

Thirdly^ Thorpe is distinctively Danish (though
also an Anglo-Saxon word, or a word borrowed by
the Saxons), and if there is any foundation for your
correspondent's conjecture that thorpe is the parent
of the losf child hope, it might reasonably be expec-
ted that hope would be found in the Danelagh —
where the name of its supposed parent is " legion,"
but, as above stated, it is conspicuous by its absence.

Again, thorpe is extremely rare in Norway and ixi
the Norw^an districts of England ; in Cumberland
and Westmoreland (pre-eminently Norwegian) thorpe
is almost entirely absent, but here its reputed offspring
appear in rank luxuriance. Those districts in Cum-
berland and Westmoreland, the nomenclature of which
is not Norwegian, is Celtic, Danish and Anglo-Saxon
being almost unknown in the topography of both
counties, and although hope enters into the composi-

tion of some of the local names of Northumberland
and Durham — in which counties both Danish and
Anglo-Saxon names are numerous — Celtic nomen-
clature prevails over a lar^ area.

Fourthly ^ The signification of hope— if a derivative
of thorpe — ^would be an aggregation of peasants' cot-
tages, a village, or somethmg equivalent to a village,
which signification would be incompatible with other
component members of the place-names of which
hope forms an element — e.g,, Hopton.

Fifthly, The phonetic corruption suggested by
Mr. Cole can apply to place-names only in whicn
hope is the terminal member ; when it forms the
initial syllable, and when standing without a prefix
or a postfix, hope would retain its unabbreviatea pro-
nunciation.

Lastly, It seems to me that this vocable is almost
invariably found in close proximity to place-names of
undoubtedly Celtic ori^n, and that it is conspicuously
absent from Danish districts ; that it is never topo-
graphicallv associated with thorpe, except in those
regions where Celtic nomenclature is uneouivoodly
and prominently represented, and that in me Celtic
localities of Cumberland and Westmoreland, where
thorpe is foimd very rarely indeed, if at all, hopes
are "as plenty as blackberries." The evidence I
have furnished — though exhibited in a very imper-
fect manner — leads irresistibly to the conclusion that
hope is a derivative or a corruption of a Celtic root,
probably hwpp— a bank or slope. This etymology of
nope would be in harmony with the topography and
physical features of the habitats of the word, and its
signification would not be incompatible with that of
omer vocables with which it is found in composition.

Frederick Davis.

Derby.

Although I entertain the greyest respect for the
opinions of so able a writer as the author of *' Scan-
dmavian Place Names in the East Riding" (a pam-
phlet which I have perused with much pleasure),
nevertheless I cannot altogether agree widi his remarks
regarding the origin of the terminal syllable in the
word " Stan-hope," and the other " -hopes" which we
find so numerous in the higher or western part of the
county of Durham. Mr. Cole comes to tne conclu-
sion that as "-thorpe" on the Yorkshire Wolds is
locallv pronounced "thrup," and the word "Stan-
hope as " Stan-up," therefore, ex uno disce omnes^
the whole of these Weardale "hopes" belong to the
great family of "-thorpe." Undoubtedly, much
valuable information respecting the origin of place-
names ma^ be gathered from hearing their local
pronunciation ; yet I think it will be found that
many of the " -hopes" belonging to the Weardale
"cluster" are not usually pronounced as "up," ^.^.,
Snowhope, Horsleyhope, Hedleyhope, and Bculihope.
But let us for a moment consider the physical ap-
pearance of the districts in question.

It will readily be admitted, and the author, in the
above-named pamphlet justly remarks, that the word
" Thorpe" is scarcely ever found in any mountainous
region, but that, on the other hand, it is very common in
low-lying districts ; even in the East Riding, where it
appears so frequently, by far the greater number are
found in Holaemess and the Vsde of York, whilst

CORRESPONDENCE.

1S3

companitivdy few are met with on die Wolds. Thus,
if in soch a Danish stronghold as this Riding appears
to have been, we find so few such names on com-
paratively low hills, it seems unlikely that we should
nod them on hills which are more than double their
hei^t, and in a district where the proportion of
Danish names does not amount to more than one-
fourth of those found in the East Riding.

Of course, quot homines tot setUmtia ; but in my
opinion, the general situation of these *' -hopes'' seems
to point conclusively to their having been derived
from the Celtic word " hwpp/* signifying the side of
a hill, or the slope between mils, they ^in^ princi-
pally found on me hill-slopes overlooking tne Wear
and its tributaries. Even in the Uruhlying parts of
the coonty of Durham, the word "TTiorp" b very
larely found, those at present occurring to me being
in the neighbourhood of Hartlepool, whibt further
west, we have the single instance of '*Staindrop,"
on the higher ground between Barnard-Castle and
Darlington ; but sdll, it is in the open country, and
not more tlum about ibnr hundred feet above sea-level.

W. Gregson.

Baldenby, Thirsk.

^^T.^S^-:^

RENTS IN LONDON.

Taking into consideration the enormous rents which
are nowT)eing asked for all kinds of houses in London,
the following extract from a pamphlet entitled " An
Apology for the Builder," published for Care Pullen,
at die Angel, in SL Paul's Churchyard, in 1685, may
be of interest to your readers : —

" Houses are of more value in Cheapside and Corn-
hill thm they are in Shoreditch, Whitechapel, Old
Street, or any of the outparts ; and the Rents in some
of these outparts have been within this few years con-
siderably advanced by the addition of New Buildings
that are beyond them. As for instance, the Rents of
the houses in Bbhopsgate Street, the Minories, &c,
are raised from Fifteen pounds or Sixteen pounds per
Annum to be now Thirty Pounds, which was by the
increase of Buildings in Spittle-Fields, Shadwell, and
Ratdifie Highway. And at the other end of the
town those houses in the Strand and Charing Cross
are worth now fifty and three score pounds per
Annum, which within thb thirty years were not Lett
for above Twenty pounds per Annum ; which b by
the great addition of Buildings since made in St
James, Leicester Fields and other adjoyning parts."

In conclusion I may point to the fact that for shop
and cellarage alone inhabitants of Charing Cross at
the present day pay £ioq and upwards.

Henry W. Bush.

14, Lonsdale Square, N.

SOCIETY OF SEA-SERJEANTS.

My grandfither, Mr. Gwynne, of Taliarb, Car-
marthenshire, was " President of the Society of Sea-
Serjeants." I should be glad to learn : —

(i) From about what year does thb society date ?
(2) Was it Jacobite in its origin, and what were its
objects ? (3) Is any work extant on the subject ?

W. Gwynne Hughes,
Major Staff Corps, British Burmah.

SMITHFIELD.

In your report of the reading of my Paper on
Smithfield, at p. 222, voL i., I am made to say that
Smithfield was the " place where, in the reigns of Mary
and Elizabeth, Protestants and Roman Ca&olics alike
met a martyr's fate. "

Permit me to say that there was no burning at
Smithfield during the reign of Elizabeth ; had such
been the case, Lin^ard the hbtorian, himself a member
of the old religion, would most certainly have
chronicled it.

George Lambert, F.S.A.

SWIN-HOPE.
(See vol. i. pp. 47, 139, and 234.)

- If anything were wanting to confirm my note, in
your May number, concerning Swinburne^ Water-
brook^ it would be the German name of Swinemunde.
Surely that is the mouth of the river. The Dutch
port Y-muiden was so chrbtened but a few years ago.
With regard to Hopez& a surname or generic of a sur-
name, permit me to observe that the slovenly pro-
nunciation of Stanhope b solely due to a distmct
phonetic law which reigns through Elnglbh supreme.
Hope by itself meant height^ hill^ ^^/> burrow^ Stan,
with the Anglo-Saxon accent ^ meant, and was pro-
nounced, stone. Hoop, in Dutch, mount, French
monceau, differs in sound, though only with delicate
speakers, from hoop = French espSrance. Van der
Hoop b an honest Dutch surname.

Alex. V. W. Bikkers.
Lewbham, S.E.

<^»>^

Early Man in Britain. By W. Boyd Dawkins.
(Macmillan & Co.) — Leaves from my Sketch-book.
By J. W. Small, F.S.A. Scot. (Small, 56, George
Street, Edinburgh.) — An Attempt towards a Glossary
of the Archaic and Provincial Words of the Coimty
of Stafford. By C. H. Poole. (St Gregory's Press,
Stratford-on-Avon.) — Stonehenge. By W. M. Flin-
ders Petrie. (Stanford, Charing Cross.) — The ,
Obelbk and Freemasonry. By J. A. Weisse, M.D.
(New York : J. W. Bouton.)--Statutes of the Hos-
pital of the Holy Virgin Mary of Siena, a,d. 1305.
By the Ven. Ajchdeacon Wright. (Skeffington &
Son.) — The Gaelic Kingdom in Scotland. By Charles
Stewart. (Simpkin, Marshall & Co.) — Lancashire
and Cheshire Hbtorical and Genealogical Notes.
{Chronicle O^z^^ Leigh.) — Hbtory of Guiseley. By
Philemon Slater. (Hamilton, Adams & Co.) — A
Guide to the'Study of Book- Plates. By the Hon. J.
Leicester Warren. (Pearson, Pall Mall.)

NOTICE TO CORRESPONDENT.

The Rev. Charles Reeder had better consult a
second-hand bookseller as to the value of the work
which he mentions.

1 84

THE ANTIQ UAFY EXCHANGE.

Z\ic BntiQuan? £]rcbande.

DIRECTIONS.— (5"« August tssu€.)

For Sale.

Book-Plates for sale. A specimen packet sent post
free for two shillings. A series of selections sent on
approval. — W. E. Morden, 30, The Parade, Lee. P.O.
Orders to be payable at the Chief Office, London.

The Saints Everlasting Rest, md edition, Richard
Baxter, 1651, printed for Thomas Underbill, Fleet
Street. — Sir Thomas More's Utopia, 1624. — Briefe
Introductions, both Natural and Pleasant, into Art
of Chiromancie, &c., with woodcuts. — Also Artificial
and Natural Astrology, &c., London, Thomas Purfoot,
16 1 5. All in good condition. — O. S. Payne, Abingdon.

Autograph Letters of Authors, including Hoare,
Hutchins, Wharton, and other Antiquarians. — H.Gray,
10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Bank of England Five Shillings Dollar, 1804, a
remarkably fine specimen, price i^. — H. Gray, 10,
Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Scrope Family, very old Parchment Deed signed by
Sir Adrian, £i . Particulars on application. — H. Gray,
10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Ord's Cleveland, 4to, 1846. — Halifax and its Gibbet
Law. — Wright's Antiquities of Halifax, 1738. —
Oliver's History of Beverley, 4to. — Corry*s History of
Lancashire, 2 vols., 4to, large paper (pedigrees of
Chadwick family, &c. ). — BoydeU's History of the River
Thames, 2 vols, folio, fine coloured plates, full russia,
gilt; and many others. — H. Gray, 10, Maple Street,
Cheetham, Manchester.

Aurelii Augustini opuscula plurima, Argentina^,
1 49 1, capital letters hand painted. Old Hymn
printed in cover. — Offers requested (73).

Bigland*s Collections for Gloucestershire, first vol.,
half-boimd, wants 2 plates ; also 10 parts in ori^nal
paper covers. — Address, The Rector, Bagendon, Ciren-
cester.

The Bishop's Bible, imp. folio, 1^05, half-calf, first
title mounted, clean good copy, £^ los. — Sir Jonas
Moore, Map of the Great Level of the Fens, 16 folio
sheets, 1685, measures 78 inches by 55, gives names of
landed proprietors, with their property marked out,
extreme rarity and interest, £$, — Milligan's History of
Duelling, 1 vols. 8vo, 1841, lor.— Common Prayer,
Baskerville, in long lines, 1760, royal 8vo, in original
crimson morocco, quaint tooling, j^i, — Life and Death
of T. Wilson, Minister of Maidstone, i2mo, 1672,
rarg^ lor. — Selden's History of Tithes, 4to, vellum,
1 61 8, presentation copy from Archbishop Laud to
Christopher Wren, with autographs of Christopher
Wren and Granville Sharp, ;fi.— St. Augustine's
Manual and Meditations, i2mo, 1586, morocco, rare
and curious, ^f 4. —Apply, W. L. K., Downham
Market, Norfolk.

The Bookworm, edited by Berjeau, 1866 to 1870,
5 vols., complete^ sewed, 35^. — Dibdin's Literary
Reminiscences, a vols., half-calf, 1836, with index
(separate), 30^.— The Registers of Westminster Ab-
bey, by (Jol. Chester (Harleian Society), 1875 (75)-

Two "Mulready" Envelopes, date 1S40. — E. A.
Farr, Iver, near Uxbridge.

The School of Love. — The Recluse of the Woods.
— Lermos and Rosa.— The Turtle Dove. — Cupid's
Annual Charter. These five curious *'chap books,"

in paper covers, illustrated with coloured plates, dean,
dates about 1800, price lor. — W. E. Monlen, 30, The
Parade. Lee.

EIKON BA2IAIEH, 1648, folding plates, 151. 6^.
— Planche's Dramatic Costume, 2 vols., hand-coloured
plates, lOf. 6^. — Creech's Horace, 1684, 3J. dd. —
Prior's Poems, 1741, \s,(id. — Little's Poems, 18 17,
3J. 6</. — Mr. Hobson, Government Surveyor, 13,
Terrell Street, Bristol.

Briefe Instruction by Wav of Dialogue, concerning
the Principall Poyntes of Christian Reli^on, by
George Doulye, Lovaine, 1604. — Apply, Miss Lucy
Gardiner, Denbury House, Newton Abbot, Devon.

Norfolk — 12 engravings of views, good state, mostly
old, 4f. ; ditto, fine, &. ; 9 etchings by Ninham,
India paper, 151. ; 6 Newspapers, 1815-24 (not all
perfect), 2s. 6d, ; ditto, 1743-65, is, 6d, ; Norwich
Cjates, by Fitzpatrick, India paper, doth, 3Qr.; superb
copy Blomfield's Norfolk, perfect, 8vo, 1 1 vols., ;£'i3 13J.
— Curiosities. — Fine antique Cane, with screw ivory
top, 25J. — Flint Pistol, 4r. 6d, — Brass Cannon, temp.
Queen Anne, \5, 6d. — Curious carved Indian Bracelet,
y, td. — Japanese Cabinet on stand, with drawers,
8j. dd. — Curious New Zealand Fish-hook, 2x.—
Indian Seed Purse, 2J. — Curious andent Egyptian
CJod, 4J. 6</.— Reprints of the Times, is, the set —
All free on receipt of P. O. Order, by post or G. E.
Railway. Or will exchange for coins or rare foreign
stamps. — E. Skinner, 7, Heigham Terrace, Dereham
RoaOf Norwich.

Wanted to Purchase.

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Lancashire or
Cheshire. Best price given. — N. Heywood, 3, Mount
Street, Manchester.

HuU Seventeenth Century Tokens. — C.E.Fewster,
Hull.

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Wales and Boxxler
Counties, especially Herefonlshire, or with issuer's name
VORE or VOARE.— J. W. Lloyd, Kington.

Lincolnshire Seventeenth Century Tokens. — James
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chester.

Wanted. — History of Surrey, Manning and Bray,
3 vols, folio. Complete Sets, or any odd volumes. —
Tradesman's Tokens ( 1 7th century)of Siffrey. — George
C. Williamson, Guildford.

Jim Bunt. — Proceedings of the Zoological Sodety,
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his Son. — History of a Ship (Orr and Son). — Heath's
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Newbi^ng's Rossendale, large or small paper,
and Tim Bobbin, any edition, for cash. — H. Gray, 10,
Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Vols. 3, 4 and 6, Walpole's Letters (Bentley's
Collective Edition, 1840) ; also Vol. 6, Cunningham's
British Painters, &c. (Family Library) (74).

Daly's edition of Rokeby. — Long Ago, for 1873.
— R. R. Lloyd, St. Peter's Street, St. Albans.

An Account of Roman Antiquities discovered at
Woodchester, by Samuel Lysons, F.R.S., 1797. —
A. Brown, 40, Old Broad Street, E.C.

Seventeenth Century Tokens, issued in Wales,
especially Wrexham or Wrixham. — Edward Row-
land, Bryn OfTa, Wrexham.

Bigland's Gloucestershire, parts i, 3, 6, 8, 9, i^ of
vol. a.— The Rector, Bagendon, Cirencester.

THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 185

The Antiquary

f^i, ^ rSr

NOVEMBER, 1880.

Zbc IDictorian l^evival of
(Botbic arcbitecture^

By J. H. Parker, C.B.

PART II.

[O return to the restoration of English
churches. One very material point
of this is in the furniture, but
neither the clergy nor the architects
understand this branch of the subject : they
can all appreciate and admire the beautiful
rood lofts and screens and pulpits of our
eastern and western counties, but they do
not understand or appreciate the open
seats with their beautifully carved bench
ends. These are really the finest church
furniture in Europe : they are for the most
part of the time of Henry VII. or VIII. ; but
we are not without examples of the fourteenth
and even of the thirteenth century, the em-
blems carved upon them, being frequently
the instruments of the crucifixion, show that
they are generally before the time of Ed-
ward VI. They are often very fine pieces
of wood carving, especially the " Poppies," as
tliey are called, no doubt fi-om " Puppets,"
as they are wooden heads, of^en valuable
examples of the costume of the period. There
is one singular example at Taunton, in a
church which was rebuilt in the time of
Queen Mary. This wooden furniture is dated
by an inscription upon it of the second year
of Elizabeth, and this series of bench ends
is carved in shallow carving, with the vest
ments of the clergy of that period. These
may be useful for settling disputed points in
details of costume. Though these bench
ends are not in general sufficiently appre-
ciated either by the clergy or the architects,
they are the best church furniture in Europe.
They are often found in the midland coun-

VOL. II.

ties, though more abundantly in tlie east and
west.

It is evident that the clergy are much
more responsible than the architects for the
many blunders that have been committed,
owing to their having been in too great a hurry
to have their good ideas^carried out before
either architects, builders, or workmen knew
how to do it. A great demand for restoration
suddenly arose; and of course where there is
a demand and money to back it the supply
is soon forthcoming. It was at first very
inadequate and imperfect, even when the
architects were well informed ; the builders,
and still more the workmen, remained equally
ignorant and prejudiced against the new
system, the true restoration of honest work
according to the ideas of our ancestors, and
sweeping away all the abominations of
Italianism, and all other relics of the
Georgian era.

In the matter of seats the clergy are not
in the least aware of the great advantages
we possess over any other country in our fine
old oak benches, with their beautifully carved
bench ends ; these are almost, if not quite,
unique — that is, confined to England. The
Presbyterian craze in Scotland swept most
of them away right through the centre of
England, to introduce the sleeping boxes in
their place. It is remarkable that though this
craze went right through England from north
to south, and even across the Channel into
the north of France, it left untouched the
eastern and western counties ; and in
Somerset and Devon, Norfolk and Sufiblk,
we have the beautiful woodwork of the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries remaining
almost intact. Ev6n in the midland coun-
ties a great deal of it remained until the
Victorian era : it has been ruthlessly swept
away, however, under the name of restoration.
Even where the clergy insisted upon having
open seats, they did not see that they had
many of them already remaining ; but these
had been so long neglected and despised
that no one thought of restoring them to use.
I have seen many churches in which I
remember to have seen the old seats,
which have entirely disappeared during the
restorations of the last twenty or thirty years.
The architect thought it better to make a new
plan for the whole interior of the church, and

i86 THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

the old seats often did not harmonize with
his new ideas ; they would have spoilt the
regularity of his plan ; but the clergy were so
well pleased to get rid of the galleries and
the empty sleeping-boxes that occupied a
great part of the church, that they paid no
attention to the old seats that remained in
other parts of it.

At the present time the clergy have a craze
for chairs. This shows that they have not
seen much of their use on the Continent,
where they are a perfect nuisance ; the poorest
persons must pay a halfpenny for the use of
a chair every time he wants one, and the more
wealthy inhabitants have their names con-
spicuously painted, each on his own chair ;
each chair also has a kneeler attached to it,
so that the two take up a good deal of room :
these are not let for hire, and very often
remain empty. When the service is not
going on these chairs are piled up against the
walls and the i^dndows in the aisles, quite
spoiling the appearance of the church. The
same principle of property and exclusiveness
in the church applies to these as to the
sleeping boxes ; both are equally unchristian
in principle, for the poor have as much right
to the use of the parish church as the rich.
Forty years ago the high pews were openly
defended by their occupants on the ground
that this height was necessary, in order that
when they were asleep they might not be
seen by the people.

The name of Sir Gilbert Scott is so much
mixed up with the Victorian revival of church
architecture that some further account of him
and his works seems to be necessary here.
There can be no question that he was con-
sidered the greatest church architect of Eng-
land of his time, more especially by the
clergy, who were almost unanimous in their
admiration of him. Although he says, in the
" Recollections" of his life, that he considered
books to have had very little influence on
the revival of Mediaeval architecture, this is
certainly a great mistake; he was himself as
successful with the pen as with' his pencil,
and though he says that the Martyrs' Me-
morial at Oxford, built in 1841, was the first
work that brought him into public notice,
yet his book, published in 1850, entitled "A
Plea for the Faithful Restoration of Churches''
certainly added greatly to his reputation. It

was just the view that the clei]gy wanted to
have taken ; he supplied a want, and almost
every clergyman who wanted to have his
church restored made a point of getting or
reading this book. It was just calculated to
please them ; like his manner in conversation
with strangers, there was a sort of modesty
and want of pretension about it that was par-
ticularly pleasing ; he always seemed to make
an apology for every suggestion of his own,
and to speak rather of the disadvantages
than of the advantages of his profession.
Take, for instance, the following passage,
which is as interesting and as true now in
1880 as it was thirty years ago : —

It is one of the disadvantages of the profession of
architecture that, although in its own nature highly
imaginative, and though it presents a wide field for
romantic associations, for anti(^uarian research, and
for philosophical investigation, its actual practice is of
necessity so material \n its character, and so intimately
connected with the ordinary business of life, that the
architect himself is usually the very last person to give
verbal expression to the sentiment or the philosophy
of his art ; and, whatever may be his inward feelings,
he seldom rises externally above the ordinary level of
the man of business ; he is, therefore, generally wiser
to leave the literature of architecture to those whose
habits of study and of thought enable them more
worthily to handle it.

With this apology I beg leave to trouble you
with a few very crude thoughts on what appears to
me to be one of the most important practical objects
of this and similar societies, the consecration and
restoration of those invaluable relics of Christian art
which have been so wonderfully preserved to us in
almost every village throughout our land — relics but
for which we should now be ignorant of the most
remarkable phase which Art has ever yet assumed —
the only form in which it has suited itself to the pure
and ennobling sentiments of our religion, and, in our
national variety of it, the only form which is adapted
to our climate and our traditional associations, and
every vestige of which, however simple or homely it
may be, has the strongest claims upon our reverence
and care

An old church is so common and so familiar an
object that we are often in danger of forgetting its
value, and it is only by cultivating a correct apprecia-
tion of what our churches really are, that we shall
obtain a true and earnest feeling for their conserva-
tion.

Such ideas as these were just calculated
to please the clergy, especially the younger
clergy, who were at that time stirred up by
the great church movement, in another
sense — that is, the revival of the Catholic
teaching of the Prayer-Book.

Throughout his book the same good sense

THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOr/f/C /fZ/r/////./ //////;

And arparendv modest estimate of himself
s vcy oiracrive. His remarks on the prac-
tices of Cansrians in the earlier ages of
Chrsnaziiy are very mie and very rauf.ii
ca rhe piirpcse. It happens that these ex-
ictly i*ree w:zi "vha: I have z^^xi ur^inq :n
Rjose. ±ai i::e .\iu:ican Church. ci;i;min;{
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i88 THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

admonitus locorum, which may exercise a more
powerful influence Uian we imagine in attaching our
countrymen both to their church and institutions.

The whole is hallowed both by its age and by
association; so- that to deck it out in conjectural
gables and pinnacles, and to clothe its sterli tower in
modem trappings, would be, at great cost, to destroy
nearly all from which it derives its present strong
claims on our interest and veneration.

As I was rather an intimate friend of
Scott for the last ten years of his life, and
during the time that he was in Rome I was
with him daily, making excursions with him,
and discussing architectural questions, I sus-
pect that his son has misunderstood his in-
tentions with regard to the publication of
his " Recollections." Publication is a word to
which several diflfcrent meanings are attached;
it may mean either giving every possible
publicity by free and general advertising,
or merely printing a book and allowing people
to buy It if they are so disposed. Lord
Salisbiuy once told the House of Lords that
he had published a book, of which not a
single copy had been sold. His Lordship had
probably omitted to give instructions about
advertising. In the case of Scott, he printed
his " Lectures to the Students at the Aca-
demy" for the use of his pupils who were
allowed to purchase it, though it was not
advertised for the public in general* I have
little doubt that he intended the same thing
to be done with these " Recollections," to
have them printed for the use of his family
and intimate friends, but not advertised for
the indiscriminate publiCyf and doing the
latter has been very injurious to his memory.
This has made it appear as if his modest and
unassuming character was put on for effect,
and that he never gave up a job when he got
the order for it, and knew how to lead people
to give him orders, without seeming to do so,
as a clever shopman, to attract customers.
I do not believe that this latter was really
Scott's character; his modesty was real, and

* In this point Mr. Parker would seem to be in
error : for we are assured by hb son that the book
was published in the ordinary course by Murray. —
[Ed. Antiquary.]

+ The ** Recollections" were left to his executors,
to be published at their discretion : for that publica-
tion his executors are responsible. They were edited by
his son, Mr. G. G. Scott, whose responsibility extends
only to the m^imrr of their publication. — [Ed. Anti-
quary.]

not put on for efifect ; he was a real architect,
had a wonderful eye for proportion, and
understood the necessity of a good sky-line,
a point which some of his rivals entirely
neglect. He generally trusted to others for
minute details; and one of the advantages
of employing him was that he had an admir-
able set of clerks of the works, and generally
knew exactly what each was fitted for. He
never put the round man in a square hole, or
the square man in the round hole, as is popu-
larly said. From the enormous amount of
business which he had during the latter years
of his Ufe it was impossible for him to attend
to the details of each case himself per-
sonally, and he frequently went only once to
the church which he had to restore, but
he saw at a glance what was required, and he
never allowed any drawings to go out of his
ofhce without seeing them himself, and fre-.
quently pointed out some important improve-
ment at the last moment The confidence
which was placed in him was unbounded, and
on the whole he deserved it. There is no doubt
that his immense popularity, and the manner in
which his works have been imitated by other
architects, had a great deal to do with what is
called " the Victorian style of architecture,"
which was in reality a revival of the Mediaeval
styles generally, without being confined to
any one period. Scott always showed a
preference for the time of Edward I., and
not without reason ; yet he would frequently,
for the sake of economy, go back to the time
of Richard I. or John— usually called the
period of transition, which admits of a fine
general effect being produced with little
ornament It must be confessed that Scott's
practice was not always equal to his theory ;
he would often give way to the fancies of his
employers if they pressed them, even though
bethought they were wrong. Some of his con-
temporaries were more stubborn, and would
insist on their own design being carried out
entirely, or throw up the work into other
hands. It is always rather doubtful which of
these two modes of proceeding is right ;
there are extremes both ways, and as usual
there is a good deal to be said on both sides
of the question. Probably in most cases if
Scott had given up the work it would not
have been equally well done by any one else ;
sometimes, when the parson had fiiU con-

THB VICTORIAN REJ'irAZ OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. 189

fidenoe in him, the duxrdi iras so weD
restored, even when it iras necesaiy to rr-
build it endrely, tiiat those who liad known
it before could haidlj believe that it had
been rebuilt, it seemed so exactly the same
as thej had always known iL I remember
one case of the dmich of Chilton Canielo,
in Somersetshiie, of which the present Pn>>
vost of Eton is rector, idim h seems
almost incredible that the church has been
rebuilt hom the foundations. I believe that
the rector acted as his own clerk of the
works, and watched the work from day to
day, just as a rector of the Middle Ages would
have done when the bishops were often
architects, and the archdeacons inspectors of
the works that were going on.

Scott was by no means the only architect
who was a conscientious restorer. Some who
quite fiuled in original design were very care-
ful restorers. I have seen several churches
in Kent restored by Mr. R. C. Hussey, in
which it was exceedingly difficult to distin-
guish the new work from the old ; one oi
these, the curious litde Nonnan church of
Barfreston, was by no means eas}* to restore,
and was admirably done by Mr. Hussey* in
his youth.

There is one piece of folly in which the
Victorian architects have indulged during the
last ten years (1870— 18S0) to an enormous
extent, and for which they will be certainly
heartily laughed at by their successors, and
perhaps oftoi accused of ylc^^^ry also ; I mean
the /wm/iji^ of rubble walls. No more childish
folly can be imagined I Such walls were never
intended to be seen by the persons who
built them, they were always intended to be
plastered over both outside and inside — out
side to keep the wet out, because some kinds
of stone will absorb an enormous quantity of
water, and when a wall three or four feet
thick has become saturated with moisture, it
is very difficult to get it dry again. On the
inside they were intended to be plastered for
the purpose of being painted upon.

Painting the wails was part of the design of

* Mr. Honey had been Id partnership with Rick-
man, and be helped me much in my ** Glossary of
Arcfaitectore ;" ms accurate knowledge of details was
qnite woiidci:^iL Since he has retired from the profes-
the mcntk)o of his name can give no offence to
airhitfftt, It is better not to mention

every Mediaeval church, quite as much as
pajnting the windows ; modem architects
have generally restored the latter, but have
almost univex^ally n^lected the former. It
is tnie that these paintings, which were
generally of Scriptural subjects, were almost
universally whitewashed over by the ignorant
and bigoted Puritans of the seventeenth
century : but surely one of the great objects
of restoration is to do away with the mischief
that has been caused by ignorance and
bigotry. The remains of the old painting
have been found when sought for almost
universally in all parts of the country. So
long as die plaster was left on the rubble
walls there was a chance of finding the
remains oi paintings upon them ; but when
the plaster is all scraped off for die purpose
of putting good mortar between the joints of
rough stones, which is called pointing them,
our successors will be under the necessity of
plastering over our pointed walls in order to
paint them, for the restoradon of painted
walls in the next generadon is a certainty.
Forty years ago, who would have thought
of restoring painted windows ? yet this has
now been done, or is being done, everywhere.
The importance of " teaching by the eye" is
getting to be generally understood. Educated
people see that ignorant persons understand
much better, and remember much better,
anything of which they have seen a repre^
sentadon than what they have only heard of
or read about Even the picture of the mouth
of hell, which was the common subject for
the west end of our churches, and which was
condenmed by the Puritans as Popish, had
really nothing whatever to do with Popery,
and might often have had a good effect by
reminding people of the horrors to which
they were exposing themselves by wilful sin.
This is rather an extreme case : the subjects
usually depicted were taken from Holy
Scripture, most commonly from the New
Testament, but firequendy also from the Old.
A few legends were certainly used, especially
that of St Christopher with the infant Christ
in his arms, which is of very early origin,
and was used in very many of our parish
churches on the wall opposite the door of
entrance. It appears to me a verj- harmless
legend, and if I found remains of it I should
feel no scruple in restoring it ; but no one

190

THE VICTORIAN REVIVAL OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE.

who objects to a legend is obliged to use it,
in at least nineteen out of twenty cases the
subjects are from Scripture, and restoring
these may be useful. This opinion is growing
rapidly all over the countiy, and is being
acted upon in many instances. One remark-
able instance should be mentioned, South-
leigh Church in Oxfordshire, near Eynsham.
The walls of this church were covered with
paintings of Scriptural subjects of the fifteenth
century, and the church having fallen into
the hands of a sound churchman, he has
had the whitewash carefully removed, and
the paintings restored stroke for stroke,
without any attempt at improvement

It happens that at this church John Wesley
was the curate when a young man residing
in Oxford. To see his pulpit has been an
object of pilgrimage to the Wesleyans by
thousands. The pulpit in which he preached
has not been removed, and the Wesleyans
continue to flock to this church in the
summer time in greater numbers than ever
each succeeding year, and are not in the
least offended at the restoiation of the
paintings, as was feared at first; on the
contrary, they are generally delighted with
them, and it is now doubtful whether more
do not come to see the pictures than the
pulpit As the Wesleyans' do not generally
belong to the higher class of society, this case
may seem to indicate that the middle and
lower classes would generally be glad to
see the walls of our churches painted again
as they used to be.

It is commonly said that Sir Gilbert Scott
set the fashion of pointing rubble walls.
It is impossible to believe that he ever
intended to do so ; but it is probable that
when he wanted to explain the architectural
history of a large cathedral, the different
parts of which were built at many different
periods, he thought it right to leave part of
the construction of each period visible. I
know that he often did this, and it was
a useful course to pursue, for it enabled
people to learn a lesson in architectural
history in the most practical manner. It is
probable that in some part of that cathedral
the walls were built of rubble or concrete,
which was always the cheapest mode of
building, because no skilled labour was
required for it Gilbert Scott may have

thought it right to show that this was done in
some parts even of our finest cathedrals
when it was convenient to do so, but that he
ever intended to set this as a feshion for our
small parish churches is quite incredible.
Ignorant architects or clerks of the works,
always anxious to follow in the footsteps of
the great Gilbert Scott, whose name was
a tower of strength, followed him blindly in
this matter ; and he must often have laughed
at them for doing so. He was a man of
thoroughly good taste and great knowledge of
his subject, but I am sure that he never
thought of such a thing as that his name
would be used as an autiiority for pointing
rubble walk !! !

<*:•; v. ?"*>

of SbaIie0peare'0 Dame.

By R. A.Dohglas Lithgow, LL.D., F.R.S.L., &c

PART I.

<' What a sight it is, to see writers committed to-
gether by the the ears for ceremonies, syllables,
points, colons, commas, hyphens, and the like;
fighting, as it were, for their fires and altars, and angry
that none are frighted at their noises !**

Ben Jonson*s Discoveries,

|HE life of Shakespeare — ^the greatest
genius which the world has yet
produced — ^remains to be written ;
and it is in " his Booke" alone, the
invaluable legacy he has bequeathed to pos-
terity, that we can look upon his truest
picture. Hallam says: — "The name of
Shakespeare is the greatest in our literature,
it is the greatest in all literature." And yet
his personal history is enveloped in a cloud
of obscurity, his contemporaries, whilst they
carefully secured to us his unequalled pro-
ductions, contented themselves with bearing
their testimony to his "gende" demeanour in
private life, and wailing their threnodies
around his tomb; and, from time to time,
even the spelling of his name has become
a theme for disputation.

Our knowledge of Shakespeare's life and
character can scarcely be said to consist of
more than a few facts, and these the rewards

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF SHAKESPEARE S NAME.

191

of many years of mental toil, which the zeal
and industry of a few litterateurs — from
Nicholas Rowe, in the seventeenth century,
to Charles Knight, Dyce, Howard Staunton,
W, Aldis Wright, J. Payne Collier, and Halli-
wdl-PhiDipps m the present — have at length
been enabled to establish. Unfortunately,
even these are not agreed as to the or-
thography of the great poefs name; and
although the subject is in itself unimportant,
everydiing connected with Shakespeare is
sufficiently interesting to justify any earnest
attempt to throw light upon the minutest
detaiL In this Paper we propose simply to
notice, first, die various spellings of the name
to be found amongst the principal records of
the Shakespeare family, the authenticated
signatures of the poet himself, and the testi-
mony of contemporaneous and subsequent
history; and secondly, to very briefly and
temperately direct attention to that form of
spelling which we believe to be supported by
the weight of evidence.

Amongst the early records of Warwick-
shire wc find the name written Chacsper;
Chackspere, Schakespere, Shaxper, Shax-
peer, Schakespeire, Schakspere, Shakespeyre,
Shakespere, and Shakspere : but as the
majority of these spellings are found only
]»ior to 1558, when the Register of Stratford-
on-Avon b^sm to be kept, they are of little
moment as fiu- as our present inquiry is con-
cerned. With regard to the records of the
poet's £Eunily in the Register of Stratford
parish, there are in all twenty entries, in one
of which the name appears tiivdce. In the
record of the poet's baptism, April 26th,
1564, and in that of his burial, April 25th,
i6i6y the name, as in thirteen other in-
stances, is spelt Shakspere ] in tliree instances
we find Shakspeare, in two Sbaxpere, and in
one Shakspeer. This statement may seem
to prove that Shakspere was the correct
mode of spelling ; but let us state the case
still finther by referring to the few authenti-
cated autographs of the poet himself.

'' Shakespeare's undisputed signatures
were," says Mr. J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps,
"written on three occasions only." There
are, in all, five autographs — ^viz., three at-
tached to his Will,* (which having been

* In the probate of the Will the signature is written

written on the same occasion, can only be
taken, for the purposes of this argument, as
one example), one appended to the indenture
preserved in the Library of the Corporation
of London, and one on the mortgage deed of
the property in Blackfiiars. In each in-
stance, apparently, the surname is written
without an ^ at the end of the first syllable;
As these signatures, always indistinct, have
become more so by the corrosive touch of
time, we deem it best to quote Malone's
accoimt of his visit to the Prerogative Office,
with his friend Steevens, for the purpose of
tracing the Will, in 1776. In a MS. in the
Bodleian Library, he says: — ** On the 24th
of September, 1776, I went, with my friend
Mr. Steevens, to the Prerogative Office in Doc-
tors' Commons, to see Shakspeare's original
Will, in order to get a facsimile of the luind-
writing. The Will is written in the clerical
hand of that age, on three small sheets
fastened at top like a lawyer's brief.
Shakspeare's name is signed at the bottom of
the firet and second sheet, and his final sig-
nature, *by me William Shakspeare,* is in
the middle of the third sheet The name,
however, at the bottom of the first sheet, is
not in the usual place, but in the margin at
the left-hand, and is so different from the
others that we doubted whether it was his
handwriting. He appears to have been very
ill and weak when he signed his Will, for the
hand is very irregular and tremulous. I sus-
pect he signed his name at the end of the
Will first, and so went backwards, which will
accoimt for that in the first page being worse
written than the rest, the hand growing
gradually weaker."

It has been alleged that there exists yet
another autograph of Shakespeare's in a copy
of Floris's translation of Montaigne, 1603;
and in favour of this allegation a passage
from The Tempest (act ii. scene i) has
been cited as being a plagiarism from the
former work. There are many reasons for
doubting the authenticity of this signature,
as there have been many forgeries perpetrated
from time to time ; and, as it has yet to be
proved that this signature was in existence
previous to 1780, when Steevens published
his facsimile of the last signature to the Will,
it cannot be regarded as genuine. Moreover
it differs materially in some respects fix>m

192

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF SHAKESPEARE S NAME.

the five indisputable autographs; and, for
the purposes of this part of our inquiry, we
prefer to be guided alone by those signatures
of the poet concemiRg which there cannot
be a shadow of doubt.

Let us now briefly examine the orthography
of the name as found in contemporaneous
records concerning the poet and his
family.*

In 1555, Thomas Siche instituted a pro-
ceeding against John Shakespeare (the poet's
father), for J[fi, In the register of the bailiflf 's
court is the following item : —

"Thomas Siche de Arscotte in com.
Wigom. querit' versus John Shakyspere de
Stretford in com. Warwic. Glou in plac quod
reddat ei oct. libras, &c."

In 1556, from original borough record of
Stratford, as to John Shakespear becoming
the owner of two houses, &c., avoiding ab-
breviations the record stands as follows : —

"Item, quod Georgius Tumor alienavit
Johanni Shakespere^ &c., unum tenementum
cum gardin et croft, cum perdnentibus, in
Grenehyll Strete, &c."

" Et quod Edwardus West alienavit predicto
Johanni Shakespere unum tenementum, cum
gardin adjacenti, in Henley strete."

In 1558. John Shakespeare and others
were fined " for not kepynge of their gutters
cleane." In the original memorandum
Shakespeare is spelt Shakspeyr, as it is also
in the appointment of the poet's father as
constable.

In 1560, in a lease granted May 21st, the
name is spelt Shakspere.

In the memorandum for grant of arms,
John Shakespeare is alluded to as "John
Shakespeare, gent."

Sadler included among debts due to him :
— " Item of Edmund Lambert and Comishe,
for the debt of Mr. John Shacksper^ 5/."

In the bond entered into by two sureties,
in a penalty of £,\o^ if any impediment
should arise as to the marriage of William
Shakespeare to Ann Hathaway, his name is
spelt Shagspere,

In 1586. In the memorandum in the
register, made by the town clerk, as to John

* Dr. Karl Eke observes that in the three oldest
documents in which the name has been found (of
the years 1278, 1357, and 1375 respectively) it is
written " Shakespere."

Shakespeare being deprived of his aldermanic
gown for non-attendance, the name is spelt
Shaxpere,

1597. In the Fine levied on the pur-
chase of New Place by Shakespeare, in 1597,
the name occurs five times, and is each time
most distinctly spelt " Shakespeare."

1592. In "A Groatsworth of Wit, &c,"
by Green (or, more probably, Chettle), the
author inveighs against several of the prin-
cipal players; and alludes to Shakespeare as,
" in his own conceit, the only Shake-Scene
in a country."

In 1603, in a poem entitled "A Poet's
Vision and Glorie," the poet is alluded to as
Shakespeare,

In the warrant of James I. (1603) author-
izing the "King's servants," Shakespeare's
name is given, literatim as "William Shake-
speare." And in a list of " Ancient Free-
holders in the fields. Old Stratford and Wel-
came" (16 14), we find "Mr. Shakspear^
cited as holding " 4 yard land."

We might easily multiply such instances, if
the limits of our present Paper permitted ;
but what have been already quoted are more
than sufficient for the purpose of our argu-
ment We have selected the foregoing
examples of the orthography of Shakespeare's
name from some of the principal records
connected with himself and fiainily, from
1555, nine years before the birth of the poet,
to 16 14, two years before his decease; and
in doing so have contented ourselves with
citing the various spellings of the name
therein met with, in chronological order, and
without any attempt to favour the mode of
spelling which commends itself to our
acceptance, and which we believe to be the
normal and established formula. What, then,
do these evidences go to prove? Simply,
that the orthography of surnames was in a
most unsettled state during, at least, the
period with which we are now concerned.
Our examples have thus far been limited to
the Shakespeare family alone (and we shall
quote others, in favour of our main argument,
hereafter) ; but let us here seek to inquire
how far this alleged unsettled condition of
the spelling of surnames is supported by the
testimony of other families, and of those
writers who may, by common consent, be
rq^ed as authorities on such a subject

TBE ORTHDGJLAPmr OF SHAKESPEARFTS NAME.

193

The foHowing ■■*«f»*^*'«i joe xecorded bv Mr.
HmOhrell-nimipps >—

''Lord Robot Dndkf^ sigmtiire was
genenDy IhuUUey^ fais wife^ Ihiddiey\ azid a
reUtive's Ihidky. ADcn, tiie actor, signed
his name at Tazioiis timrs, Aliern, Alern,
Aliin, a2id Allen, while his wife's signature
a|q)eais as Alleyne. Hensiowe's antogiaphs
are in die fonns of Hensky, Henslow. and
Henslowc. Samnfl Rowiey signed himfBelf
Rooky, Rowtey, and Rowkye. Burbage
sometimes wrote Bnrbadg, whDe his brother
signed tiiwMs^lf Borbadge. One of the poet's
(Shakespeare's) sons-in-brar wrote himself
Quyney, Quyn e y e, and Conoy, whik his
brodker, die cnrate, signed Quiney.* His
odier son-in-law. Dr. Hall, signed himself,
Hawk, Halk, Hank, and Hall. Aldemian
Stinky, of Stmtford-on-Avon, signed his
name sometimes in that form, and some-
times StreDey. Similar variations occur in
Chiisdan tianw^^ diat of the poet*s friend,
Juliiis Shaw, positively appearing as Julyus,
Jalins, Julie, Julyne, Jule, Julines, Julynes,
July, Jidye, Jidyius, and Julyles." In another
place he says: — "In 1581, Sir Walter
Rakigh signed his name Ratdey ; hve years
afterwards we find it Ralegh^ and so in in-
numerable instances."

Edward Coote, master of the Free School,
at Bury & Edmunds, in his *' English Schoole
Master," ed, 162 1, observes : — " Our English
proper names are written as it pleaseth the
painter, or as men have received them by
tradition. .... Yea, I have knowne two
naterall brethren, both learned, to write their
owne names differently."

Fuller, in his " Worthies'' (foL Lond 1662),
says : — ^ Hence it is that the same name
hath been so often disguised unto the stag-
gering of many who have mistook them for

different.

The same they thougfat was not the same.
And in their name they sought their name.

Thus I am informed that the honourable
name of ViUiers is written fourteen several
ways in their own evidences ; and the like,
though not so many, variations may be ob-
served in others."

In his ^ English Surnames," Mr. A. Lower
sajTS : — '' There is a great difficulty in tracing

* We also meet with this name as '' Quyny'' and

«« r\ , ■ ■-■■ M

the pedigrees of families, arising from the
loose orthography, which obtained up to the
time of EUzaijedi, and even later." Mr.
Markland* mentions having seen a docu-
ment of the sixteenth century, in which
four brothers, named Rugely, spelt their
names in as many different ways; and Dr.
Chandler notices the name of Waynflete in
seventeen modes of orthography! **We
are not,'" savs Joseph Hunter,t **^o \o^ to
the private MS. of any person of those times
as the guide to the mode in which a name
should be written by ourselves, when we
possess printed evidence tolerably uniform
from the person himself, and his contempo-
raries ; unless, indeed, ^'e are prepared to
unsettle all the established orthography of
English names. Shall Lady Jane Grey be-
come Lady Jane Graye, yet it is certain that
she wrote her name thus? Shall the Dudleys
become Duddeleys, or the Cromwells Crum-
wells ? These are but a very few of the dis-
tinguished names of the Elizabethan period
which would &11 before the scythe of such
innovations."

However we may spell Shakespeare's
name, there can be no doubt as to its etymo-
logical signification, which may thus be simply
formulated : Shake-spear ; indeed, the etymo-
logy of the name admits of no doubt, and if
proof were wanting we have only to quote
the following well-known lines of the poet's
friend and contemponuy — Ben Jonson : —

Look how the father's face
Lives in his issue ; even so the race
Of Skakespear^s mind and manners hrightly shinet
In his well-turned and true-filed lines ;
In each of which he seems to sk/ike a lanee^
As brandished at the eyes of ignorance.

Bancroft, also, in his " Epigrammes" (1639),
alludes to the poet as having shook his spear ;
and we cannot but regard these evidences as
to the etymology, as so many witnesses, not
only to the correct pronunciation of the name
but likewise to the longer form being the
proper mode of spelling — viz., Shakespeare.
Serstegan, in his ** Restitution of Decayed
Intelligence," says : ** Brcakspear, Shakspear,
and the like, have bccti sumames imposed
upon the first^carers of them for valour and

• ** Archflfologia," vol. xviii. n. 108.
t **Illu»trationsof the Life, Studies, and Writinfjt
of Shakespeare/'

194

THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF SHAKESPEARE S NAME.

feates of armes." Mr. Halliwell-Phillipps, in
discussing the orthography of Shakespeare's
name says : — ** Camden derives it from the
mere use of the weapon ; and Bogan, in his
additions to the " Archaeologica Attica" of
Francis Rous, says that Shakespeare is equi-
valent to soldier. The poet's coat-armour
affords another evidence in the same direc-
tion; a parallel instance occurring in the
broken lance in the arms of Nicholas Break-
speare, as described by Upton, in his treatise
" De Studio Militari," fol Lon. 1654. Lastly,
Mark Antony Lower observes : — " Shakes-
peare is amongst the surnames derived from
personal and mental qualities, or some feat
of personal strength or courage, as Arm-
strong, All-fraye, Breakspeare, Langstaff,
Wagstaflf, Shakestaff, Bickerstaff, &c."

( To be continued,)

Vaz "(Brub Street SournaU

By Lord Talbot de Malahide.

PART I.

HAVE lately had an opportunity of
examining a copy of ** The Grub
Street Journal," which I believe is
not a common book.

Lowndes, in his " Biographical Manual,"
gives the following account of it : —

" Grub Street Journal, Memoirs of a Society
of Grub Street, from January 8, 1730, to
August 24, 1732. Folio, 138 Nos."

To this publication we owe the Gentleman's
Magazine, It is written with considerable
wit and humour, in ridicule of a host of bad
writers, who at that time infested the republic
of letters. The authors were Dr. Richard
Russel, a physician, and Dr. John Martyn,
the celebrated botanist. A selection was
published, London, 1737, in 12°, 2 vols. 6s,

The copy which I have seen consists of
408 numbers, from January 8, 1730, to
December 29, 1737. It contains little of
real value, except the critical articles, which,
however clever they may be, are of no parti-
cular interest, as they refer to publications
which are now mostly forgotten, and can
possess but few attractions for the readers of
the present day.

The domestic intelligence and foreign in-

telligence form the most curious portion of
the work. Although news from foreign parts
in those days would not claim any great
authority, it is remarkable that accounts are
inserted in its columns relating to occurrences
in all parts of Europe, and even in Turkey
and Persia.

However, the domestic intelligence is
really very interesting. There is very little
original matter in it. It is mostly compiled
from the different newspapers published in
London, which appear to have been very
numerous. Among others, the following are
the periodicals referred to : — ^The Caurant^
Postboy y Daily Post, Daily journal, Evening
Post, St,y^ani€s^ Evening Post, Whitehall Even-
ing Post, Craftsman, Fog^s youmal.

There is a very full account of the appoint-
ments and proceedings at the Court. Elec-
tions for M.P.'s, and also municipal elections,
are given. The assembling and proroguing
of Parliament are mentioned, but I can find
not the slightest allusion to proceedings in
either House. Accidents, burglaries, murders,
robberies, are chronicled with great industry ;
and there are numerous entries of births,
deaths, and marriages, particularly of the two
latter. Many customs, now disused, are de-
scribed, and we view a very fair picture of the
society of that period.

I do not pretend to have read through the
four or five ponderous folios, but I have
perused a good deal of their contents, and I
venture to offer to your readers some of the
most curious of my gleanings.

Among the entries relating to the Court
are the following : —

MAUNDAY THURSDAY.

March 26, 1730. — Thursday being
Maundy Thursday, his Grace the Archbishop
of York, his Majesty's Almoner, performed
the annual ceremony of washing the feet of
as many ppor people of both sexes as his
Majesty is years old, in the Royal Chapel of
Whitehall. A considerable sum of money
was distributed among the said poor, who
had all tickets ; after which, cloth being laid
for dinner, they were seated at two tables,
and their entertainment consisted of boiled
beef and roast mutton, a dish for every four,
which, after grace, they divided. They had
strong beer to drink. Cloth being removed.

THE « GRUB STREET JOURNAL.''

»9S

a wooden platter, with four large salt fish, four
loaves, and three dozen of herrings, was given
to each, which they carried home. Soon after
they returned, and prayers being read to them
in the Royal Chapel, each person was pre-
sented with two purses, the one with as many
silver pence in it as his Majesty is years old,
and the other with as many shillings as his
Majesty has reigned years. To the men were
given shoes, stockings, linen cloth for two
shirts, woollen cloth for a coat, and to the
women an equivalent in money. — Daily

Journal,

Another account says: — "I am well
assured that the Archbishop was not there,
and that the ceremony ot washing the feet was

omitted."

April 15, 1 73 1.— Being Maunday Thurs-
day, the usual distribution of royal bounty
took place. His Grace the Lord Archbishop
of York, High Almoner, performed the annual
ceremony of washing the feet of a certain
number of poor people in the Royal Chapel,
WhiteJiall, which was formerly done by the
Kings themselves, in imitation of our Saviour's
pattern of humility, &c James II. was
the last King who performed this in person.

It appears that the royal family frequently
dined in public, as in the Continental Courts.
Monday^ January 5.— On Friday last their
Majesties, the Prince of Wales, the Princess
Royal, the Princess Amelia and Caroline,
dined in public His Grace the Duke of
Hamilton waited on his Majesty, the Dutchess
of Dorset carved and waited on the Queen,
and the Lord Marquis of Carnarvon on the
Prince of Wales. — Postboy.

May 7. — Their Majesties have declared
their intention of dining in public every Sun-
day during their continuance at Hampton
Court — Daily Journal

FUNERAL OF THE MARQUIS OK ANNANDALE.

September 26. — Last night the corpse of
the Marquis of Annandale, after lying in state
in the Jerusalem Chamber in Westminster
Abbey, was interred there with great pomp
and solemnity. — Ibid.

ORDER OF THE THISTLE.

February 12. — Yesterday his Majesty
was pleased to appoint his Grace the Duke of
Ath^ one of the 16 peers of Scotland, and

the R*- Hon**^ the Marquis of Lothian Com*
panions of the most noble Order of the Thistle,
who had y^€v[ green garters "^mX. on by the hands
of his Majesty.

At this time it appears that Scotch appoint-
ments were given to English peers. Thus—

May 15. — Lord Lowther was appointed
High Commissioner of the Kirk of Scotland,
and the Earl of Tankerville was made Knight
of the Thistle.

May II. — We hear that all the Foreign
Ministers residing at the Court have been
requested not to grant protections to the
British subjects, except to such as arc actu-
ally retained in their service.

It was customary to give persons of posi-
tion licenses to go abroad : —

May 14. — His Grace the Duke of Norfolk
hath obtained a licence under His Majesty's
sign manual to travel to Paris beyond the
seas, and the latter end of this month His
Grace will set out for France. — London
Evening Post.

September 28.— We hear that Mr. Atter-
buiy, son of Dr. Atterbury, late Bishop of
Rochester, has obtained a warrant under His
Majesty's sign manual for leave to go to
France to visit his father. — Ibid.

April 16. — Her Grace the Dutchess of
Newcastle, having obtained a sign manual
for leave to go abroad for the recovery of her
heahh, she designs to set out the first week
in June for the Spaw {sic) in Germany, and will
be accompanied thither by several persons
of distinction. — Ibid.

April 29, 1738. — This morning the R*
Hon^'* the Earl of Holdemesse and several
other persons of distinction will set out for
Dovor in order to embark for the Court of
France. — Daily Gazetteer.

There is a curious comment on this in the
Grub Street JournaL-^'^^t, wish for the
honour of England that our brother could
liave told us that this or any other distin-
guished English troop were to set out in
order to make the campaign against the
enemies of Christianity."

The Lord Mayor of London appears to
have been as great a personage abroad as he
is now.

May 30. — We are informed that the King
of France has given Alderman Parsons leave
to import his beer into France duty free,

196

THE ''GRUB STREET journal:'

which we hear will be worth from 2 or;;^30oo
per annum. — Postboy.

yuly 1 1. — ^We hear that the King of France
has presented Mr. Alderman Parsons with
the use of one of his state carriages for the
time of his Mayoralty.

The following is a curious piece of political
gossip of the time : —

yune 2*]^ i737» — On Saturday the Vene-
tian Ambassador set out on his return for the
Court of Venice. He set out on Saturday
morning at 4, he having received notice to
leave the town in 3 days, and the kingdom
in 8, on account of the insult offered to His
Majesty's Crown and Dignity by the Doge
and Senate of Venice, in the great honours
shown to the Pretender's son.

Here is another curious old custom : —

September 21. — Last Thursday, His Excel-
lency the Count de Montijo, the Spanish
Ambassador, made a present of a diamond
ring, value ;£2oo, to the messenger that
brought the advice of the great victory of the
Allies in Italy.

The Royal Princesses would seem to have
been fond of hunting in the last century : —

August 22. — Yesterday, while their Majes-
ties were hunting in Richmond New Park,
Her Highness the Princess Amelia's horse fell
with her, but she received no damage, and
got up again and pursued the game.

September 3. — Yesterday being the anni-
versary fast on account of the great fire of
London, which happened in the year 1666,
and consumed 13,200 houses, the same was
observed in this City and suburbs with the
usual solemnity. — Daily Post,

There are numerous entries of robberies,
which seem to have been very frequent in
the very streets of London : —

January 10. — A gentleman was robbed
by two footpads in a hackney coach between
Temple Bar and General Post Office in
Lombard Street.

January 30. — Last week Mr. Brian Fair-
fax was robbed in Grosvenor Street or New
Bond Street, by four street robbers, of his
gold watch, 7 guineas, and some silver. —
Postboy.

Dick Turpin is also frequently mentioned.

There was no regular system of police, but
the laws against marauders were very severe.
There is an account of an Irish execution :— <

Dublin f January 19, 1731. — Tim Croncen
was hanged at Cork for the murder of Mr.
Sl Leger and his wife. He was executed
in the usual barbarous manner, and his
accomplice, a servant maid of the name of
Joan Condon, was sentenced to be burnt
alive.

Here is an English execution : —

Norwich, March 27. — Mary Taylor, on
Thursday last, was burnt to ashes at L)mn,
for being concerned in the murder of her
mistress, and at the same time one Smith
who murdered her was hanged.

There was no sympathy then for mur-
derers. The laws were also very severe on
suicides : —

May 1 4. — ^Yesterday the body of Houghton
that hanged himself in the cell of Newgate
the day before, was carried in ^ cart to
Hounslow Heath and there hanged in chains.
— Courant.

An old custom at Eton is mentioned : —

Eton^ August I. — ^This day was celebrated
the anniversary diversion of hunting the ram
by the scholars.

Among the miscellaneous items are the
following : —

BEES.

yuly 16. — On Sunday a swarm of bees
settled upon the tside of the house of Mr.
Lawton in Nicolas Lane, City, and gathered
to so large a cluster that it was thought
proper to have them removed, which was
accordingly done, and the bees sent into the
country. It is highly probable that such a
number of industrious animals has not been
seen so near the Royal Exchange within the
memory of man. — Courant,

The comment of the Grub Street jour-
nal is amusing: — "I think my brother is
mistaken ; there are many animals near the
Exchange as industrious, but they keep the
honey for themselves and make others feel
the sting."

There was made for the Dauphin on pur-
pose to receive the compliments of the New
Year in, a scarlet mantle faced with gold
point, with the Holy Ghost embroidered
upon it — Daily Courant and Evening Post,

( To be cotttinued, )

SMITHFIELD.

197

SmitbfieR)-

PART IL

{Tlu stihsUaue of a Paper read btfore the Ltmdon
and Middlesex ArcJueolegkal Society^ ijG. JLahbert,

the East side o[ Smithfield lyeth
the large hospital of St Baitho-
lomew, founded by Rahere, the
first Prior of Sl Bartholomew, in
II 02. 'Alfune,' who had not long before
built the Church of St. Giles Chppl^te,
became the first Proctor of this Hospital
(Hospitaller) and went hinlself daily into the
Shambles and other Markets where he b^ged
the Charity of Devout people for their relief
promising to the Donors reward at the Hand
of God. Henry IIL granted to Katherine,
late Wife of William Hardell, 20 Feet of Land
in length and breadth in Smithfield next to
the Chapel of Sl Bartholomew to build an
Ancorage (Hermitage), commanding the
Maior and Shenifis of London, to assign the
said 20 Feet to the said Katherine. The
foundation of this Hospital for the Poor and
diseased was confirmed by Edward IIL in
the 26 year of his reign.

^'At Uie Suppression of Religious Houses in
the Year 1 539, the thirty-first Year of the reign
of King Henry VIIL, this Hospital was
valued at ^35 5J. 7//. yearly. On the 13th
of January, 1546, the Bishop of Rochester,
preaching at Pauls Cross, declared the gift
of this Hospital from the King to the people
together with certain Messuages and tene-
ments in Giltspur St, Knightrider Street,
Sl Peter's Quay, Old Fish Street in Lime-
house and Stepney. Other rich and generous
Citizens granted liberally towards the pre-
paring and furnishing of such Hospital even
to paying weekly for a time which should not
be for a year or twain until the same should
be endowed, an^ thus it was that SL Bar-
tholomew's was furnished and finished at the
charges of the citizens.

" Rahere the foimder, a pleasant and Witty
Gendeman, sometime called the Kings'
Minstrell, died, and was buried in the
Priory Church of SL Bartholomew, where
there is a fine monument erected to his
memory. Rahere was a man of low birth.
When he attained his age he hung about and
haunted the households of the Nobles. He

then was converted to religious Views and
went to Rome, where he had a (so-called)
Vision. St. Bartholomew appeared to him
and told him that he, the Saint, had chosen for
himself a place in London, at Smithfield,
where in his name Rahere was to found
a church to the honour of the Holy Trinity
and a house of Black Canons, in consequence
of which Vision The Priory of St. Bartholomew
with the Church was erected," and, as I before
stated, Rahere was its first Prior.

There is in possession of the Duke of
Manchester a very precious document, a
paper roll seven feet in length : it is a
Compotus of Robert Glasyer, a canon,
collector of the rents within the precincts
of Sl Bartholomew Close, for one year,
from Michaelmas, being the 26th year of the
reign of Henry VHI.

In Lord Leconfield's collection of MSS, in
foho 95,* under date 32 Edward I., we read: —
"Sunday after the fiist of SL Matthew the
Apostle there is ' An inquisition taken before
Simon de Paris and Hugh Pourte, Sheriff of
London, by the oaths of 12 persons
named a Jury, to see if it was to the King's
dammage if the King gave to the Bishop of
Ely some 9 Cottages and a Messuage in
Holbom, also a rent of 6^. to the Hospital
of Sl Bartholomew in Smithfield.'"

The right to hold a fair was granted by
King Henry IL, to be kept yearly at Bar-
tholomew tide for three days, to wit, the eve,
the day, and the next morning, to which fair
all the clothiers and drapers in England
were wont to repair. They had their booths
or standings within the churchyard of the
Priory, closed in with walls and gates,
locked every night and watched for the safety
of men's goods. The name given to this
district, " Cloth Fair," still exists, and there
linger about the spot "piece brokers,"
although the fair is a thing of the pasL The
Priory of SL Bartholomew at the time of its
dissolution and suppression was valued at
jC^53 '5^- yearly. Prior Bolton, parson
at Harrow-on-the-Hill, was the last ruler.
Mary (of unenviable notoriety) gave a portion
of this priory to the Black friars, and they
made it their conventual church until the
first year of Queen Elizabeth, when those fiiars

* See voL vi. of the Historical Manuscript Com-
missioD, p. 298.

ipS

SMITHFIELD.

were put out, and the church again given to
the inhabitants of Bartholomew Close for
ever. The estate was held by a family
named Rich, Attorney-General to Henry
VIII. This gentleman resided in Cloth
Fair, as did Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick,
his son Robert Rich, and also his grandson,
Henry Rich, who became Earl of Holland.
This Rich, in the reign of Elizabeth, 1562,
appears to have somewhat incurred the dis-
pleasure of the authorities of Trinity College,
Oxford, for under date is an entry in the
" Liber Sigilli :" " Item, taken out of the
Treasure howse the xxviL day of May all the
coyne that there was, that is syx powndes
iiif. iiii//. for our Lawe Matter against My
Lord Rich." This Rich was the friend of
Sir Walter Mildmay, the founder of Emanuel
College, Cambridge. Robert Rich, mentioned
above, was a Fellow Commoner ; and Henry
Rich, Earl of Holland, rose to be the Chan-
cellor of the University of Cambridge. He
with Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and Mor-
daunt. Earl of Peterborough, took up arms
for King Charles I., and assembled about
500 horse at Kingston-on-Thames on the 3rd
of July, 1648; but on the loth of the same
month they and their force were utterly routed
at St. Neots, in Huntingdonshire, by Col.
Scroop. The Earl of Holland was taken
prisoner and ultimately beheaded, having
been declared a traitor by the Parliament,
on the 7 th of July, three days prior to the
engagement on the loth, and thus virtually
ended this family. A distant relative sub-
sequentiy married an Edwardes, whose
son was created Lord Kensington, and
he inherited certain property in Smithfield,
which gave him the right and title to have a
representative at the court of Pie Powder, of
which we shall have more to say hereafter.

This fair, being so entirely a City fair, was,
as a rule, opened with some State ceremonial.
The Lord Mayor went in his State carriage on
the proper day to proclaim it open, accom-
panied by one of the four attorneys of the
Lord Mayor's Court, on the 3rd of September,
unless that day was Sunday. The proclama-
tion was made at or near the gate leading to
St. Bartholomew's church and into Cloth
Fair, by the attorney, and repeated afterwards
by the sheriflfs. A procession was then formed,
and the Lord Mayor proceeded round the

fair to its boundaries, and thence on to the
Mansion House, where a dinner ended this
ceremony. A most accurate description of
the fair, its booths and shows, its 0)rster
openings, and sausage fryings, rows and tur-
moils, is given at great length by Mr. William
Hone in his " Every Day Book," vol. i.

The Order is that the Aldermen doe meet the Lord
Mayor and Sherifis at the Guildhall Chapel at two of
the clock having on their Violet Gowns and there hear
Evening Prayer. They then mount their Horses and
ride to the New Gate, and passe forth of the Gate.
Then entering the Cloth Fair, they make a proclama-
tion, which l^ing ended, they ride through the fair
and so back again through the Church Yard of St.
Bartholomews to Aldersgate, and thence to the Lord
Mayors House, where they dine apparelled in their
Scarlet gowns.

In the year 1636, under date Windsor,
July 17, the holding of the fair was for-
bidden on account of the plague then raging.
The " Great Plague " was twenty-nine years
later.

That the fair had been discountenanced by
the Lord Mayor and Aldermen for some
time prior, is beyond doubt ; and to that fact
doubtless may be attributed the n^lect of
attending in procession for the proclamation
and opening ; for in a newspaper, called the
True Protestant Merairy, under date August
26, 1682, appears the following: —

Wednesday last, being the Eve of Saint Bar-
tholemew, the Lond Mayor rode on horseback into
Smithfield to proclaim the fair, but was very slenderlv
attended with only two Aldermen and the Sherrif& ;
when in former times it was usual for the whole Court
of Aldermen to give their presence. After they had
performed that Ceremony, on their return a saucy
vintner's servant cried ''God bless the King and the
Lord Mayor, but a pox upon the Sheriff, upon this
he was at once seized by some of the Sherifis officers
and carried to the Elarl of Hollands (the court of Pye
powder) and there fined for his saucy and base
Language to these Officials.

A partial attempt was made to continue
the fair according to the ancient mode, but
this was met by a presentment of the Grand
Jury of London, for there is extant the follow-
ing :—

We the Grand Inquest sworn to inquire for the
Body of the City of London at Justice Hall in the Old
Bailey, London, September ist, 1697, Under com-
plaint of several eminent Citizens and other inhabi-
tants of this City that the continuance of Bartholemew
fair longer than three days is contrary to the Charter
of this City : and the permitting the several Obscene
plays and interludes there is a perverting the first
design of the said Fair, and an encouragement to all

SMITHFIELD.

199

ixianner of Lewdness and debauchery, to the great cor-
ruption of Youth, to the Dishonour of Almighty
God, and the scandal of this City, do present the same
as a great nuisance and humbly pray that all speedy
and effectual care may be taken to redress the same.

A fair in an overflowing metropolis or any-
where in the suburbs, presenting too great an
opportunity for dissipation and midnight
orgies, combined with intoxication, theft,
seduction, brawls and riots, was more than the
respectable citizens of London could bear, •
and " Bartlemy " was universally condemned
to be suppressed. The licentiousness of the
meeting led the Lord Mayor and aldermen to
reduce it to three days. In the year 1694,
and in the Gazette of August the 2nd, there is
printed the following : —

These arc to give notice that by Order of the Lord
Mavor and Court of Aldermen Bartholemew fair held
in the month of August in West Smithfield London
will for the future be kept three days only and no
longer.

In the course of time the fair became more
and more intolerable, and in the year 1700,
the Lord Mayor and aldermen issued a pro-
hibition against its lotteries and interludes.
During the mayoralty of Sir Samuel Fludyer,
further resolutions were passed, and were
annually broken by the Court Lord Mayor
Bull was determined to carry out the resolu-
tion to abolish all games of chance, and en-
deavoured to abate its depravity, and did so
far carry out his intention as to disallow
booths to be erected ; but the mob broke the
windows of the houses in Smithfield and
the surroundings. Alderman Sawbridge, when
mayor, prohibited shows, but the mob was
determined for continuing them. The Lord
Mayor, however, was firm, and the mob com-
mitted the grossest excesses. In 1743 this
annual prohibition was complied with, and
the fair terminated in a more peaceful manner,
says the Gentleman^ s Magazine,

In the year 1798, on the 17th of July, in
the Court of Common Council, it was referred
to the City Lands Committee to consider the
necessity and expediency of abolishing " Bar-
telmy Fair," but it was vehemently opposed,
That it was not in the power of the court to
put a stop to the fair, it being held under the
Charters of Henry VIII. and Edward VI. —
That a Court-leet and Court of Pie-powder
were held from the opening of the fair to tha
setting of the Sun each day — That the Lands

which were held in free soccage by these
Charters included Smithfield Market, several
Houses, and a Street in joint tenancy with the
Earl of Leicester — ^That many of the house-
holders were capable of discharging their
Rents and taxes by the fair, and in this way it
had been held quietly for a number of years.
— The opposition got the day.

In the Gentltman's Magazine for 18 17 the
following entry occurs : —

Bartholemew Fair, The City Carnival, the delight
of apprentices, the Abomination of their masters — The
solace of maid-servants — the dread of their mistresses
— the encouragements of Thieves — the terror of Con-
stables, began on Wednesday and ended on Saturday.
In the early part of the Day re<ipectable persons
traversed the fair without material interruption or in-
convenience. But at Night Thieves and dissolute
Characters held sovereign sway. An Alarm was given
of some meditated riot On Saturday night, and soldiers
were stationed in consequence in various places ; but
the fair concluded with perfect tranquillity.

Pennant also, writing about this fair, sa3rs :

It was a season of festivity ; and it was freouented
by a great deal of Company ; but on becommg the
resort of the debauched of ail denominations certain
regulations took place which in later days have spoiled
the mirth but produced the desired decency.

In Smithfield at the markets and fairs was
held a Court of Pie Powder, of which we
have made mention above — "* Curia Pedis
pulverizati * from the French Pied, Latin pes,
a foot, and Pouldreux, Latin Pulveruleutus,
dusty — to yield Justice to Buyers and
Sellers and for the redress of all Disorders
committed in them and so called, because
the most usually are held in Summer and the
Suiters are generally country folk, and had
and have dusty feet : also from the expedition
intended in the hearing of Causes proper
thereunto before the dust goes off Plaintiflf
and Defendants feet, it is held ' De hora in
horam .' " Skene in his " Book of Words," says
that the word Pede-pulverosus (dusty-footed)
means a Vagabond, especially a pedlar who
hath no place of dwelling, and therefore
must have justice summarily administered
to him — namely, " between three ebbings and
three flowincrs of the tides of the Sea." The
Judges of this Court were termed Justices of
the Pavilion, and had a most transcendent
Jurisdiction, anciently authorized by the
Bishop of Winchester at a fair held on St.
Giles' Hill, near the City of Winchester.
There is, or was, until very lately, a Court of

200

SMITHHELD.

Pie Powder held every market-day in the
City of Worcester. Blackstone, in his
"Commentaries," says: "It is at once the
lowest and at the same time the most ex-
peditious court known to the law of England
— because justice can be done there before
the dust falls from the suitor's feet."

If we were to endeavour to trace the origin
of this court we must resort to Holy Writ
The judges administered the law at the gate
or without the city, where decisions were sum-
mary and effective, and doubtless an open
space was chosen for this admirtistration of
justice, so that all acts should be as public as
possible. The Greeks and Romans from the
same motives decided causes in the Areopagus,
or forum. The Britons for want of dwellings
held their places of judicature in the open
air. The Saxons, in imitation of the Germans,
sent their most eminent men to ride circuits,
that justice might not be impeded. Stowe
writes in the year 1294 : "Opposite the Bishop
of Coventty's Inn in the High St. (now
the Strand) stood a stone Cross where at
divers times the justices itinerant sat without
London." When, however, covered places for
the deciding of causes were introduced. Pie
Powder courts lost their ancient consequence
and dwindled down to Courts of Record for
the speedy dispatch of differences arising in
markets and fairs in accordance tlrith an act
passed in Parliament 8, Henry VII., and 17
Edward IV., cap. ii. a.d. 1477. The steward
in this court was the sole judge, there was no
deputy, and the decisions were final.
The Court of Pie Powder for Bartholomew
Fair was held at a public-house called the
"Hand and Shears," Middle Street, Cloth
Fair. The two eldest clerks in the Sheriffs'
Court were the attorneys in the Pie Powder,
the Associate was the Common Serjeant of
the City of London ; but no Associate had
attended for years, for on searching the
Records for over a hundred years no
mention is made of the same; six Serjeants at
Mace (two for the Lord Mayor, two for the
Poultry Compter, and two for the Giltspur
Street Compter) and a Constable appointed
by the steward of Lord Kensington to
attend the court. This nobleman, Francis
Edwardes, having married the Lady Eliza-
beth Rich, his nephew, William Edwardes,
inherited in 1721 the estates of the Rich

family, the founder of which was that Rich
who was Attorney General to Henry VIII.

It now only remains to say, that fanaticism
sent many Protestants to be burned at the
stake, in Smithfield, during the reign of Mary,
and it is supposed that the spot where they
suffered was facing the doorway leading to
Cloth Fair and the church of St Bartholo-
mew the Great ; bones blackened with smoke
having been found as lately as the year 1849,
within three feet of the present sur^e of the
pavement, charred and partly consumed.

In the year 1555, January i8th, a resolu-
tion was formed to prosecute all Protestants
with the utmost rigour, and Gardiner, the
Bishop of Winchester, undertook to put the
laws in execution against them, and accord-
ingly the Sheriffs of London, David Wodroff
and William Chester, brought before the
Commission which sat in St Mary Overies
Church (St. Saviour's), Southwark, Bishops
Hooper and Ferrar, Doctors Taylor, Crome,
Mr. Rogers (the Divinity Reader at St Paul's
Cathedral), Mr. Bradford, Mr. Cardmaker,
and Mr. Rogers, who was the first that was
executed by burning in the presence of Sir
John Rochester, Comptroller of the Queen's
Household, 14th February. The pious and
learned Mr. Bradford was the next to suffer
at Smithfield. He was a Prebendary of St.
Paul's, and was dragged to the stake, to-
gether with a young man named John
Leafe, a tallow-chandler's apprentice, aged
nineteen. Wodrofl^ the Sheriff, bade him
rise and have his hands tied, when, turning
to his fellow-sufferer Leafe, Mr. Bradford
exclaimed, " Be of good cheer. Brother, we
shall sup with the Lord this night !"

John Philpot was a son of Sir Peter Phil-
pot, of Hampshire \ he was a Fellow of New
College, Oxford, and Archdeacon of Win-
chester. He was examined by Bonner,
Bishop of London, and the Bishops of
Rochester, Coventry, and Lichfield, and St
Asaph, and a full bench of priests and others,
and was by them condemned to be burned
at the stake at Smithfield, for holding here-
tical opinions. On the i8th of September,
1555, Archdeacon Philpot was brought to
the stake by the Sheriffs of London and
Middlesex, Thomas Legh and John Macham,
when, on arriving at this place of execution,
he knelt down and exclaimed^ " I will pay

SMITHFIELD.

20I

my TOWS in tiiee, O SmithiifflH T' These
pmpns, and die pnticnlais of their deadis.
are mentianed here because their three
names are espedali}* mentioned cm the
Martyr Memorial Stmie placed against the
wan of St Bardiolomew's Hospital (Oni-
paticTits' Hall), which was put up to their
iQQnoiy in the year 1870 b}' Messrs. Haber-
shcin and Pite, die ardntects, and a memorial
church was erected to the honour of the
martyrs in St. John's Road. Clerkenwell.

^ Gardiner^ (says lingard). ** finding the
task odious, transferred die Oftice of Prosecu-
tor to Edmond Boimer, Bisho]> of London."
No matters, whatever the>' might be, could be
proceeded in, without Gaidiners privity and
cancurrence ; and these horrors (which were
not committed b>' his actual orders;, must at
least have obtaiiied his sanction, Ibr he had
reached a hei^t of power, bodi civil and
ftrrJfMasriral, unequalled in the kingdom
except by his master, Cardinal Wolse\\
Gardmer was a man of great abilit) , his
general knowledge more remarkable ttian his
learning as a divine, he was ambiuous, re-
vengefol, and unscrupulous, had infinite tact
and accurate foresight of affairs.* Boimer
accepted die office put upon him by Gardi-
ner, and executed it with increased and
greater fury, much to die disgust of Cardinal
Pole, who desired more gende means, and
instigated Philip of Spain, Mar}'*s husband,
to instruct his confessor to preach against
this persecution, and for a short time the
fires of Smithheld were extinguished, Bonner
and the other bishops bemg amazed at
Phihp^s act

Gardiner died on the 12th of November,

1555, but his death did not stop these
cruddes.

After the immoladon of Cranmer, Arch-
hidiop of Canterbur}% on the 1 4th of February,

1556, Cardinal Pole was exalted to that
dij^ty on the 22nd of March following, and
the persecution of the Reformed was carried
on with the utmost barbarit}*.

The Pope, Paul IV., recalled Cardinal
Pole from his legation and appointed the
Queen's Confessor, Pe>to (Petre) to succeed
him, but Queen Mary forbid him, Peyto, to
put foot in England. The Pope, finding his
power useless, re-appointed Cardinal Pole to

* Fcclnaas. Histor>'- Buraet's ** Keftmnation. "

VOL. IL

die office of I^i^ate, and persecution was
kindled afresh.

Banner was up and doing, ready to carry
on the persecution : and to show the spirit
which animated this holy nnan and the cheer-
ful manner in which he undertook the work,
I ^ill quote from the Petit Manuscripts in the
Inner Temple (vol. xlvii. No. 538, fol. 3), a
fragment of a letter of Bonner while Bishop
of London, dated July, 1558, and addressed
to Cardinal Pole, the then Archbishop of
CanterbuT}', in which he says : '' Your Grace
and My Lord Chancellor, I should doe well
to have the}Tii (the Heretics) burnt in Ham-
mersmythe, a myle from my howsc here
(Fulham) ; for then can I giff sentence against
theym here in the Pahshe Church very
quickly and without tumult or having the
Sheriff present"

During Mary's reign 284 Protestants were
inhumanly burned. She died November 17,
1558, having reigned five years four months
and eleven days, and Cardinal Pole died six-
teen hours after her.

There is one incident worthy of notice
respecting diese persecutions and atrocities.
Amongst the condemned to the flames was
a Mr. Barbor, of Southwark, and who narrowly
escaped martyrdom for his firm adherence to
die Protestant religion : while he was at the
stake and taking leave of his friends the news
came of the death of Queen Mary, and the
executioner did not dare to put him to death,
and thus he was liberated. This case of Mr.
Barbor is not noticed by Mr. Foxe in his
" Book of Martyrs,*" which is somewhat unac-
coimtable, except that it was not an actual
martyrdom, and therefore did not come
withm the scope of his work, but as the poor
man had endiired all the tormenting thoughts
of and about his fearful punishment, and
although he was not burned, yet his lucky
escape is worthy of mention. Whiston, in his
"Memoirs," mentions the case in these terms: —
He "visited Mr. Gabriel Barbor the Grandson
in 1720, at Brentwood, and saw a remarkable
Jewel with a picture of Queen Elizabeth cut
in Cameo on a stone which Mr. Barbor the
grandfather had had cut to signal his Oeat
Deliverance, and he ordered by his Will that
this same image should be transmitted in the
oldest branch of his family to all generations
as it is preserved to this day ( 1 7 20) ; and that

202

SMITHFIELD.

there should be an Elizabeth in the family
provided that his eldest Son had a daughter
bom to him, and if these conditions were not
complied with then this Jewel was to go
to the Second Son and so on to the third."
And this is the account as it has been
handed down from father to son to grand-
sons, and up to that date there had always
been an Elizabeth in this family. This
jewel is an oval locket, ornamented with
rubies, table diamonds, and pearls. The
late Mr. Barbor, of the Charterhouse, had a
picture of this Mr. Barbor, whose life was so
miraculously saved : after his death his
effects were sold, and these circumstances
were mentioned at the time of sale, and the
portrait was purchased by the late Rev. Mr.
Valentine, of the London Hospital, in whose
possession it was in the year 1840. The
possessor of the jewel at that date was a
Mrs. Blencowe, of Ra)me, daughter of
Richard Barbor, granddaughter of Gabriel
Barbor, of Brentwood, and it fell to her lot
because she was named Elizabeth.^

On the 19th November, 1558, when Eliza-
beth succeeded to the throne, Bonner, with
the other bishops, went to meet her at High-
gate, and kneeling (says Siowe), acknow-
ledged their allegiance, which the Queen
very graciously accepted, giving to every one
of them her hand to kiss, except Bishop
Bonner, whom she denied for sundry se-
verities in the time of his authority. In May,
1559, he was summoned before the Privy
Council, deprived (a second time) of his
Bishopric, and indicted for a prsemunire.
He escaped the penalties attached to this
charge, but he was confined for the remainder
of his life in the Marshalsea in Southwark,
whence he addressed a letter to ^^^^^^^ Eliza-
beth, praying for her clemency, and quotes
from the fathers in support of his conduct
during the preceding reign. This letter is
dated 26 October, 1564, "from the Mar-
shalsea Prison, in Southwarke,'' and is
signed " Edmundus Bonnerus, Sede tribuna-
lis tui regni in Southwarke." This letter had
no effect, and did not lessen his punishment.
He died in the Marshalsea on the 5th of
September, 1569. Bonner was deprived of
• the bishopric of Hereford for den3dng the

• GentlentatC s Maj^zinc for 1840, vol. xiv. p. 603.
New Series.

King's supremacy, by Edward VI., in October,
1549, when he was committed to the Fleet
prison. He was a man of ability, cruel and
revengeful, not versed in general knowledge,
but of great learning in canon law, and of
very ready wit. When on his way to prison
some one cried out "Good-bye, Bishop
Quondam?" Bonner replied, even in his
grief, readily, " Good-bye, Fool semper."

But it was reserved for " the Most High
and Mighty Prince James, by the Grace of
God, King of Great Britain, France and Ire-
land, Defender ot the Faith," as he is styled
by the translators of the Bible, and to whom
they wish "Grace, mercy, and peace," to
put the finishing touch to this terrible pic-
ture of horrible suffering, for in the year
161^, Bartholomew Legat was brought before
the Lords in Council, and the King himself
interrogated Legat upon his holding Arian
opinions concerning the divinity of Christ,
and it. was at the instance of the King,
James I., that the bishops in consistory as-
sembled, tried and condemned the man to x^
be burned, and on Wednesday, the i^th of
March, 16 1^, Bartholomew Legat suffered at
the stake. With this last dreadful example
6f cruelty towards those who differed in re-
ligious opinion the one from the other, this
sketch of Smithfield is brought to a close.

tTwo political Song0 of tbe
ADibMe Hge0.

|HE following curious set of verses
was found while searching the
Coram Rege Rolls at the Public
Record Office. The date of this
poetical effort is the sixteenth year of
Richard 11. — the period of Chaucer's "Can-
terbury Tales," — and it appears to have been
a "rhyme" sung by its composer, John
Berwald, and certain his associates, who
were, as far as can be made out frt)m the
record, a band of lawless youths armed with
bows and arrows, breakers of the peace in
several towns in Yorkshire, assaulting the
inhabitants, and committing the various other
misdemeanours characteristic of an unsettled
period. The principal scenes of the rising

TWO I*DU77CA1 SDJ^GS OT J72ZE M2DDLE ACJSS.

«^1

wece the tunms of Hevcnex .and "Hnli xaid
the soqg «tt jQapBigmi% iDBdfr bj- BervcBld 10
celelxaie the BDoccKaf ^u: levok. The
wonb of the mrfinrmpm aie: — ^£t dimnt
quod fjHikii J'oAuameE Bfsrw&id, JmiiaL de
CotjTDg^KUB, ci jiKii, jacenmt qiuaidaiD xmuon
m AngHrk^d dksaan xnnsm ^pud BevcEkr
publioe pwirlamga •JBoemnt die rtnwwinirB
[21st Julfy 1392] jHHmiuui ante iefitniD Ssncn
Jacobi Apotfcfc. cs a^md WnTl die daknizxica
[aSdiJu^] tauc pnsama fleqnmir, a atiis
dhrcisis loos isfca C fimimtii m Eborad per
divenasvioesacDo rcpod Tc^gisSicajdi Secxmdi
post Cooqaeflaoi secKMScamQ, que qnideni
lima seqidtiir in

In ^ Gomtav lierd WW wr

Y* » ov nken i idii c wa . be

WaJfartobbLc
Awnwg tint fren. ii ii> 10
And oCBcr osidrB stszT idd

Wbesiicr tiyi slepe or vaiLe
And yet wfl DeScsd bdl icp ocbca-
And mejificTx Isxb ak hu brother

hotlg is vTUQec i&d r^giit
And aho'vi] ia SLosid and fiOBre

l^tth aJ ov jBcjnftc
Uk man maj oone vadgQo
AmflBfiis bach to and £rcK>

Bat hetlijrDg vil ve soffre
Ndthcr of bol>be ne of Johan

W* «]iat man be be
For nnkjmde we war
Yf we sofied of lesie or mare

Anj Tjlane htthyag
Bat it wcr qH doable agajn
And acoide and be fkltayn

To hjde GOT dressji^
And 00 jMt porpos jret we stand
Who so dose its any wrang

In what place it hS.
Yet be mjght als wele
Ah have I hap and hale

do again you alL

The second poem was discovered among
the Miscella n ia of the Exchequer, Treasury of
Receipt, in a small box of papers [York, Box
35, Na 70] relating to Aske's rebellion in
i53^y more generally known as the '* Pil-
grimage of Grace."

It 18^ as will be seen, very crude and
clumsy, but is spirited enough to answer its
purpose, which probably was that of a song to
cheer the men when undergoing the fatigues
of a long inarch, while it embodies very
completely the ideas and feelings of that
heroic but ill-fated rising.

It is iraisieB <m thw^ sid« of a «h<!«t of
caazse papier and the writiz^ i$ often x*«nr

ohBcoK;.

Cris: cmcifyc
Fx ihr -wainidi> wide
I~f minnnf p^Of
Whidi pU£Tii2Dei> be
Thruf^ Godf f^racc
Tar tC' pii)T±Acb<
Oide weDrh and pc&x
Of the i^miLkie [spnttULhr]

Gns Gcidi^ fanirr
Doxdi cimrcfa pradame
Xow to be luike
And &i!i in bcgrads
Kcihbyd spoled and sbonte
From caie^ aztd come
And cksDc fcnb bosne
Of bcmsez ana lands

MMacfb tLing* ii> dere
Agajns: Gods lere
As dordi t^ffts^
Jm iyetnmi>mun>
Gods lawboke
Open and loke
As MoTsez spc^e

Ther may be foonde
The lymyt gronnde
May not lay dowyn
Sear nor Kyng
\VhSdi olde faUiers
And t' right heir&
For ther wd£ues
At theyr endyng

Gaif to rdeif
\Vhame sorannce greve
Boith day and even
And can no wirke
Vet this thay may
Botth n)*ght and day
Kusorte and pray
Unto God's Kyriie

Thus interlie
Peax and petie
Luf and mercic
For to purchache
For mannys my:»deyd
And ViTOiigfull credo
Most for myslede
Throght lack of grace

Suche foly is fallen
And wise out blawen
Y* grace is gt>nc
And all gooilnesi
Then no marvell
Thoght it thus befell
Commons to mell
To make redrevi

K^: «xui irtynd>'ng
Tbefonrstyng
And pevtpbesiyng
Of Esarms
Tbai pmtces shaVi
Remox-e ii\t m4>)dc
^likh fatbefs ccikle
To iMOide compas

Boi on thers k3mgs
Esaras sati^
Like rayn down brynga
Gods wolul yie
Hairring the subiect
Thcr'dewtis to fofgett
And prynces let
Of sttche desyre

Alacke alacke
For the church sake
Pore comons wake
And no marvell
For dere it is
The decay of this
How the pore shall mys
No tong can tell

For ther they hade
Boith ale aini breyde
At tyme of nede
And succer gretc
In alle distresse
And hevynes
And wel intrete

In troubil and care
Where that we were
In maner all bere
Of o*" substance
Nor founde good bate
At churche men gate
\V^ onte checkmate
Or varyaunce

God that right all
Kedresse now shall
And that is thrall
Agayn make fre
By this viage
And pylgramage
Of yong and sage
In this cuntre

Whome God graunt g^
And for this s|>ace
Of this ther trose
Sende thcvm good spede
\V* welth nelth and spede
Of synnys releyH
And joy endleya
When thay be dcyd

I* a

204

TWO POLITICAL SONGS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

Church men for ever
Se you remember
Boith first and latter
In your memento
These pilgiames poore
That take sucl> cure
To stabilisshe sure
Whiche dyd undoo

Crim crame and riche
W» thrc m* and y' Uche
As sum men teache
God theym amend
And that aske may
W» out delay
Here make a stay
And well to end.

M. H. Hewlett.

.^•* !A ^^^

Zbc *Roman Eirploration f unb.

IHIS association is now matter of
history; the appeal made on its
behalf to the public was successful
for its object, although more in-
directly than directly ; the work to be done
was so enormous that it was impossible for
an Archaeological Society, which depended
entirely on voluntary subscriptions, to do
more than set the example, and show what
cug/if to be done.

The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge
both gave their sanction to the work for
which this Fund was required, by each in
its corporate capacity giving a donation of
;^2oo to it The Society of Antiquaries of
London also gave ;;^ioo, a large sum for their
funds, and a . very unusual favour. Her
Majesty also contributed handsomely to the
fund, and her example was followed by the
Prince of Wales and several of the nobility
and gentry of England, who gave donations
to start it. They succeeded in settmg the
stone rolling, and it continued to roll year
after year with increasing velocity, until it is
now very difficult to keep pace with the exca-
vations and explorations that are going on in
Rome. At first great difficulties and many
impediments had to be overcome ; but these
are all removed. The Archaeological Society,
which had the direction of this Fund, was
cordially supported by the Pontifical autho-
rities, and permission was given without
difficulty or delay for all that was asked for.
Many discoveries, very important for history,
have been made, and are still making from
day to day. The work is now carried on by
the Italian Government on a larger scale than
«ver, and is now well directed.

It was chiefly for the purpose of education

* ? Lords.

that this work was required. It has been
ascertained beyond all question by these re-
searches, that the " received interpretations"
of those passages in the Latin Classics which
relate to the historical topography of Rome,
are based entirely upon what are called " the
Roman traditions,'* and that these date only
from the sixteenth century. They are in
reality only the conjectures of learned men
during the last three centuries, especially in
the very learned works collected in the great
Thesaurus of Gronovius, with the subsequent
verbal criticisms of German and other scholars,
often very ingenious and clever, but unfortu-
nately not true. Had these learned men seen
what is now visible, they would have seen them
as we see them ; but no one could do more
than guess at the exact sites of objects entirely
buried, and which had been so for centuries.
No English schoolmaster or scholar can con-
tinue to teach as true history what he has
reason to believe to be conjecture only. The
excavations made in the Colosseum at my
request are a case in point ; instead of that
colossal building having been all built in ten
years by the Flavian emperors, as we have
all been taught, it is now seen clearly that
it was begun by Scaurus, the step-son of Sylla
the Dictator, who built an amphitheatre of
the same size on the same spot, the upper
part of which was of wood, with glass pillars,
and therefore temporary only \ but the sub-
structures were built of large blocks of tufa,
calculated to be eternal, as Pliny says. The
upper part was soon destroyed by fire, and
remained a ruin until the time of Nero, who
built his amphitheatre of brick on the same
site, using the old substructures. Around this
brick theatre the Flavian Emperors built their
magnificent corridors and fi'ont of travertine
stone, an enormous work in itself. It is
recorded that each of these theatres, or amphi-
theatres (for an amphitheatre is still a theatre,
though it has two round ends to it), would
hold 80,000 people. In a fragment of an in-
scription of Uie time of the dedication found
on the spot, and still preserved there, this
building is called Theatrum, and not Amphi-
theatrum. There is no other place in Rome
where that number could be seated, unless
in the Circus Maximus : which is a separate
matter. The discoveries in the Forum
Romanum are equally remarkable : three out

THE ROMAN EXPLORATION FUND.

205

of fotir of the usually-received sites are found
to be wrong. There is a good deal still to
be examined in other parts of Rome before
it is too late.

The Italian nation has made Archaeology a
department of the Government, with Signor
Fiorelli, from Pompeii, at the head of it The
Parliament usually votes at least ;^2,ooo a-
year for the excavations on and around the
Palatine, and has spent a large sum for a
drain to carry off the water fit>m the Colos-
seum. The Italian Parliament thus shows itself
in advance of that of England, which has re-
jected the moderate 6ill of Sir John Lubbock.

The beginning was made by us in seeking
for and finding. —

I. The remains of the Porta Capena, which
brought a great deal more to light inciden-
tally, and proved of far greater importance,
than was at first anticipated. The objects
found in the first excavation were parts of the
jambs of the gate, with the pavement of the
"Via Appia passing through it at the depth of
firom twenty to tlurty feet

II. The remains of the western tower of
the gate, with a portion of the 5p€cus or con-
duit of the earliest aqueduct, the Aqua Appia,
passing through the wall of the tower, with a
bed of three or four inches thick of the
peculiar cement used only for the aqueducts,
called by the old Romans opus signinum^ and
by the modem Italians coccio pesto.

Ill* This aqueduct was traced across the
valley from the cliff of the Cselian to that of
the Aventine, carried on arches built against
the southern side of an embankment or ram-
part, called by the old Romans an dr^^sr; this
was shown to be continued right across the
valley, by a series of seven pits excavated in
a line, each pit being from twenty to thirty
feet deep.

IV. This was also shown clearly to be one
of the short aggeres or ramparts of Servius
Tullius, by which the Seven Hills, each pre-
viously fortified, were connected into one city,
thus agreeing exactly with the old legendary
history. It also shows that there was an outer
wall to Rome in the time of Augustus,
because from the site of the Porta Capena
in the wall of Servius Tullius to the Porta
Appia in the outer wall is just a mile, and
all the objects mentioned in the authentic
Regionary Catalogue as being in Regio I.,

are situated within that limit on one side
or the other of that part of the Via Appia ;
the arch of Drusus is also just within the
Porta Appia.

V. Finding that these remains of the Porta
Capena in the inner wall of Servius Tullius
are just a mile unthin the outer wall in which
is the Porta Appia (now called di S. Sebasti-
anoX with the first Regio of Augustus be-
tween these two walls, is a den^onstration
that there was an outer wail to Rome at that
period, of ^hich indeed there are many re-
mains ; but this fact is generally denied by
^x^-scholars, who never can see the necessity
of using their own eyes, or those of some
one they can depend upon, to decide ques-
tions of this sort ; surely the walls themselves
are better evidence than anything which has
been written about them, or that can be
written about them.

These discoveries naturally excited a great
deal of attention in Rome, and the stir that
was made about them, partly with the object
of obtaining fimds, increased the excitement,
and caused considerable jealousy and some
rivalry. Four young Roman Princes (the
sons of Dukes are called Princes in Rome)
subscribed together to compete with us, as
they fiankly stated. Their excavation was
made on part of the great agger of Servius
Tullius, on the high table-land on the eastern
side of Rome, from which the Seven Hills
are only promontories in the valley of the
Tiber. They discovered a row of houses of
the first century of the Christian era, richly
decorated with painting ; these were on the
summit of the agger^ with outworks descend-
ing from them to the margin of the great foss.
This foss has since been excavated by Signor
Fiorelli, at the expense of the Italian
Government, in 1877-78, and has been found
to be 100 feet wide and 30 feet deep,
agreeing exactly with the words of Dionysius
from another of the old legends. Unfortu-
nately that portion of the great agger has
been entirely swept away by the railway
company, to make room for another line of
rails.

Simultaneously with this. Napoleon III.,
at the instigation of M. Viollet-lc-Duc,
ordered Signor Rosa to make his excavations
on the Palatine YiiW/or historical objects only^
in imitation of our example, and no longer

306

THE ROMAN EXPLORATION FUND.

in search of works of art for the Paris Mu-
seums, as he had done before. That part of
the Palatine Hill which the French have
piuxhased, which had been the gardens of
the Famese family, were about one-third of
the hill at its northern end, and happened to
include the exact site of Roma Quadrata.
When this property was sold by the French
to the Italian Government, it was with the
understanding that the excavations were to
be continued, and that Signor Rosa should
still be employed ; the latter was done for a
few years, but as the work carried on by the
Italian Government was not confined to the
Famese Gardens, which they had bought of
the French, but was general, and to a much
greater extent, they thought it necessary to
employ their own officers. These works are
still carried on upon a very large scale, and
with important results, but only confirming
more strongly in each succeeding year the
discoveries previously made by the English
explorers.

The enormous foss on the southern side of
that primitive city goes right across the hill
from east to west, on a scale still larger than
that of Servius Tullius ; Signor Rosa had no
idea of such an enormous trench being really
artificial, and called it a natural valley, or
inter-montium. It must be remembered that
this enormous foss was at least 200 years
earlier than that of Servius Tullius, and as a
general rule, the earlier such works are, the
greater is the scale on which they are made.
That it was a foss and not a natural valley is
evident from the existing remains, which
shew that it was filled up to the level in the
time of the Emperor Domitian, to enlarge
the surface on which to build his great palace ;
it was not filled up with earth, but by build-
ing rough concrete walls across it from north
to south, at about fifteen feet apart, with an
equally rough concrete vault to make a solid
foundation for the great palace to be built
above ; two of these rough walls cut through
the bath-chambers of Livia, of the time of
Augustus, one on the east side, the other on
the west, in a most reckless manner, being
evidently considered as mere foundations for
the superstructure. Near the west end of
this foss, and near the Circus Maximus, is a
house of massive stone walls of the time of
Sylla, two storeys high, still standing at the

bottom of the foss, and the top of the house
not quite level with the present surface of the
ground.

Near the east end of the foss, and not far
from the Arch of Titus, but against the
southern bank of the foss, is a clivus or slop-
ing road leading up to the gate of the dty^
which was on the southern side of the foss,
as distinct from the Citadel, also called Roma
Quadrata, and called by Augustus die Pra^
torium, which was on the north side of the
great foss. This sloping road has the usual
pavement for horses, fifteen feet wide, of the
time of the Republic, and it goes from the
bottom of the foss to the level of the ground.
Nearly opposite to this ciivus^ and near the
northern side of the foss, are remains of the
Basilica Jovis, belonging to the Palace of
Domitian and on the same level, that is, on
the present level of the ground; but the
foundations of this Basilica are the concrete
walls and \'aults similar to those which cut
through the bath-chambers of Livia. Be-
tween the Basilica Jovis and the Arch of Titus
are remains of the old gate, the only entrance
for horses to the Palatine fortress, and these
are on the level of the bottom of the foss.
No architect or builder could have attempted
to fill up a natural valley with cross walls.

At the same time, considerable works were
carried on in exploring the subterranean
chambers of the great Prison of the time of
the Kings, called the Mamertine Prison (from
a statue of Mars, called also Mamers) ;
these chambers are now cellars under houses,
and some of them had been largely filled up
with earth ; it was not without great difficulty
and expense that the doorways communicat-
ing from one chamber to another were per-
mitted to be opened.

A number of other explorations were also
made, in searching out the line of the subterra-
nean aqueducts; this line was afterwards
followed by the other aqueducts, each on a
higher level.

By all these works it will be seen that an
entirely new light has been thrown on the
authentic history of the city of Rome, and
that the excavations in search of the Porta
Capena were the pivot on which the whole
turned.

J. H. Parker, C.B.

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

207

(Betna an^ precioua Stonee*

By Edward J. Watherston, F.S.S.

In Two Parts.

PART I.

HE singular fascination attending
gems, or precious stones, and the
extraordinary high value set upon
them, is one of the most curious
fiicts in the history of mankind. It cannot
be rationally explained. In themselves the
so called precious stones are valueless, or
nearly so. Excepting the diamond, in the
glass-cutter's hands, and the ruby for the
purposes of wire-drawing, and the jewelling
of watches, they serve no earthly purpose of
usefulness; and yet they rank among the
lughest and most coveted of worldly posses-
sions. How came this to be ? The answer
is threefold. Originally, in the dawn of his-
tory, as far as our eye can see back into it,
gems were considered magical objects, or
** charms," protecting the wearer against all
sorts of mundane evils, including illness;
next, by a slight transition, denoting however
considerable progress, the gems were simply
believed to be medicinal agents, but unique
in their kind, and of inestimable value as
such ; and, finally, by a further transition,
leading up to our own days, the gems were,
by nearly universal consent, adopted as the
highest expression of accumulated riches.
There was something like an economical
necessity in this modem appreciation of gems.
With the advance of cpmmerce and industry,
and the attendant growth of wealth, men felt
the necessity of possessing, so to speak, con-
centrated expressions of earned or hereditary
riches. Gold and silver did not suffice. The
possessor of a million wants a big ship to
cany his treasure in the shape of gold, while
in the shape of diamonds and rubies he can
carry his million in the hollow of his own
hand, or hang it around the neck of his wife.

Gems as " Charms."

The belief in gems as being endowed with
the most marvellous powers, ridiculous as it
may seem to the modem mind, was in reality
a legitimate ofiRspring of what has been not

inappropriately called "natural" religion.
Looking around him, and above him, through
the universe, dim to his eyes, man first of all
perceived that while the mass of objects on
earth were the same occurring in masses,
there existed a few things that were very rare.
And among the rarest of rare things were the
precious stones. But they were not only
found in small quantities, and of the most
diminutive size compared with other things,
but they had peculiar forms, with a lustre of
their own resembling that of the stars. They
were unlike all other substances found under
and above the earth. It was quite logical
that they should be considered before all
things " precious," specially created by super-
natural powers, and endowed as such with
supernatural virtues. The belief, originating
probably in India, the cradle and first home
of all gems and precious stones, spread
rapidly through the ancient world, as re-
corded among others in many passages of the
Bible. Thus we are told, in the twenty-eighth
chapter of Exodus, that gems were an indis-
pensable adjunct in the attire of the High
Priest. " And thou shalt put in the breast-
plate of judgment the Urim and the Thum-
min ; and they shall be upon Aaron^s heart,
when he goeth in before the Lord : and Aaron
shall bear the judgment of the children of
Israel upon his heart before the Lord con-
tinually." It is probable that the "Urim"
and the " Thummin" were large diamonds,
although Epiphanius, the early Christian
bishop and learned historian, describes them
as of a sky colour, and they, therefore, may
have been sapphires, valued equal to dia-
monds in ancient times. According to
Epiphanius, the Urim and the Thummin in
the " breastplate of judgment" of Aaron were
endowed with special virtues, for " the change
in the colour of them, when he came out
from the sanctuary, manifested the favour or
anger of Jehovah."

Josephus, the famous Jewish writer, gover-
nor of Galilee not long after the death of
Jesus Christ, is still more explicit in regard
to the wonderful gems adoming the High
Priest. In his " Antiquities of the Jews"
Josephus says that the successors of Aaron
were ** armed" with twelve magical jewels.
" I mean that which was in the nature of a
button on his right shoulder, bright rays

2o8

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES,

darling out thence, and being seen even by
those who were remote, which splendour yet
was not natural in the stone. This has
appeared a wonderful thing to such as have
not too far indulged themselves in philosophy,
so as to feel contempt for divine revelation.
But I must speak ot what is still more won-
derful. God declared beforehand, by these
twelve stones which the High Priest bore on
his body, and which were inserted into his
breastplate, at what times the Jews should
be victorious in battle. For so great was
the splendour shining forth from the stones
at such times, when the army began to march,
that all the people became convinced at once
that they were fighting under the assistance of
God. Whence it came to pass that such
Greeks as had a respect and veneration for
our laws, possibly because they could not
disprove them, called the High Priest's
breastplate the * Oracle.' "

Not only the natives of India, the Egyp-
tians, the Jews, and other nations of ancient
history, had full faith in the occult power of
gems, but even the highly cultivated Greeks
believed in it. The Greek trust in the
wonder-working power of precious stones is
expressed in numerous works of their clas-
sical writers, and stands forth strikingly in an
" Ode on Gems," by the nation^ singer
Orpheus. In this poem, of about eight
hundred pages, a list is given of all
the precious stones known to the Greeks,
and the supernatural qualities ascribed
to each of tiiem. Orpheus calls gems
in general " the highest gift of Jove to
mortals," bestowed upon them as "a sure
remedy against all earthly woes." All pre-
cious stones, says Orpheus, are hidden by
the gods underground, "in mystic caves,"
and whosoever can discover them will be
rewarded by " endless blessings ;" to the
possessors "care and sorrow will be un-
known, as well as illness, and they will
always obtain victory in battle." Coming tQ
specify the virtues of each individual gem,
Orpheus advises that "if thou wearest a
piece of the agate stone on thy hand, the
immortal gods will ever be pleased with thee ;
and if the same be tied to the horns of thy
oxen when ploughing, or round the plough-
man's sturdy arm, wheat-crowned Ceres will
descend from heaven with full lap to throw

it upon thy furrows." Of the ruby Orpheus
says : — " From off the altars thou, like the
crystal [garnet or carbuncle] dost send forth
a flame without the aid of fire ;" and of the
topaz : " Adorned with it man may gain at
once the heart of every woman, and woman
the heart of every man." Happy Greeks !
The acquisition of a topaz must surely,
among them, have made the course of true
love to run for ever smooth.

The belief in precious stones as "charms,"
dating back to the most remote ages, is still
flickering at the present time. It exists yet
in parts of our Indian empire, and is said
to be notably strong in Persia. That august
visitor to our shores, the Shah, has, on good
authority, a number of gems in the possession
of which he puts the firmest faith, as a pro-
tection against all earthly ills and misfortunes.
Accidental circumstances perhaps helped to
strengthen this faith, for on one occasion the
bullet of a would-be assassin glanced ofl" firom
the casket of jewels which the " King of
Kings" wears alway on his breast It may
be that, on this account, the Shah of Persia
lias come to be the proprietor of the largest
collection of jewels in the world, the total
being valued at fi'om three to four millions
sterling.

Gems as Medicinal Agents.

The admiration of precious stones, as
being able to cure diseases of all kinds,
though of later date than the faith in the
jewels of the " breastplate of the High Priest,"
mentioned in Exodus, and the " highest gift
of heaven" according to Orpheus, was none
the less equally strong and lasting. But it
is notable that while the belief in gems as
"charms" evidently had its home in Asia,
the only producer of them for many centu-
ries, the faith in precious stones as medicinal
agents originated among the ancient Greeks.
This is made tolerably clear by the utter-
ances of most of the classical authors of
Greece, more particularly so by numerous
expressions in the before-cited poem of
Orpheus " On Gems." According to Greek
legends, the curative power of precious stones
was first discovered through their being found
in the head of serpents, or of " vipers." It
is thus, sings great Orpheus : —

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

209

For an the ills that out of earth arise,

The earth herself the antidote supplies,

She breeds the viper ; she, too, gives the sage

The very means to quell the viper^s rage.

All sorts of gems spring from her womb so wide.

Which ailing mortals with sure help provide.

For all the virtues potent herbs possess.

Gems in their kind have, nor in measure less.

Great is the force of herbs, but greater far.

The virtues that in stones inherent are.

For in the stone implanted mother earth.

Eternal force unfading from its birth.

Short-lived are herbs ; they quickly fade away.

And bat in life their potency bear sway ;

When past their prime they dry and withered lie.

And little help there is in things that die.

Herbs as the source of life and health we own.

But everlasting life exists in stone.

As numerous as the flowers spring from the ground.

So many gems are in earth's bosom found.

Orpheus enumerates twenty-seven gems as
cures, "for all the ills that out of earth arise,"
pladng at the head of the list the " crystal," .
probably the ruby, which he calls the " trans-
parent image of eternal light" and in the
second rank the *' Adamas," or diamond, so
named from its hardness, which gave rise to
the expression of *' adamantine chains." In
both the Greek and the Roman writers there
are endless references to the curative power
of precious stones. From many of die al-
lusions it appears that the dictates of fashion
here, as everywhere else, had much influence
over the prevailing belief in the virtue of
particular stones, now one and now another
being held up as specially efficacious for the
cure of certain diseases. Thus, while the
"Crystal" and the "Adaraas" stood for a
long time among the Greeks at the head of
medicinal agents, that position was afterwards
assumed by the ''Sardius,'* or the Oriental
camelian. " No other stone," records Pliny,
'^ was so great a favourite with the Greeks as
this, and the plays of Menander and of
Philemon abound in allusions to it" The
cause of this favouritism lay probably in the
^sunlity with which the camelian could be cut
by the engraver, the dull red, flesh-coloured
stone offering by itself no other attractions.
Such engraved stones, either in the form of
intaglios or of cameos, constitute to some
extent an epoch in the history of gems, as it
modified the original idea of stones being
possessed of inherent virtues. To this c!une
now to be added the conception that these
powers might be raised, or changed, by

pictures and inscriptions from the hand of
the engraver.

The current of ideas that led to the en-
graving on precious stones is very clearly
sketched out by Camillo Lionardo, an Italian
writer of the fifteenth century, himself a firm
believer in the power of "charms" and
"amulets." Taking up the argument that
the ancient Greeks and Romans, following in
the footsteps of the £g>'pUans and Persians,
were perfectly reasonable in attaching value
to engraved stones, Lionardo goes on to say :
" All things in Nature have a certain form,
and are subject to certain influences. So,
also, precious stones, being natural produc-
tions, have a prescribed form, and as such
are subject to the universal influence of the
planets. Hence, if these stones be engraved
by a skilful person, under some particular
influence, they receive a special virtue, as if
they had been endowed with additional power
through that engraving. And should it hap-
pen that the power intended by the engraving
be the same as that of the natural quality of
the stone, its particular virtue will be doubled,
and thereby its efficacy greatly augmented."

The ancient writers give us numerous
prescriptions as to the proper use and ap-
plication of engraved stones. It is not a
little curious to observe many of the rules
laid down as the employment of various
" charms." Thus, " a ram or a bearded
man's head [the god Ammon] engraved on
sapphire, will protect the wearer from all
infirmities, from poison and from oppression."
An engraved beryl, "with the dragon in
front, has power to evoke the water spirits
and force them to speak : and it will also
call up the dead of your acquaintance,
obliging them to answer your questions."
Another Greek writer lays it down that a
stone engraved with a design showing "a
man with a long face and beard, his eyebrows
raised, sitting behind a plough, and holding
up a fox and a vulture, with four men lying
upon his neck," will, "when placed under
your head while sleeping, make you dream
of treasures, and the right way of discovering
them." There were most remarkable virtues
in another kind of cut stone, representing
Hercules and Jove, " Man seated, and a
woman standing before him with her hair
hanging down loose on her back, the man

2IO

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

looking up to her : this cut on cornelian has
the virtue that whoever is touched therewith
shall be led to the owner's will immediately."
And, again, as related by Lionardo, " Man
with a wand in his hand, seated on an eagle,
engraved on hephaestitis [carbuncle], or
crystal, which stone must be set in a copper
ring : whosoever looks upon it on a Sunday,
before sunrise, shall have victory over all his
enemies, and if he looks upon it on a Thurs-
day, all men shall obey him willingly. But
he must be clothed in white, and abstain
from eating pigeon." Highly recommended
was another gem-engraving, upon " Chalce-
donius," so called from being met with in
copper mines near the city of Chalcedon.
We leam that " a goat engraved on chalce-
donius leads to amass wealth : keep this in
thy money-box, and thou art certain to get
rich." It is sad to record that the ancient
chalcedonius, frequently referred to by Pliny,
is no more found, the mines of Chalcedon
liaving become exhausted more than a
thousand years ago. The stone now going
by the name of chalcedony is an agathe-onyx,
closely allied to, and scarcely to be dis-
tinguished from the Hungarian opal.

The faith in engraved stones as constituting
"charms" and "amulets" flourishes, as is
well known, nearly as vigorously in the East
at the present day as it did in ancient Greece
and Rome, and is not extinct even in Europe.
There are few potentates in Asia or Africa
who have not around their neck, mostly
pressed against the heart, some gem to pro-
tect them against evil. The late King Francis
II. of Naples wore constantly a necklet made
up of engraved ** amulets," supposed to be
similar in virtue to the Greek stone with the
man on the eagle, which conferred " victory
over all enemies." To these " charms " his
Majesty trusted to the very last — until, it is
to be supposed. General Garibaldi had driven
him from home and throne. Throughout
Spain and Italy there exists, among the
lower classes, full faith in " amulets," espe-
cially in such as adorn the statues of the
Madonna and the favourite saints. In the
rest of Europe the belief met its death-stroke
in the advent of Protestantism. However, it
is related by Vaughan, Bishop of Chester,
that Queen Elizabeth cured, by touch,
scrofulous diseases "bv virtue of some

\ •

precious stones belonging to the crown of
England that possessed this miraculous gift."
This was evidently still the belief in Queen
Elizabeth's time, though it is more than
doubtful whether the strongly-minded Royal
lady shared it. What is not doubtful is
that she was strongly attached to precious
stones — as precious stones.

Gems as "Concentrated Wealth."

While, in former times, gems were valued
chiefly for objects which we now call super-
stitious, the modem view of them, that as
representatives of riches — the artistic aspect,
that of representation of beauty, being quite
a secondary one, since the shape of gems,
leaving alone their lustre, is very inferior to
that of gold and silver ornaments produced
by the jeweller's and goldsmith's art — neces-
sarily gave rise to a great change in the ap-
preciation of their value. Many of the gems
of the Grecian and Roman periods, which
were then thought most costly, are of little
value now ; while, on the other hand, some
more scarcely looked at in former times, are
now reckoned among the precious stones.
Strictly speaking, the term " precious " is now
generally reduced to about half-a-doren
among the gems, the remainder going by
the appellation of "half-pure," or "half-
precious." At the head of the precious
stones stand the diamond and the ruby — the
latter, under circumstances, more valuable
than the former. To some extent it may be
said that a certain market price, determined
by size, form, purity, and colour, attaches to
diamonds and rubies. This can scarcely be
said as regards other precious stones, and
still less of the long list of "half-precious" gems.

(To be continued.)

B Cbapter on £ayl^ Steam
Vlavigation*

STEAM-BOATS IN 1543.
From **El /nstruc/or," a Spanish PeriodicaL

|HE learned writer, Navarrete, in his
valuable Collection of the Dis-
coveries made by the Spaniards,
published within the last few years,
has shown by the most authentic testimonies

A CHAPTER ON EARLY STEAM NA VIGATION.

211

that the first experiment on record of im-
pelling vessels by the motive power of steam,
was made at Barcelona, in 1543, with all the
success which the inventor anticipated; a
period not less than eighty-five years before
Brancas published the idea in Italy; more
than a century before the Marquis of Wor-
cester, in England, applied the power of
steam to the purposes of labour ; and nearly
three hundred years before Fulton, com-
bining the advantages of all contemporary
engines, succeeded in producing an effective
steam-boat in the United States of North
America. However singular this may ap-
pear to some, it is completely authenticated
by various records in Spain, particularly in
those of Simancas, where the circumstances
are so fiilly detailed as to place the subject
beyond a doubt

In 15439 a mechanic of Marina, named
Blasco de Garay, offered to exhibit in the
presence of the Emperor Charles V., a ma-
chine by means of which a vessel might be
impelled without the assistance of sails or
oars. The proposition, in the first place,
appeared ridiculous; but the engineer re-
mained so convinced that the power of the
machine would be adequate to the production
of the effect announced, that he commenced
anew his representations to the government,
supplicating his Majesty to command the
execution of the project The Emperor, in
consequence, appointed a commission to
proceed to Barcelona to witness the experi-
ment, and to report upon the result The
engineer, Garay, secure now of making a
proof of his invention, prepared a merchant-
ship, called La Trinidad^ of 200 tons bur-
then (thus states the record), and the com-
missioners having arrived, the experiment
was made on the 17th June, 1543. Im-
mediately upon a given signal, the vessel
was put in motion; proceeding forward, it
turned firom one side to the other, according
to the will of the steersman, and finally
returned to the place whence it started,
without the assistance of sails, oars, or any
visible machinery, except an immense
cauldron of boiling water, a complicated
number of wheels within, and paddles gyrat-
ing without

The multitude assembled on the sea-shore
remained filled with admiration at the sight of

this prodigy, the port of Barcelona resounded
with applauses, and the commissioners,
who witnessed the performance with the
greatest enthusiasm, related to the Em-
peror that Garay had accomplished with his
machine as much as he had undertaken to
do. But the head of the commission, Ravago,
who was then chief-treasurer of the kingdom,
either through ignorance, or some other of
those unseen causes which influence the con-
duct of statesmen, showed himself but littie
favourable either to the inventor or the ma-
chine. After confessing the success of the
experiment, and expressing his approbation
of the ingenuity of Garay, he endeavoured
to persuade the Emperor that the invention
would be of little or no utility ; that its com-
plicated construction would require constant
repairs attended with immense expense ; that
the vessel would not proceed at the rate of
more than a league an hour, and much more
slowly when freighted ; and, finally, that the
boiler, unable to resist the force of the steam
for any extended period, would frequently
burst, and become productive of the most
dreadful accidents. Such was the substance
of the opinion given by this covetous or in-
vidious minister.

Though Charles V. remained persuaded
by the representations of his treasurer, he
was not insensible to the merits of the in-
ventor, whom he promoted to the rank of an
officer, and in addition to the expenses of
the experiment, presented him with a reward
of 200,000 maravedis from the royal treasury,
equivalent to 66,000 " reales de Vellon," a
very considerable sum at that period ; and
the munificence of which proves that the
invention of Garay equalled, if it did not
surpass, the most extraordinary productions
of that era. The military expeditions planned
by the Emperor at that time, when the pro-
fession of arms constituted the glory of Spain
and the honoiu* of the Spaniards, rendered
the occasion ill-adapted for the introduction
into Europe of the advantages of steam navi-
gation ; and the honour which ancient Barce-
lona might have acquired by this noble
discovery would not have been disputed at
the present moment by a people of North
America who, at the period alluded to, were
far from being in existence.

It being established, then, ns an incon-

212

A CHAPTER ON EARL Y STEAM NA VIGATION.

trovertible fact that, in the sixteenth century,
a vessel was navigated and propelled by
means of steam power, and with an appa-
ratus similar to the modem plan, the follow-
ing question arises : Does the honour of this
invention belong or not to the Americans^
Fitch, who attempted, or Fulton, who suc-
ceeded in, the happy application of steam to
the impelling of vessels? Our opinion is,
decidedly, that Fulton deserves the entire
honour of the invention and execution, al-
though the machine had been invented and
proved more than two centuries and a half
before. The paradox contained in this
answer will entirely vanish if we assent to
the undeniable principle, that a man who
produced a scientific mvention in the six-
teenth century would have done so with
much greater facilities in the eighteenth.
That either Fitch or Fulton possessed any
previous information about the invention of
Garay is entirely improbable. The false
policy, or apathetic disposition of the ancient
Spanish cabinet in not presenting to the
public the important records contained in
the archives of Simancas during four cen-
turies, depriving the Peninsula of con-
siderable glory, and Europe of much
information, opposed an insurmountable bar-
rier, not only to the curiosity of Fulton, but
also to the researches of more exalted genius.
Many of the monks, it is true, had access to
this depository ; but none of these possessed
any interest m sounding the mine; and if
any one had attempted it, the government
would not have permitted the undertaking,
as this depository has always been viewed
as a kind of inalienable property. But had
Fulton obtained access, or received informa-
tion, it would not have extended beyond the
knowledge of the fact, that a vessel had been
navigated or impelled by power of steam
with wheels and paddles, an idea easily dis-
covered, but with difficulty applied to the
combination of the powers necessary to pro-
duce ^e effect. The misfortune of there not
existing in Spain, at that time, periodicals
and publications of general information oc-
casioned the extinction of this noble invention
with the last breath of its author. Finally,
if Spain possessed the glory of inventing
steam-navigation, she has also the misfortune of
having lost it ; and modem engineers being

free from all obligation to the Spaniard,
Garay, there exists no reason for our with-
holding the praise due to the American,
Fulton, who has succeeded in producing his
invention in times more congenial, and with
results so magnificent as to justify the pride,
and augment the wealth of the United States
and many nations of Europe.

v^. ,NS-r.>

ZTbe public liecorbs*

|HE recently-issued " Annual Report
of the Deputy Keeper of the Public
Records," shows that during the
year 1879 five volumes of " Calen-
dars of State Papers" were published, bring-
ing the total number of these calendars up to
105. Nine volumes of the series of " Chro-
nicles and Memorials" were also issued,
making a total of 160 volumes already pub-
lished. Of the former series 11,424 volumes
have been sold up to the present, and
39,941 of the latter. The new "Calendars"
included : — (i.) Mrs. Green's Calendar of
Domestic State Papers during the Common-
wealth, extending from July, 1653, to
Febmary, 1654; the papers relating to the
period of the Convention Parliament, its
resignation, and the assumption of power by
Cromwell as Lord Protector. (a.) Mr.
Redington's second volume of "Home
Office Papers," extending from 1766 to 1769,
contained among its principal subjects — The
Correspondence with the Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland ; The Stmggles for American In-
dependence ; Riots in Jersey, and Troubles
in the Isle of Man ; Riots in London
in connection with Wilkes' Trial ; and
other Riots in Kent, Newcastle, and
Oxfordshire. (3.) The fourth volume of
"Treasury Papers," by the same editor, begin-
ing in 1 708, to the end of the reign of Queen
Anne, contained notices of Addison, William
Paterson, William Penn, Lord Ranelagh,
the Colonies, Marquis of Guiscard, die
Russian Ambassador, Medical Science, &c.
(4.) Mr. Sweetman's third volume of Docu-
ments relating to Ireland, between 1285 and
1292, referred, among other matters, to
Edward 1. and Alienor, the Queen Consort ;

THE PUBUC RECORDS,

213

Appointments, Free Wirrens, The Holy
Land, Liberties and Franchises, Mines,
Monasteries, Mercenaries serving in Ireland,
&C. (5.) The first part of the fourth volume
of the " Calendar of Letters and Despatches
relating to the Negotiations between England
and Spain," preserved in the archives at
Simancas and elsewhere, under the editor-
ship of Don Pascual de Gayangos. The
introduction contains biographical notices of
the following diplomatists : — Chapuys, Bon-
valot, Santa Croce, Mai, Loaysa, Garay,
Ortiz, Soria, Figueroa, Caracciolo, Nifio,
Perrenot, and Covos.

The volumes of " Chronicles" were : —

(i.) "Year Books of the Reign of Edward
the First." Years 33-35.

(a.) " Henrici de Bracton de Legibus et
Consuetudinibus Angliae. Libri quinque in
varios tractatus distincti," vol. ii.-

(3.) "The Historians of the Church of
Yoril:, and its Archbishops," vol. i.

(4.) " ITie Register of Malmesbury Abbey,"
voL 1.

(5.) "The History of the EngUsh," by
Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, from
A.C. 55 to A.D. 1 154, in eight books.

(6.) " Materials for the History of Thomas
Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury," vol. iv.

(7.) " Historical Works of Gervase of Can-
tdbuiy," vol i. The chronicle of the reigns
of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., by
Gervase, the Monk of Canterbury.

(8.) " Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden,"
with Trevisa's translation, vol. vii.

(9.) " Recueil des Croniques et anchiennes
Istories de la Grant Bretaigne, a present
nomme Engleterre, par Jehan de Waurin,"
voL iiL, 1 422-143 1.

Mr. Rawdon Brown continues his labours
at Venice, and has transmitted ten more
volumes of transcripts of important docu-
moits in the archives of Venice relating to
British History. Mr. W. H. Bliss has gone
on with his researches in the libraries and
secret archives of Rome, his summary report
being included in the " Report" before us. M.
Armand Baschet, also, is still engaged in the
public libraries of Paris, and a lai^e box of
transcripts was received from him at the end
of 1879. It is pleasing to note this assiduous
collecting of historical materials from all
accessible sources, which will ultimately

form a corpus historicum as complete as
possible.

Mr. W. B. Sanders, Assistant-Keeper of the
Records, who is stationed at Southampton for
the purpose of superintending the fac-similes
of national manuscripts produced by process
of photozincography, furnishes an interesting
report of his year's work. During this period
he has been in correspondence with various
individuals and corporate bodies, with a view
to ascertain the number of Anglo-Saxon
Charters still extant. The result of lus inquiry
" goes to indicate that only two cathedrals
are known now to possess any in addition to
those of Canterbury, Westminster, Exeter,
and Wells, and that the number of private
collections in the same category is limited to
very few." Winchester has two : one of King
iEthelwolf, A.D. 854, the other of Eadwig,
A.D. 957 ; but Worcester has only one, of Offa
of Mercia, a.d. 770. The Salt Library at
Stafiford contains one of ^thelstan, a.d.
937, and the Taunton Museum one, ascribed
to Ini of Wessex, a.d. 70a or 706. Win-
chester College has four fine charters dated,
respectively, a.d. 900, a.d. 924-41, a.d. 940,
and A.D. 10 18. At Longleat there is one of
Baldred of Mercia, a.d. 681, and one of
Eadred, a.d. 955. At Melbury, the Earl of
Ilchester has five, of the following periods : —
A.D. 965, A.D. 1024, A.D. 1044, an undated
one of &e Guild of Orcy or Urk, the founder
of the monastery of Abbotsbury, and a
similarly undated grant by Tole, his widow.

Whilst examining the records of the
Catliedral of Winchester, Mr. Sanders was
fortunate enough to discover ** the original
grant, abounding in curious information, of
the great fair of St Giles, at that time one of
the most important in Europe, to the Bishops
of Winchester by Edward HI." An un-
known contemporaneous copy of Nicholas
Trivet was also unearthed ; and at Southamp-
ton Mr. Sanders came upon a copy of the
"Laws of Oleron," variously ascribed to
Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and to her son
Richard "Coeur de Lion." Mr. Sanders'
remarks on the disappearance of many
invaluable charters are worthy of reproduc-
tion ; he writes : —

It Is unfortunate that in the course of years — in
some cases very few in number— the Anglo-Saxon
charters once possessed by various cathedrals have dis-
appeared. Worcester, at one time very rich in them,

214

THE PUBUC RECORDS.

possesses now but one, and that imperfect and only
recently restored to the Chapter House. Eleven fine
charters, printed by Thorpe, from the originals at
Rochester, are no longer to be found there. Others,
which, so recently as the period of the publication of
the Codex, are there referred to as being then in
existence in different cathedral collections, are gone ;
and one instance has come to my knowledge of a re-
markable charter having disappeared within a much
shorter time ; while another, of great interest from
the locality to which it refers, belonc[ing to the same
repository, is also absent Of the nine charters
quoted by Wanley as belonging then to Wells, none
remain ; and that which is now there is not one of
those, and has nothing to do with either the diocese
or the county.

Thus it would seem that our earliest and
most precious charters are as little cared for
as many of our old parish registers ; their
custodians (?) are apparently anxious that
the inevitable theory of the " survival of the
fittest" should receive, if possible, further
illustration in quite a new field, however de-
trimental this might prove to historical
research.

The printing of a new edition of the
black-letter Prayer-Book of 1636, was com-
pleted in August, 1879.

Mr. A. C. Ewald's valuable "Calendar
of the Norman Rolls" occupies nearly 150
pages of the Appendix. The rolls now
calendared continue the series published
by Sir Thomas Hardy in his "Rotuli
Normanniae." Hitherto, Carte's selected
entries were the only ones known to the
searcher, but in the present " Calendar" the
entire contents of every roll are set out. The
entries on these rolls are of a very varied
description, furnishing as they do the details
of the royal Acts in connection with the con-
quest of Normandy by Henry V. Those
who submitted to the conqueror remained
unmolested on their estates, and obtained
new grants or confirmations of the same.
The Norman knights and gentry who, on
the other hand, refused to do homage to
Henry, had their estates confiscated, and the
parcelling out of the lands of these rebels
occupies a considerable portion of the
** Calendar." Grants of office are very
numerous, prominent among these being
the Ushers and Serjeants of the Pleas of the
Sword {piacita spada)^ the verderers, and
sergmts dangereux (officials appointed to
coUect the money payment made by forest

tenants for leave to plough and sow in time
of pannage), the water bailiffs, and the de-
stroyers of wolves. As might be expected,
these rolls abound with information respect-
ing the religious houses and their possessions.
Mr. Ewald furnishes a full list of the most
important houses to which reference is made,
as also a most useful one of the ancient
names of the towns and districts placed in
juxtaposition with their modem equivalents.
We cannot do better than to give our readers
a few examples taken at random from this
well-digested " Calendar" : —

May T, Licence to the prior and monks of the
6 Hen. V. Convent of Jesus of Bethlehem at Shene
to take from the quarries around Caen such stone as
may he necessary to construct a church, cloister, and
cells for the said monastery.

March 99, Grant to Edward, Earl of Morteigne, in
6 Hen. V.' tail male of the Castle and Barony of
Bayeux. Hommet, and of the possessions of William
de Mountenay, Knight, by the service of providing
the King with a cup whenever he and his heirs shaU
enter Falaise, and of bearing before him every Feast
of S. Geoige a sheathed sword during mass.

May 3. -^ proclamation to the effect that the

6 Hen. V. quarries yielding white stone in Vaucheulles

Caen. and Callix and their neighbourhood belong

onlv to the King, and are to 1^ worked for the

building and repairing of the churches, houses and

fortresses of the King in England and Normandy.

July i-x. Safe conduct for John Deboriquelont
6 Hen. V. coming in quest of the horses of William
de Sandonville and Raullin Normant.

April 36, Mandate to William Benart to obtain
6 Hen. V. workmen and carts for the laying out of the
King's garden in the Castle of Caen.

Nov. 10, Commission to Geoffrey Fitzhugh, Walter
6Hen.V. Sandes, William Hodeleston, and the
Vicomte of Falaise, to punish all brigands now im-
prisoned or who shall be imprisoned in the Castle of
Falaise, according to the laws of the Duchy of
Normandy and the regulations laid down for the
discipline of the army.

Feb. 36, Appointment of John des Haies as
6 Hen. V. keeper of the conies of the chAtellerie of
Arques.

May 33, Appointment of Walter Smyth as keeper
6 Hen. V. of the King's salt-gamer at Caen.

June? Mandate to John Radeclyf, bailiff of
6 Hen. V. Evreux, to destroy all castles within his
Neutbourg. district, which he is unable conveniently to
keep for the King's use.

May 17, Grant to Thomas Pol, Serjeant of Caen,
6 Hen. V. of a tax on certain goods for a year, to
assist him in keeping the streets of Caen clean and in
good order.

April 38; Grant to Hugh Spenser of the dungeon
7Hen.\. of Fecamp "quod ruinosum et desertum
existit," together witn the arms thereto appertaining.

THE PUBLIC RECORDS,

^»5

Notewortiiy in the grants included in this
Calendar is the variety of the Petit Seijeanty
services; thus, we have swords, pole-axes,
lances^ daggers, bows, sheaves of barbed
arrows, cross-bows, belts for coats of mail,
gilt spurs, plated gauntlets, gilt shields, coats
of inail of pure iron chain, and basinets,
among the articles to be yearly rendered to
the long by the various grantees. Others
provided banners with the arms of St George,
nosega3rs c^red roses, chaplets of maijeroms,
pNOunds of pepper, garters, fleurs-de-lys, gold
rings, sparrow-hawks, or horns, and Walter
Hungeiford, Steward of the Household, held
his Casde and Barony of Hommet by homage
and rendering yearly to the King a lance with
the brush of a fox hanging therefrom. At
p. 798, under date September 12 (7 Hen. V.),
we notice an entry, which closely resembles
an early " briefi" to wit, a " safe conduct for
the four persons selected to travel in quest
of relief for the town of Gisors."

Space ¥dll not permit us to do more than
to mention the voluminous Calendar of the
Exchequer. Depositions by Commission, em-
bracing the reigns of William and Mary,
Anne, and George I., prepared under the
superintendence of Mr, J. J. Bond. We
would only suggest that this new information,
collected so laboriously, should at least be
made somewhat more consultable by the
addition of an Index of Places. Without
such a referential aid, the searcher would be
a bold one who would care to attack these
670 pages of small letter-press. In conclu-
sion, we must not omit to notice the contents
of the second appendix ; Mr. Bird has here
provided us with what may be not inappro-
priately considered as an official guide to the
various records now deposited in the Public
Record Office. This list of Calendars, In-
dexes, &c, arranged in alphabetical order,
whilst dealing with an alarming variety of
volumes, presents us at least with a practical
" Key to the Records," and will prove of
no inconsiderable value to those who have
any experience in these matters. A glance
at this list will at once supply the inquirer
with the nature of the referential aid pro-
vided for any class of record he may have
occasion to consult.

(%«^'>

'Kc9icw&

IVoL Br Oeaertl Plantageskt Habjuscuc
IlhuDated wirh 5S Vie«rs &z)d 174 Pedigrees.
600 pp^ luge fobOk. iStq. (Loodoa joi Ayies*
bu2T : printed br H>«]1. Waxsod. aad Viaer,)

lENERAL HARRISON aumsio haT«ex-

hith«fto almost unreakl and unpablisbed
Roils peftjuniog to the ^'^jurvHis coaxt» and
offices whkh hare exited since the Cost-

2nest,and now collectod together in Uie IHibiic Record
)fficc.

Putting aside "Domesday Book/* which standsalone
among our nublic muniments, the pnncipal classes of
these recoras continue in almost unhiviken lines from
the reign of Henrv II. down to the i^ieaent time« but
are still almost unKno^ft-n except to a few anient and
painstaking antiquaries. Foremost among such records
productive of information for the county historian
stand the Pipe Rolls, Test of Fines and the bulky De
B^co Rolls.

General Harrison has most laboriously traced not
only the original landowners, but their descendants,
and in many cases has connected them with ** Domes-
day Book'* m elaborate pedigrees — 173 in number —
which must be of great value to those more immetiiately
concerned, and to the legal profession at large, as
well as to others interested in the history of England.
The author's sketch of the history of Great Britain
commences with a far earlier date than that whidi
generallv obtains — viz., with the mythical period of
*• Eric, King of the Goths — who is stated to have
lived in the time of ** Serriq," the great-grandfather
of Abraham, or about 160 years after Noah! — whose
colonies extended to these islands, and remained inde-
pendent until subdued by the Romans, who held the
land for upwards of 400 years, when the ** Picts" and
'* Scots" took possession, being in their turn driven
out by the "Angles,'' under Hcngist and Horsa,
about A.D. 449, whilst another branch from Hanover
in A.D. 495, under *' Cerdic,"camc over and founded
the kingdom of Kent about the l>eginning of the
seventh century. The Scandinavians, speaking the
same language, conquered the North of England, and
in A.D. 794 King Lodhrok, of Denmark, made an
ineffectual attempt to do so, but his sons, subsequently
landing at Hull, were more successful, and Toor was
proclaimed King of Northumberland, which soon
became almost entirely Danish. In the early part of
the eleventh century that kingdom was broken up
and divided into Yorkshire, Lancashire, Durham,
Cumberland and Northumberland.. Harold. King of
Denmark, then invaded England and was defeated by
King Alfred ; but the Danish kings continued to
prosecute their claim, and ** Swe3m,* the great-(;rand-
son of Harold, conquered the country and was pro-
claimed king in A.n. 1014. He was succcedc I by
his son, "Canute the Great ; "and subseouentlv William
the Conqueror, claiming as his desccnoant, fought the
battle of Hastings in 1066, and founded a dynasty
lasting until the c&ath of Henry VI.

reviews:

ai7

General Harrison informs us that the city of York
has been truly an "imperial" city, having been
sometittie the residence of the Roman emperors.
Severus died there in A.D. 205 ; also Constantine
in A.D. 306; his son, ''Constantine the Great/'
was not only bom but first proclaimed emperor
there, and York was also the birthplace of
"Maximilian,'' who became emperor in 301. The
hamlet of Hurst is supposed to have been one of the
Roman penal settlements 1,500 years ago. A piece of
lead, bearing the stamp "Adrian," is now in the
British Museum ; and at Greta may also be seen the
remains of a Roman camp well defined, where a
number of coins and an altar were dug up. That part
of the North Riding of the county of York now called
Richmondshire, constituted the northern fee of the
Earls of Mercia, of whom "Leofric," living in the
time of King Ethelbald, was the first recorded ; and
Richmond soon took the position of Gilling, previously
a place of considerable importance, though now but a
small villaee. The first Earl of Richmond was
" Alan,*' who commanded the rear of the Norman
army at the battle of Hastings. There were no less
than 243 manors in various parts of England held
under the honor and castle of Richmond. The great
tower of this castle still exists, and some curious
frescoes of the eleventh century were discovered on
the walls of the adjacent abbey church of Easby. The
churches of Grinton, Wycliff and St. John's, Stan-
wick, dating before the Conquest, and Kirby Ravens-
worth Church, with a high tower built iu 1350 ;
Hartworth Hall, the seat of Christopher Craddock,-
Esq. ; Aske Hall, of the Earl of Zetland ; and Led-
bnrv Hall, of Geoige Gilpin Brown, Es(h ; Stanwick
Hall, built by the Smithsons, of which Earl Percy is
the present occupant ; and near it the curious old East
Leyton Hall (now a public-house), the west front of
which was modernized in the reign of Charles I. ; as
also GyrUngton Hall, are eood examples of the illus-
trations, fifty-eight in number, principally firom photo-
graphs.

Americans will be interested in reading that the
small village of Washton (formerly Washington) gave
the name ta the family of Washington, and that from
it came the first President of the United States, whose
pedigree, witK those of several members of that family,
is portraved at considerable length.

The chronicles transcribed refer to many Yorkshire
families now widely dispersed, and who have become
landless and unknown, but whose pedigrees are here
traced, and thus form an interesting record of the history
of the past.

Our author provides a table of dynasties to the
present time, showing how each sovereign obtained his
rieht to the throne, and amongst others the pedigree
of the genuine Princes of Wales, from Cadwallader
(A.D. 686) down to Ralph Neville, third Eari of West-
moreland ; as also the pedigrees of Queen Philippa,
wife of Edward III., from Charlemagne \pb, A.D.
814) ; of the House of Este from a.d. S?o ; that of
the illustrious House of Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha from
A.D. 807 ; while that of the Prince and Princess of
Wales is traced from the Danish kings in A.D. 1448.
These pedigrees, and many others scarcely less in-
teresting, enhance the value of the work to the
antiquary ; and containing, as it does, 600 large folio
VOL. II.

pages, the work forms undoubtedly an important
history, without which no public or reference library
will henceforth be complete.

The Past in tht Present, By ARTHUR MITCHELL,
M.D., LL.D., &c (Edinburgh: Douglas. i88a)
One of the most interesting and most useful lights
in which archaeology can be studied is by comparing
its field with the present era, and drawing pomts of
parallelism or of contrast, as the case may be, between
that which was in early ages, and that which we now
see and experience around us. And this is precisely
what Dr. Mitchell has done in the goodly volume
before us, which is made up from certain lectures on
archaeological subjects delivered before the Ro3ral
Scottish Academy in 1876-78. Dr. Mitchell brings
before us the commonest articles of every-day life m
Scotland, the spindle and the whorl, the querns, the
rude pottery, the craggans, the scjrthes, the one-stilted
ploughs, the brooches, the tinder-boxes, clock- weights,
&c., and shows that all of these existed in ruder
t]rpes, but still the same in principle, in the earliest
agies known to history. In the latter part of his work
he elaborates his theory of civilization, which he regards
as an unconscious effort on the part of man in society
to defeat the law of natural selection. But this is too
abstract a question for us to enter into here. His
third lecture, in which he gives an account of the
inhabitants of ** beehive" houses in the isles of
Harris and Lewis, and of caves in the difib in
Caithness-shire, will remind the traveller who has been
in the far south-west, of the hut dwellings of the
former inhabitants of Com\i'all. The sixth lecturet
also, which deals mainly with old superstitions of the
Highlands, b one of ^at interest to the general
reader. The work is illustrated throughout with a
copious supply of woodcuts, very caraiilly drawn
and executed. The place of an index is supplied by
an analytical table of contents, which goes into sufficient
detail to form a tolerably adequate substitute for that
most necessary complement to a book of more than
mere ephemeral value.

The Village of Palaces ; or, Chronicles of Chelsea, By
the Rev. A. G. L' Estrange. 2 vols. (Hurst &
Blackett).

In these two vdlumes the author of " From the
Thames to the Tamar" has brought together, in an
agreeable and chatty style, a large quantity of
amusing and entertaining matter, concerning that
pleasant suburb of London which abuts upon the
lliames westward of Pimlico. The author has, of
course, much to say about Sir Thomas More, who,
as he maintains, laid the foundation of Chelsea's
prosperity. ** If he were not the first London mag-
nate who built a mansion there," he writes, *'ne
certainly was the first who drew attention to the
advantages of the place." Katharine Parr and the
Princess Elizabeth at home at Chelsea Palace afford
material for a very entertaining chapter ; as also do
the doings of the Duchess of Mazann and St. Evre-
mond, of Addison and Walpole, Sir Hans Sloane,
Smollett, and other well-known characters of the
past and present time ; whilst Don Saltero's museum

2l8

REVIEWS.

of curiosities, the rise and decline of Ranelagh and
Cremome Gardens, and of the Old Chelsea Bun-
House, are fully dealt with.

One Gcfieration of a Norfolk House^ by the Rev.
Augustus Jessopp, D.D. (Bums and Oates), is
modestly styled by its author **a contribution to
Elizabethan history." But we can assure our readers
that it is a most valuable contribution, and one which
does great credit to him as a biographer. The family
whose history it records is that of the Walpoles, who
adhered to the ancient faith during the first century or
two after the Reformation, and suffered in purse and in
person accordingly. The life of Henry Walpole, the
Jesuit Father, is told in a tone of genial sympathy and
admiration which was, and is, scarcely to be expected
from a minister of a rival communion, and a somewhat
High Church Anglican besides. TTie part of the
work which will, perhaps, be the most interesting to
the general reader, will be that which deals with the
Walpoles of Houghton, one of whom was the great
Sir Robert Walpole ; but if any student of English
history really wishes to acquaint himself with the
actual condition of the Roman Catholic body under
the penal laws passed against them by the Tudors,
we know of no oook which can be compared with
that whose title we give above. The lxx>k is well
printed, well "got up," and well indexed.

Another book of the same character is A Cavalier* s
Note-Book (Longmans), taken from authentic records
kept at Crosby Hall, near Liverpool, by the Blun-
dell's, an ancient and loyal family, who, from generation
to generation^ have proved themselves loyal to their
hereditary faith and an hereditary monarchy. It com-
prises a variety of notes, anecdotes, and observations,
oy Captain William Blundell, of Crosby, a captain in
the Royalist army of 1642. This work, also, though
illustrating the career of a Roman Catholic country

;;entleman, is edited by the Rev. T. E. Gibson
author of ** Lydiate Hall"), who prefixes to it an
mtroductory chapter. The book is full of the most
curious traits of loc^l and national customs, folk-lore,
biography, anecdotes of royal and distinguished per-
sonages. Many of the latter are droll and new.
Here, for instance, is one : — ** The Duke of Bucking-
ham being asked by my Lady Castlemaine what
religion he was of, answered that he had not faith
enough to be a Presbyterian, nor works enough to be
a Papist, and therefore he was content to be an honest
old Protestant, without faith or good works." On
such subjects as Sir William Petty and the relief of
the poor, sacrilege and its conseauences, ladies' dress
and its cost, dragons, duels, trade, stage plays, trees
and planting, cookery, pedigrees, house-building,
hunting, the coinage, wme, classical translations,
reading, minerals, Sundays and •* Sabbaths," navi-
gation, foreijgn travel, &c., the volume is a treasury
of information, though put together in a most hap-
hazard and informal manner.

The History of Guiseley^ Yorkshire^ by the late
P. Slater, of Yeadon, Member of the Surtees Society
(Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1880), is one of those
works of local topography which seem just now to be

springing up on every side, the result, doubtless,
though remote, perhaps, of Uie numerous antiquarian
societies which are at work in almost every county.
Mr. Slater's handsome c^uarto volume is put together
with great care, and his mtroductory chapters on the
juitiquities of the district of which he treats are
written in a spirit which shows that his work has
been a pleasant task. His illustrations, drawn on
stone, are elaborate and minute, almost to a fault ;
the genealogical portion of the volume is most satis-
factorily treated. The book is printed on handsome
paper, with rough edges, whicn might pass for an
mutation of our own.

The Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the GaedhUl,
by the late Mr. R. R. Brash (G. Bell & Sons), forma
most interesting and elaborate quarto volume. These
monuments are among the most singular remains of
a byTOne people and religion, and are found most
abundantly in the Irish provinces of Munster and
Leinster, and also in South Wales and on the eastern
coast of Scotland, a localization which shows that
they were the work of maritime settlers, not the out-
come of a native civilization. It is one of the most
learned works which have proceeded of late years
from Ireland, and we regret to add that its author has
not been spared to see the appearance of the work
with which his name will always be identified. The
illustrations are numerous and admirable of their
kind, but being cut on stone, not on wood, they are
not capable of t^ing transferred to our columns. The
index, the tables of contents, the lists of plates, of ab-
breviations, and of works to which reference is made,
are formidable on account of their Alness and com-
pleteness, and we sincerely hope that the work may
command an adequate and remunerative sale, for le^
than that would be less than its deserts.

Architectural and Historical Notices of the Churches
of Cambridgeshire, by A. G. Hill, B.A. (W. Clowes
and Sons), will be found to contain detailed and
trustworthy accounts of very many of the finest
churches within a circuit of twenty or five-and- twenty
miles round Cambridge. These have evidently been
put together by a gentleman who has made Gothic
architecture a special study, and regards this self-
imposed task as a genuine "labour of love." The
book is not illustrated ; but the minute character of
Mr. Hill's descriptions renders the aid of photographs
or woodcuts almost superfluous. Among the finest of
the churches, here recorded are those of Caxton,
Chesterton, Shelford, Willingham, Fulboume, Fen
Ditton, Bourne, and Grantchester.

The Derbyshire Gatherer^ by W. Andrews (Bates
and Co., Buxton), is one of a class of books which
we should gladly see multiplied by the production of a
"Gatherer** for every county in the three kingdoms.
Its contents are not history, but they are the materials
on which the Macaulays of the future must work, and
out of which, as " gleaners after time," they will have
to construct the history of our country and its people.
Derbyshire, as a county, is eminently rich m such
materials; and the varied treasures of information to
be found in Chatsworth, Haddon, Eyam, Chesterfield,
Bakewell, Belper, and the Peak district, can scarcely
be equalled by those of any other county, except,
perhaps, Yorkshire. The book will be a special

319

of Bntkinariaii

BaTLET AXTlQCAJtlAX SomETT. — Ab^. 14. — ^Mr.
Midna SIk mi, .Vlce-'Pif m le iit, in tiic Chanr. Mr.
W. C Dy«m» F.H.Su, lod & Pi^xr on '* Hovkr,
its Hisbxysod Aiwm ktf l utts '* in 'v!ikiL he gzwe aa
iBlamMg a cmCTr of the descent of cbe B&oiar ~
the Biduie of the fanzteesdi ccBtaxy, aad also

mental m the boildxag of the greater pozt of the HalL
Some CQOTcrsatian took place respecting the aati-
of andcnt stones at Howlej, named hj Mr.
as Sozon, one of viuch is daased bij Dr.

of X^iwsbcDTj.

CliFTow Shakzspca&e Socamr. — Oct. 2. —
Mr. NdsoQ C Dofason, FJLCS., the letcring Presi-
dent, defifcred an address on " Shakespeare's refer-
to the Heali^ Art." After mrnfi i aiing, and
Bpon, Soakespeaze's aTTTrsinns to physi-
smgeonsy and apothecmes Mr. Dobson refiefred
to Shakespeare's ksoiwledge of dbe actkn of dzngs» and
Ao to his fanilianty with many physical disocdexs,
and dien pointed out that ahhoagh the acquaintance

to make us wonder at his aminmmt s, yet
his transcendent knowledge of medical psychology was
so perfect and so intinofie that it has astoimded the ex-
perts and KXcLilists in nsanxty of modem tiiTies> In
this pnticBjar <{aestian, as in many ocheis, it requires

ammmr of special knowledge, added to ckise
caiffiil reading to disooter die real tieasues of
Shakr^prni e. BCr. Dobson considered that mmatncal
conditiuns of the mind most ha.Te been s ufuuite
ttndj with Shakespeare, who mnst lure had at that
time (owing to the noo-exrstence of asyhuns) ample
opportnnitj far <fifigent obsemtion of dse insane.
with die cxoepCian, pcAapSy of kyve aad "ambrtiony
Slut cspeare had written most on mentul aberration^*
and on no other sobject had he written with soch
mi^ity power. After aSnding to the mental condxtian
of Lear, and to many mstances of imrked
ofiMntalocgpttiatiai
Mr. Dofason dwek at

of Haalety who, apon a condition of
finom which he natBcally safiered^ grafts 2
— itniiii In die definration of the sobtle
distinctions between these — the real aad the isviiiiffi
— Shakespeaie show his infTinalr knofwledgeof the

wo tkii^ of the hmnan mind. — Dr. J. £. Shaw
was elected President far die session. The plays
far leading and a iti c ibm are Rama end JmUgty
Rickcrd 11.^ ATn^ JoJul, Mrrckamt ^f Vmiuj
I Hmrr IV., 3 Hemry IV., Henry V., and die
TmammgtfikeSkrrm.

HbCXMOSIDWIKK AXTIQirAUA3r SOdETT.— Sept.

l4.^Mr. Fed, Vke*Plrcsidcnt» hi the Chair. An

was given of a visit reccsth-
to Brioley HalL and
early newspapers axsd of aacient deeds
chidSybfMr. Scend.
PKXZAM3 Natural Histoky

QCAUAX SOCUTT. — Oct. I. — 1

an ruiuwai thi u ng h
Ae dkection of the U
Bl Miiirrr. Theprograaune can
to Chapel Kam nea. The loote chosen.

AXD Axn-
of this

3ib.G.

Bridge, Catrhall, and Croox-an-wra, aai hence to
fact of Ae hm upon which the Kam
the company dxsmonnxed aad as c goded the height «n
faoc Mr. W. C Borfase, M.P., ga:ve an iin*.-^ai^
OBtlineof the theories n i sting with respect to iIk
Kara aad its assodatiatts. Theporty:
to BaQowall, where the domed and dbambatd
leteut ly ezplored by Mr. Boriase,
fidly rrplainrd by that gentleman. The Tarioos plaoes
of interest in the neighboarhood of Cape Cornwall,
iadnding the remains of Sl Helenas Ontorr and the
CHff C^tle, were afterwards Tiszted, and 'then the
drive was 3 niinue<l to the town of Sc Jsst. TIk
Pbne-aa-Gnare was the first ol^cct of interest visited;
and here the Rev. W. S. Lach^^izyrmn read a. paper
upon the *''' Cocnish DraaB," havmg special re^Kenoe
to the spot upon which the company were then
assembled. The next object was the pansh dmrch of
Sc Jost, wfaidi was cxphdaed by dte Vicax; &e
Rev. H. S. Fagan. The €ibnc dates its erccbon firam
die early part of the fourteenth oentory. The car-
nages then proceeded to Bosfaw, bat the majdiCy of
Ae party walked over the downs to TiegeseaL The
fast object of antiqaarian inter e st in Ae moor was the
Tregeseal diambaed barrow, which was ^tplainBd m
detail by Mr. W. C Boriase. He Imd found m it
several pieces of pottery aad a whetstone, besadesan
fffffTf*''^ quantity of hmnaa booesw Bat the most
mterestmg thiag was an nxn which he fcmnil at the
nordi-west end of the barrow. It
downwards, and was the largest
in ComwaQ. It is nearly two feet hiyjh, and is
mmffd , and has two b^e haarfVs It v
a Kttle boK by iTscM^ aad whether it was connected or
not in any way with the chamber was difficalt to si^.
The chamber is acapitalspedasenof die oldest forms
of sepokhral chambers^ The last subject npon the
programme was the iascribed stone fomai abootayenr
ago by Mr. G. B. Millett. Mr. Boriase l e maik e d dkat
it was an inscribed stone of the old type. The lettcB
spon it were now andecxphezable, b«^ on the sonth
side there was a very plainly defined cro5& It was of
aboot the saaie date as the tombstone in St. |ast
Chnrdi. The c ompany shortly afterwards i c tmn e d
to Penzance, and in the evening Mr. W. C Boriase
held X camctrsaziom at Lar^an, whidh was a tten ded
by those wlio had taken part in the ezcorsioo. 3fi^
Boriase kindly threw open his masenm to the inspec-
tion of his visitors, who took advanta^ of soch an
opportmiity of examining the magniaoent collection of
Cornish and Oriental antiquities whkh it <• ■■«» jJ*^
After a most interesting half-hoor had been passed it
the mnsmm Mr. Boriase delivered an elabocate aad
exhaastive lectore on " Cornish Antiquities viewed m
the light of Modem Science."

120

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

Rochester Naturalists' Club. — Sept 30. —
An eirjoyable deviation from the usual objects of the
excursions of this Society was made by a visit to
various places of antiquarian interest in the neighbour-
hood. The party first proceeded to the church of St
Maro, Higham, which contains some interesting monu-
ments, a piscina, and also a curious iron-bound chest,
to which Jerdan in his " Summer Excursionist " drew
special attention. He supposed it to be between two
and three centuries old, and deplored the uncared-for
state in which he found its contents. What was said
by Jerdan is perfectly applicable to the present day,
for the excursionists found the chest unlocked and the
documents within it in a confused heap. The party
next made their way to the marshes, famous for the
causeway mentioned by Hasted, and which has recently
been successfiilly traversed by Mr. C. Roach Smith,
Mr. H. Wickham, and Mr. J. Harris. Cooling, or
Coulying, was soon afterwards reached. Here a visit
was paid to. the castle, famous in history for its capture
by Sir Philip Wyatt, as a demonstration against the
marriage of Maiy with Philip of Spain, and for its
memones of Sir J ohn Oldcastle. The curious inscrip-
tion upon the Gate Tower drew particular attention.
It states that the castle "was mad in defence of the
contre,'' and is remarkable for the fact that it is written
in English at a time when Latin was used for most
other charters. A visit to the church brought the
excursion to a close.

Shropshire Archaeological and Natural
History Society.— The annual excursion of this
Society took place on the 31st of August. On leaving
Shrewsbury, the party journeyed by rail to Craven
Arms station, whence they proceeded at once to the
ruins of Stokesay Castle, of which Mr. Hudson
Turner thus remarks in hb " Domestic Architec-
ture " : — " This is one of the most perfect and
interesting thirteenth century buildings we possess."
After a careful inspection of the church and castle,
and the reading of a Paper on the castle in the ban-
aueting hall by the Rev. T. D. Latouche, Vicar of
Stokesay, the party proceeded back to Craven Arms
station, whence they took train to Ludlow. Ludlow
presents many points of peculiar interest, not only to
the local but also to the general antiquary. The
church of St. Lawrence and the Castle were both dulv
inspected ; after which the Museum, with its fine col-
lection of British birds and numerous objects of
antiquarian interest, was visited.

Suffolk Institute of ArchwBOLogy and
Natural History, Bury St. Edmunds. —
Aug. 19. — An excursion was made to Wattisfield,
RicKinghalU Botesdale, and Redgrave. At Wattis-
field, the old hall, now considerably modernized, and
converted into a farm-house, was examined. Although
no Paper was read here, enough was seen to satisfy
the visitors that the old dwelling had been rich in
architectural and antiquarian interest. A few local
objects were shown. Mr. John Collins Ford, of Bury
St. Edmunds, exhibited a deed of surrender of certain
copyhold premises held of the manor of '*WattesfeiId
Hall with Gyffords," from Martin Nunn, clerk to
William Collins, of Wattisfield, linen-draper, dated
February 10, 1753. Mr. Ford also showed an unusual
specimenof old Wattisfield pottery — a square tea-caddy
of two colours, arranged in chequers, temp. 1 720-1 73a

Mr. R. S. Warrington exhibited original portraits of
some members of the Moody family, to whom Wattis-
field Hall formerly belonged, together with that of
Elizabeth Baker, whose death in 1746 is recorded on
a tablet in Wattisfield Church, which was afterwards
visited. The party next proceeded to the churches of
Rickinghall Superior and Inferior, a short description
of each being read. At Botesdale, the ancient chapel
or chantry of St. Botolph, founded by John Schrebe,
and the schoolroom — ^lormerly the grammar school
founded by Sir Nicholas Bacon — were inspected; after
which the company proceeded to Redgrave Church,
which was duly examined. The Rev. C. R. Manning
read a paper descriptive of the manor of Redgrave,
and also of the chief architectural features of the
church. Mr. F. Ford afterwards exhibited a few
extracts from the will of Sir Edmund Bacon, grandson
of the Lord Keeper. On leaving the church the
party paid a visit to Redgrave Hall, the seat of
Mr. G. Holt Wilson.

■»<'»K'/C7v''<»kr

^be antiquari?'0 DotdSoofi.

Bells. — The history of bells is one of the most
interesting in the record of inventions. They were
first heard of about the year 400, before which date
rattles were used. In the year 610 we hear of bells
in the city of Sens, the army of Clothaire, King of
France, having been frightened away by the ringing
of them. In 960 the first peal of bells was hung in
England at Croyland Abbey. Many years ago it was
estimated that there were at least 2,262 peals of bells,
great and small, in England. It has been thought
that the custom of ringing bells was peculiar in
England ; but, in fact, the Cathedral of Antwerp,
celebrated for its magnificent spire, has a peal of bells
ninety in number, on wliich is played every half hour
the most elaborate music. It is an interesting fact that
the peal of bells in the tower of the old Royal Ex-
change was chiming *' There's nae gude luck aboot the
house" when the building was on fire. It would re-
quire ninety-one years to ring all the changes on a peal
of twelve bells, supposing ten changes — that is, 120
soimds, to be struck every minute. For the changes of
fourteen bells, 16,575 years would be required^ and for
twenty-four bells, 117,000,000,000,000,000 years. —
Bucks Advertiser,

The Value of an Index. — Mr. W. J. Thoms,
in a preface to the fifth series of Notes and Queries,
ascribes the merit of an Index to that admirable reposi-
tory of curious information to Mr. W. B. McCabe.
He writes: — **My distingubhed and warm-hearted
friend Lord Brougham (who had on more than one
occasion furnished me with some interesting Replies),
speaking to me of the great value and iitility of this
journal, was pleased to add that *that value and
utility were increased tenfold by its capital Indexes. '
Lord Brougham was right ; and if the critic in the
Saturday /Review who declared of ' that little farrago
of learning, oddities, absurdities, and shrewdnesses,
Notes ana Queries,* that it was perhaps the only
weekly newspaper that would be 'consulted three

THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTEBOOK.

221

Imadxed yean heDce/ should also prove to be right, I
do not hesitate to declare my belief that these Indexes
will have greatly contributed to that success."

Libraries.— Richard Heber, the book-collector,
was the owner of three or four libraries, and justi-
fied their existence on the ground that he required
one copy of a work for his own use in the country,
a second during his visits to London, and a third
for his friends. Most book-buyers (writes the
Pall Mall GoMette) are not possessed of the ample
resoarces of Heber, and are less ready to lend to their
acquaintances the books which they have been for-
tunate enough to acc^uire after the search of many
yean. A little expenence is sufficient to implant in
their hearts the value of the warning which underlies
the time-honoured jest that, if the majority of men
and women are bad financiers, they are, at all events,
good book-keepers. Mr. Ticknor, whose collection
of Spanish and Portuguese literature now forms part
of the treasures in the Boston Library, did not act on
any such maxim. His volumes during his lifetime
were common siH ei amicisy and now that they have
become public property the same principle is observed.
Every ratepayer of Boston is able to borrow from the
Central Library two volumes for a fortnight, and even
to obtain an extension of that period for a reasonable
time. The Times, in noticing the bibliographical
curiosities of Mr. Ticknor's collection, and the advan-
tages afforded to the inhabitants of Boston by their
library of 370,000 volumes, dwells with satisfaction on
the number of persons who have availed themselves
of this privil^e, and implies that the sptem might be
adopted in England. Most readers m this country
would undoubtedly protest with earnestness against
the employment of any such plan at the British
Museum. They are accustomed to resort to Blooms-
boxy in the reasonable assurance that the volumes
which they desire will be available for their use, and
would resent a rule which permitted the most valuable
books to be carried far away to the remotest districts
of the land.

How Registers were Kept. — Often, if not com-
monly, entries of baptism, marriage, or burial were
not nmde when the occurrences which they notified
took place, but were cqpied afterwards by parson or
derk from jottings set down by the latter. These
jottings, being sometimes written as much with refer-
ence to fees as to registration, were perhaps not made
at all if the dues were paid at the time they were in-
curred. It might therefore happen that the person
registering was obliged to trust wholly to memory or
hearsay for the particulars to be recorded ; and natu-
nilv enou^ in some cases the particulars never found
theur way mto the register book at all. Entries, too,
not being verified by those who had personal know-
ledge of the facts entered, frequently contained the
gravest errors, which perhaps remained undetected
till time revealed the truth as to their falsity. The
volumes thus loosely filled were often carelcj^ly kept.
They were removea from the chest provided for their
custody ; they were taken to the clerk's house ; they
were sometimes lent about the parish to persons of
liteiazy, antiquarian, or perhaps merelv inquisitive
bent. Hence they were liable to injury bv accidents,
often fell into bad repair, and were accessible to those

disposed to make wanton or frandnlent abstractiuos
from their pages. The derk, moreover, being in
some cases too ignorant to understand their value as
records, applied their leaves to purposes whose
utility he could better comprehend. When a grocer,
he has been known to use their sheets for wrapping
up his butter ; when a tailor, to cut them into slips
for measures; or, his daughters being lacemakers,
he has been found allowing the young people to em-
ploy the vellum pae[es fo^ patterns. Nor did those
who better knew uie worth of the registers always
treat them with great respect One sportsman-
parson was accustomed to use the parchment of the
old parish records for address labels in despatching
his pheasants. A curate's thriftv wife found in the
stoned scrolls which she severed from the parochial
register books a fitting foundation for kettle holders.
Scarcely less heinous was the sin of a dergyman, of
whom a wdl-authenticated tale is told, that, on being
applied to from the Heralds' College for extracts
from his registers, he cut out and forwarded by post
the original entries themsdves, naively admitting that
he could make nothing of them. — Comhill Atagasme.

A Word for Old China. — M. £. H. writes to
the QuetH^ asking to be allowed to protest against one
of the most mischievous affectations of the present day
— the practice of employing in daily life services of old
Nankeen and Worcester china, okl Bohemian decan-
ters and glasses, old Sevres cups and plates. " This,"
the writer continues, " is a habit adopted by many
of the followers of modem art principles, who spend
continual and increasing sums on renewing complete
services of a kind increasingly rare, and excuse it by
saying that plates and cups are meant for use, and
that Deautifm things whicn please the eye are only
enjoyed, or best enjoved, when they are put to the use
for which they were fabricatedr To people who look
on old china and glass not only as a legitimate indul-
gence to the eye, but as an historic record, this habit
of exposing them to the inevitable risks of domestic
life appears quite inexcusable. It gives little or no
pleasure to the connoisseur, who does not really enjoy
his dinner on a plate which he values very much ; and
sometimes the sight of a precious rdic piping hot
from a fierce ovemTand fuU of curry,> a ^ i^noy.
ance to sensible people, who know the difficulties of
collecting. Folks who have got tired of hanging

Slates on thdr walls naturally make fun of others who
o it Plates may be ridiculous on a wall, since
they were meant for the table, but they are at least
safe there. Never was fine porcelain intoided for the
rou^h usage of servants, who cannot always avoid
acadents. In old days the daintiest mistress washed
her own predous cups, and kept a "journeyman set "
for every dav. Our forefatners ate off wood and
pewter, and kept their choice porcelain and predous
plate and glass for festive times — this even when the
factories were still flourishing which pve the world
these beautiful things, and could promise more. This
was a very different view. But nad they used such
things with our recklessness, they had the apology we
have not — that more could be made ; and tnb is per-
missible like the use of costly modem china now. But
the gradual destruction of objects made in factories
now extinctf which, whether beautiful or ugly, cheap

224

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

oat that the writer is in error in stating that it is
intended to leave the craft where it was found, carry-
ing to Christiania only the smaller objects. " As a
matter of fact/' he adds, " the whole smp, or so much
of it as remains, has been taken to Christiania, and is
now enclosed in a shed in the grounds of the museum
ofthat town.**

Mr. Joseph Anderson, Rhind lecturer on
archaeology, has been delivering, during the past
month, in the Masonic Hall, Edinburgh, under the
auspices of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, a
series of lectures upon " Scotland in the Elarly Times
of Christianity." The first lecture dealt chiefly
with Decorative Metal- work, the second with De-
corative Stone-work, the third with Monumental
Art, the fourth with the Symbolism of Ancient
Monuments, and the fifth and sixth with their in-
scriptions.

The Constable of the Tower of London has ap-

Sointed a committee, consisting of Major-General
(ilman, C.6., Major of the Tower, President ; Hon.
Spencer Ponsonby-Fane, C.B., of the Lord Chamber-
lam's Office ; Mr. Callender, of the Office of Works ;
Mr. Owen Morshed, of the War Department ; and
Assistant-Commissary-General Thorn, of the Ord-
nance Store, to investigate the objects of interest in
the Tower, and frame regulations for the future ad-
mission of visitors. Captain FitzGeorge will act as
secretary to the committee.

Sir Charles Isham, at Mr. Fumivall's request, has
lent his copy of **The Passionate Pilgrime. By W.
Shakespeare. At London. Printed for (the pirate)
W. laggard. . . . 1599," to be fac-similed by Mr.
Gri|^ tor his series of Shakespeare Quarto fac-
similes ; and the volume will be issued shortly. The
only other copy of the ''Passionate Pilgrime," says the
Academy ^ is in the Capel collection at Trinity College,
Cambridge ; but as the Master and Fellows will not
let any volume leave the library. Sir Charles Isham's
loan of his little treasure has been most welcome.

A correspondent in Notes and Queries writes that
'* Cyprus satin" often occurs in old inventories and
account books. The churchwardens' accounts of
Leverton, near Boston, Lincolnshire, have the follow-
ing under the year 1^38 : *' For a yard of green
Sattjrn of Sypryse viij^.^' It was probably purchased
to be used in the repair of the vestments. In an in-
ventory of the goods belonging to the Abbey of
Peterborough in 1539 we find, ** One vestment of red,
coarse satten of Cyprus with harts and knots/'
Cyprus gold is mentioned in the Archaologia, It
seems to nave been a textile fabric.

The Science and Art Department lately decided to
depute an officer in India to make purchases of Indian
art objects to complete the collections exhibited at
the India Museum, South Kensington, and Mr. C.
Pardon Clarke has been appointed to this mission.
A fund of about jf8,ooo has been placed at his dis-
posal, of which ;f 3,000 has been contributed by the
India Office, this sum being the unexpended balance of
the money received on account of the Exhibition of
the Prince of Wales's Indian presents in 1876, and
reserved by His Royal Hmhness for the purpose of
promoting the interests of Indian art.

At a meeting of the Cymmrodorion section of the
National Eisteddfod, recently held at Carnarvon,
Papers were read on ** Eisteddfod Reform," by Mr.
Hugh Owen and Mrs. Thomas, St. Ann's Vicarage,
LlaSodegai, and after a long discussion, in which
several leading supporters of the Eisteddfod took
part, it was unammously resolved that a National
Eisteddfod Association be forthwith established, and
that a number of Welsh bards, literate and other
gentlemen, be invited to act in conjunction with the
Cymmrodorion Society as a provisional committee to
consider and define die scope and functions of the
association.

According to the Academy^ Mr. J. Potter Briscoe,
of the Nottingham Free Library, will soon have
ready for the press a volume entitled *' Songs and
Sonnets," by Robert Millhouse. The editor will pre-
face the work with an account of this celebrated local
poet, who was bom at Nottingham in 1788. He
wrote much and well, and many of his best pieces
were composed while he was working on his loom at
stocking making. His style was so classical that
Southev refused to rank him among '* Uneducated
Poets.' His portrait appears in one of Hone's works,
and some interesting biographical particulars are fur-
nished by the present editor.

The return of attendances at the Guildhall library
and reading-room shows that during July, August,
and September last, 30,329 persons visited the library
during the day, and 9,094 in the evening ; to the
reading-room there were 23,487 visitors during the
day, and 5,405 in the evening ; whilst to the museum
the attendances were 25,369. The total visits
numbered 93,684. Last year the day visitors to the
library were 25,973, and the evening visitors 7,542 ;
to the reading-room they were 20,454 in the day, and
4.385 in the evening; and to the museum 21,145.
The increase in the number of readers this year over
that of last was 9,961, and in the number of visitors
to the museum 4,224.

The Rev. J. Hosk3ms Abrahall writes to the Times^
with reference to a statement by Mr. E. de Bunsen,
that the word ** Aryan" refers certainly to the white
man, as follows : — •*The word arya^ which in late
Sanskrit means noble, and was previously a national
name, should have in it a ^ or a y^ if it is to be de-
rived from the root arg or arj^ whence, e.g,^ Greek
argos^ bright ; Latin argilla^ white clay ; and San-
skrit, arjunas^ light (sul»tantive). Lassen derives it
from ar, to go, as though, literally, such as should be
approached ; Bopp firom that root, or from artch^ to
honour ; Professor Max Miiller ('* Lectures on Lan-
guage," i. 276) from or (whence the Latin arare and
English ' ear'), to plough."

The sculpture department of the British Museum
has lately been enriched by the gift of a white marble
bust of John Churchill, first Duke of Marlborough,
presented by the Rev. Thomas William Webb, Vicar
of Hardwick, Herefordshire. This bust, by Rj^brack,
was originally presented by Sarah, Duchess of Marl-
borough, to the Lord Chief Baron, Sir Thomas (then
Mr. Serjeant) Pengelly, in acknowledgment of his
legal services and friendship, and was by him be-
queathed, with other propoty, in 1730^ to his sole

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

225

heir and former .secretary, Mr. John Webb, of the
Inner Temple, and of Cheshunt, Herts, the nephew
of one of the Lord Chief Barons, and ancestor of the late
proprietor. The bust occupies a conspicuous situation
in the entrance-hall of the museum.

Dr. Schliemann's forthcoming work on ** Ilios,"
according to the Academy, will apf>ear in a few
weeks, simultaneously with a German editibn. It
will embody an account of the excavations made by
Dr. Schliemann at Hissarlik and in other parts of the
Troad, including those made last year, as well as an
exhaustive review of the hbtory, geography, ethnology,
botany, and other matters connected with the distnct.
A bibliography will be added, and the volume will be
profusely illustrated, thus enabling scholars to judge
for themselves as to the age and character of the
objects discovered. There are several appendices ;
among them two by Brugsch Rey, in which he
announces* some recent discoveries of considerable
interest. The preface has been written by Professor
Virchow.

During some alterations recently made in £p worth
Church, Lincolnshire, the workmen discovered a
rude stone coffin, without a lid, and having the
right comer broken off towards the foot. Care-
fiUly examining what was in the coffin, they found
mouldering bones, laid in their natural order,
apparently of a woman, and towards the foot of
the coffin were those of an infant. On the breast
of the deceased (or rather where the breast had
been) there was found a broken chalibe of white
metal, and also a small plate of the same material.
The metal resembles such as might be produced by a
mixture of tin and silver. It is, however, decayed and
broken by the action of the earth.

In the excavations commenced a short time ago at
Villagrande, in Sardinia, there have been discovered
some instruments which are very remarkable if, as
believed by competent persons, they belong to the
bronie epoch, which, it is asserted, was exceptionally
prolonged in this part of the island. The instruments

' m question are two bronze saws and a four-pronged
fork, all said to be found in the same repository.
Near Taranto, in some new excavations opened in the
vicinity of those above mentioned, there have been
foand twenty-two skeletons, each in its respective
tomb, not far below the surface of the ground. The

t ombs are all dug in the rock, disposed in various
positions, and covered with square slabs of stone.
Some of them were capable of holding two corpses.
In one of these were found an Athenian amphora,
with the figure of Minerva, and three other painted
figures, one of which was represented as playing on
the cithern.

The Rev. H. £. Reynolds, Librarian of Exeter
Cathedral, writes thus to the Times : — Without study,
without time for reflection, what man is really fit to
get up before his congregation and dilate upon the
awful responsibilities of this quaint existence of ours ?
Few of the deigy can afford to buy, inherit, or live in
the immediate vicinity of the British Museum or the
Bodleian. Our cathedral libraries are, however, rot-
ting away for want of nse and funds. Funds for their
support and development can only be forthcoming at

the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners ; and,
surely, if anything does come of the present Royal
Commission on Cathedrals, one suggestion from them
might be this, that in all common honesty some of the
spoils should be restored, with a view to making these
glorious collections more available, and saving them
from beetle, rot, and mouse. That they would be
used gratefully and gladly an experience of the last
three years emphatically testifies."

The demolition of a row of shops in London Wall,
immediately adjoining the gateway and hall of Sion
College, which has recently been eflfected, has brought
to light the western front of the church of St. Alphage,
which is said to have been originally a Norman struc-
ture. The only distinctive features, however, visible
externally are two pointed entrance doorways or win-
dows, for they might have been cither the one or the
other, at the west end of the nave and the north aisle,
and some rough stones which once formed a buttress
to the stone tower. The latter still stands in a muti-
lated condition. St. Alphage, to whom the church is
dedicated, was a Saxon Archbishop of Canterbury,
who was murdered by the Danes in the nth century
at or near Greenwich, where the parish church of
St. Alphage enshrines his memory. The present
church, which is externally as tasteless and uneccle-
siastical a structure as can be found in London, was
buUt by Sir William Staines, afterwards Lord Mayor,
in 1777.

The Marchese Giovanni Pietro Campana, the ex-
plorer of Etruria, and whose museums in his house in
the Babuino and his villa near St. John Lateran were
among the most interesting sights in Rome, died on
the loth of October, aged seventy-two. The Times
correspondent in Ronie states that while still a jroung
man Campana was recognized as one of the most
distinguished archaeologists of the day ; but, he adds,
his love for the science and his intense passion for
collecting became also the cause of hb ruin. Ap-
pointed director of the Monte di Pieti by Gregory
XVI., he availed himself of his position in that estab-
lishment to lend money on works of art and objects
of antiquity by borrowing largely, in his own person,
on the security of the contents of his museums.
Accused of malversation, he was brought to trial,
condemned, and sentenced to a long term at the
galleys, for which imprisonment was substituted.
The justice of the sentence was called in question at
the time, and in the end he was liberated at the
urgent intercession of Napoleon III.

The Times correspondent, writing from Rome on
the nth October, observes: — "Among the manv
articles in the Roman papers of whicn Wagner^s
Rienti, now being given to crowded houses at the
Politeama, is the theme, a very interesting one has
appeared in the Popolo Romano, proving, not only
that the direct descendant of the great trilmne lives in
the person of Signor Francesco Prosperi Buzi, but
that llis Holiness Leo XIII. is, through his mother
also a descendant of Cola di RienzL From the docu-
ments cited, it appears that Angelo, the son of Cola,
took refuge in the city of Cori alter his father's death,
and settl^ there. In 1636 the Rienzi family founded
at Cori by him changed its name to Prosperi, and at
a later date added that of Buzi. The Capitoline

326

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

archives contain a decision of the Congregation of the
Roman Patriciate, signed by the Marchese Olgiati,
Scriba Senatus, confirming the claim of the Prosperi
Bozi family to noble rank on the ground of its descent
from an.ancient noble family taking its origin from
Cola di Rienzi, Tribune of the people in I347»
Senator by brief of Pope Innocent I V. in 1353. The
mother of Leo XIIL was Anna Prosperi Buzi of
that family."

The countrymen of tDhaucer and Gower, writes a
correspondent of the Illustrated London News^ will be
interested to know that Paris has not forgotten the
glory of the trouvhre, Jean de Meung, sumamed
•'Clopinel" or the limper, who, being, as a con-
temporary chronicler states, a doctor in holy theology
zsid. phUosophe tresparfont, sachani tout ce qui h eti-
tendement humain est scihley added eighteen thousand
verses to the original four thousand verses of the
** Roman df la Rose" The house in which Jean de
Meung lived and wrote at Paris still exists ; it is the
old Hotel de la Toumelle, which has been rebuilt,
and now bears the number 118 in the Rue Saint-
Jacques. The learned and active committee of
ransian inscriptions have decided to place on the
facade of this hotel a reproduction of a medallion
portrait of Jean de Meun|;, and the following four
verses from the *^ Apparition de Jehan de Meung,**
written at the banning of the fifteenth century by
Honor^ Bonet : —

** Je'suis mestre Jehan de Meung,
Qui, par maints vers, sans nuUe prose,
Fis cy le Roman de la Rose,
En cest h6tel que cy voyez."

Referring to our notice of the recent sale of Hales
Place, near Canterbury, (see p. 175, ante) the Rev.
R. C Hales, Rector of Woodmancote, Sussex, writes
to us asking us to contradict the statement made in
certain quarters, to the effect that the Hales family is
extinct. He adds: — Sir Edward Hales (161 1), who
seems to have been a deeply religious man, and the
opening sentences of whose will it is affecting to read,
had two brothers, William and Richard. Of these,
the former, William, was connected with Tenterden,
and also possessed of the Manor of Bowlby and of the
Chilston estate in the parish of Boughton-Malherbe ;
but as the family suffered from the troublous times in
which they lived, his son John sold these estates to
his cousin Samuel, second son of Sir Edward Hales.
The descendants of William Hales still survive, and
represent the old family, for centuries settled in the
neighbourhood of Tenterden. Although reduced in
circumstances, they continued to reside in Kent until
a very recent period, and now, by God's blessing on
successful industry, they have to a great extent re-
gained their original position. The common ancestor
of the old family as now existing is William Hales,
of Tenterden, third son of Baron Hales, temp.
Henry VIII.

A discovery of great interest to antiquaries has been
made at Morton Farm, near Brading, Isle of Wight —
namely, the remains of a Roman villa. The first dis-
covery of the villa is due to Captain Thorpe, of Yar-
bridge, near Brading, whose acauaintance with the
neignbourhood led hun to investigations which have

proved of considerable value. The remains evidently
cover a large area of ground, much of which is under
cultivation, but every facility for investigation has been
accorded by Lady Oglander, the owner of the estate,
and Mr. Cooper, the present occupier. Excavations
have accordingly been renewed, and are at present
under the direction of Mr. John E. Price, F.S.A., and
Mr. F. G. Hilton Price, F.G.S. Professor Monier
Williams, in a letter to the. Times, observes that the
work hitherto effected is already suffering from ex-
posure to autumnal storms. <'In fact,*" he adds,
" unless some kind of covering is speedily erected it
is certain that the designs and colourmg of the tessel-
lated flooni, which are now almost as perfect as when
they were hidden from view sixteen centuries 'ago, will
soon be irreparably injured." In reply, Messrs.
Price wrote to say that not only had Professor
WilUams*s suggestions been anticipated, but that
arrangements had been made for erecting substantial
sheds over the principal floors, with properly-con-
structed roof and skyl^hts, and passage-ways for
the convenience of visitors. We understand that
about ;f 300 is required for the completion of the
explorations and the preservation of the discoveries,
of which we hope to give a full account in an early
number.

The late Mr. Benjamin Ferrey, F.S.A., the dis-
tinguished architect and antiquary, who died on the
22nd August, at his residence in Inverness Terrace,
Bayswater, in the seventy-first year of his aige, was
the youngest son of the late Mr. Benjamin Ferrey, of
Christchurch, Hants, where he was bom in April,
1 810. In early life Mr. Ferrey evinced a strong taste
for the fine arts, and spent much of his time in
sketching. He served his articles with Mr. Augustus
Pugin, and it was at that time that be became
acquainted with Mr. Augustus Welby Pugin, who
became so distinguished as an architect, and whose
"Life" Mr. Ferrey afterwards wrote. Mr. Ferrey
largely assisted Mr. Pugin, sen., in the illustrations
for his various architectm^ works. In 1834 he pub-
lished the ** Antiquities of the Priory Churcn of
Christchurch," illustrated by his own drawings, the
letter-press being by Mr. Brayley. About this time
Mr. Ferry commenced business on his own account
as an architect. Among the principal works which
he designed may be mentioned the church of St.
Stephen, Westminster ; Wynnstay, Denbighshire, for
Sir Watkin Wyim ; Bulstrode, for the Duke of
Somerset ; and Bagshot Park, for the Duke of Con-
naught. He also restored a considerable part of
WeUs Cathedral. Mr. Ferrw was one of the founders
of the Royal Architectural Museum. He was also a
Fellow of the Institute of British Architects. He was
a frequent contributor to Notes and Queries, and
was always thoroughly archxological in his tastes.
Mr. Ferrey was twice married (his second wife sur-
vives him), and leaves three children. His only son,
Mr. Edmund B. Ferrey, succeeds him in his practice.

Recently, an antique trunk was found in a room
in one of the old houses in High Street, Hull, be-
longing to Mr. Sykes, merchant, containing a quantity
of old documents, which, from their appearance,
have lain - there undisturbeid for hundreds of years.
Mr. Alderman Symons, who was present, found on

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

327

namliwition a ytrj old deed of gilt, bearing a date of
1671, made by AMennan John Trippe, in favour of
Eluabeth, wife of Aldennan Ffroggat, all of this
town. TTus John Trippe figures very prominently in
tlie Johnson mannscripts, wherein it is stated that in
1651^ he was dectea a Chamberlain, and in 1659
Sheriff In 1660 he was a candidate for representing
the boRNigh, in opposition to Andrew Marvel, there
bemg at that penoid six candidates, and at the close
Trippe stood third on the poIL He was elected
mi^or of Hull in 1669. The deed is in an excellent
state of preservation, and the signature, "John
Trippe" is affixed to a seal at the bottom of the
▼elhun. The deed commences with the following : —
'* To all Christian People to whom this present writ-
ing shall come to be soon read or heard, John Trippe,
of^ Kingston-upon-Hull, in the county of the town of
Kingston-npon-Hull, Alderman, sendeth greeting in
our JLord God everlasting. Know yee Uiat he the
snid John Trippe for and in consideration of that
natnnd love and fatheriy affection, in which he hath
beareth unto Elizabeth Ffroggat, wife of Geoige
Ffinoggat, of Kingston-upon-Hofi aforesaid, merchant.

his daughter, and unto Trippe Flroggat his
gimndson, and son of the said George Ffroggat and
Elizabeth his wife, as also for divers other sood
causes consideratii^ him thereunto moving : Hath
given, granted, enfeoffisd, confirmed, and by those
presents doth for and firom him give, mnt, enfeofl^
and confirm unto the said Elizabeth Ffroggat and
John Trippe F&oggat, all that dwelling-house, being
within the town of Kingston-upon-Hnll aibresud, in
a certain street called now Salthouse Lane," &c. &c.
Then follows a description of the proper ty , and like-
wise of the occupants. The MS. finishes with the
foUowii^ : — *' In witness whereof he the said John
Triope hath hereunto sett his hand and seal the
£ignt and Twentieth day of April, in the Three and
Twentieth years of the reign of our Sovereign Lord
Charles the Second, by the grace of God King of
.England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of
the Faith. Amw Domim, 1671." The document is
most beantifidly engrossed, and in a splendid state of
preservation.

Widi reelect to the *'Vitt0rx> Emamde" Ltbrvy at
Rome, the oociespondent of the Standard writes,
nnder date Naples, SepC 19: — An inquiry has lately
been hddr«>ecting certain facts rdating to the libruy
** Vittorio Emanuele" in Rome, from which it seems
that, under the admimstntioo of the Minister Bonghi^
many abases have taken place, and that the Ubraiy has
been scandalously robbed. '^f£an the catalogue was
made or the rooms placed under proper cnstxxly the
Kfaffary was opened, and a quantity of books were fokl
at the price of a few cmrimrs the pound. No fewer
than three rcwms were emptied of their contents, and
the transport of books lasted forty days, 10,^2 kilo-
grammesoC vc^ames in all being sold tor ^654 fi^ancs.
Among these books were hsodreis of vomnacs of the
" Cause dei Santi," and a2j» a "^ Savonarola, " which
was afterwards resold at a high price. Tbc system
was introduced of pajrix^ the awMlautt fer working
00 Sondays by allowing them to sell ^ waste paper,
and it has now been discov e red that varions Ihi^pdaents
of edstioosof theyear 400 and tfaeorigmal edttionof
the '^ Letters of CniistopbcrCohimhnsondie Pisooveiy

of America " were sold as waste paper ! Twelve
hundred-weight of books and pamphlets were taken
from the library, and rediscovered in 1877 in the cellar
of a pastxy-cook in Florence. Amongstthese werefound
the * * Edicts of Queen Elizabeth of England against the
Jesuits," an edition of a book called ** Gieta e Birria,"
attributed to Boccaccio, and the ''Process of the
Anointers ifitUori) of Milan,*' a very rare volume,
there being only two other copies in Milan, one of
which is incomplete. The Prefect of the National
Library of Florence has deposed that he acquired
nearly six thousand books and pamphlets which, from
certam signs, he believes to have belonged to the
"Vittorio Emanuele" Library. A priest named
Bartolucci, an assistant librarian, has confessed that he
subtracted from the library many precious books and
manuscripts. The purchasing of books was carried on
in an equally reckless manner. Many volumes were
bought without proper authori^tion, and many others
merely to favour some impecunious booksellers. Other
costly but useless works were purchased from private
individuals, and sometimes at a higher price than was
demanded. The total expenditure for 'purchasing
books and reviews in 1876-77-78 amounted to 180,000
francs. The administration of the library appears to
have been most scandalous, and it is to be hoped that
measures will be taken by the authorities to punii^ the
offenders.

Among objects possessing locally some antiquarian
mterest, shown at the late annual fair of the Toronto
Industrial Exhibition Association, were the following,
which have a bearing on the origin and etymology of
the name "Toronto":—!. Herman MoU's "New
Map of the North Parts of America, &c., sold by
H« Moll, over agamst Devereux Court between Temple
Bar and St. Clement's Chnrch, in the Strand, whcfe
you may have his New and Complcat Atlas, or
Twenty-seven Two-sheet Maps, bound or single, all
composed and done according to the newest and most
exact observations." This map, dated 1730^ gives,
like Lahontan's and other okler maps, the modem
Lake Simcoe as " Lake of Toronto," and the neigh-
booring Mafrhedash, or Gloucester Bay of Lake
Huron, as " Toronto Bay ;" showii^ that the city of
Toronto owes its name to a native Indian term
applied to Lake Simcoe and the Lake Simcoe region,
which, in the Algonouin or Huron dialect, was the
"toronto" or "well-peopled district"—!.^., the
meeting-place or rendezvous of numerous Algonquin
or Huron tribes. 2. Another issue of Herman Moll's
map, without date, entitled, "A New and Exact
Map of the Dominions of the King of Great Britain
on the Continent of North Am^ica," giving the
same names to Matchedash Bay and Lake Simcoe.
3. "Capt Carver^s Travels in America in 1766,
1767 and 1768,'' Dublin edition of 1769 ; open at the
page where ix » stated that " on the north-west of
thu lake (viz., Ontario) and the north-east of Lake
Huron is a tribe of Inoiam called the MissisKago^s,
whote chief town is denominated Toronto, from the
lake on which it liev" (/./'^ the modem Lake Simcoeh
where Captain Carver repeals tniqnnatkm, protMUMy
derived from Lahontan, who (" Nouveaux Voyagcs^^
n. 19), speaking of the " Bave de Toronto" on Lake
Huron, says: "II s'y d^diarge «ae rivieie <|si
sort da petit lac de meme nom" {ir., Torunto) ; and

228

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

dose by he marks on his map the site of a ''gros
village de Hurons que les Iroquois ont ruin^'^ —
the site of the subsequent town of the Mississagu^.
4. The First Gazetteer of Upper Canada, compil^ by
David William Smyth, Surveyor-General, and pub-
lished in 1799 by W. Faden, *' Geographer to His
Majesty and to His Roval Highness the Prince of
Wales," Charing Cross, London ; open at the article
Toronto^ which runs as follows ? ** Toronto^ Lake (or
Toronto) ; Lake le Clie [now Lake Simcoe] was
formerly sq called by some ; others called the chain
of lakes from the vicinity of Matchedash towards the
head of the Bay of Quinte, the Toronto Lakes, and
the commimication from the one to the other was
called the Toronto river ;'' proving again that the
Toronto of to-day owes its name to a term applied by
thenatives formerly to Lake Simcoe and the Lake Simcoe
region, for the reason given in connection with Herman
Moll's map. 5. Sketch of the site of Fort Rouill^ on
Lake Ontario, constructed in 1749. thepunctumsaiifus
and germ of the present city of Toronto. The official
name Fort RouiU^ was superseded by the popular
designation **Fort Toronto," which expressed the
fact that this was the terminus on Lake Ontario of
the portage- track to "Toronto," the important and
populous region round Lake Simcoe, formerly so called.
0. Toronto Harbour in 1793, from a sketch made in
that year, showing (probably) Bouchette's solitary
exploring craft lying at anchor. 7. Castle Frank,
near Toronto, from a sketch made in 1793. 8. Fort
George and Navy Hall, Niagara, in 1806. 9. Toronto
in 1803, showing the Parliament Building destroyed
by the Americans in 1813. 10. Toronto in 181 3,
showing the Block- house at the mouth of the Don.

11. Toronto in 1833, shewing Mr. Wort's windmill.

12. Portraits of General Simcoe, first Lieut. -Governor
of Upper Canada ; Chief Justice Osgoode, after whom
Osgoode Hall, the Palais de Justice of Toronto, is
named ; Sir George Yonge and Right-Hon. Henry
Dundas, who gave nam^ respectively to " Yonge
Street " and' "Dundas Street,^ the first two military
highways cut out through the forest of Western
Canada. 13. It should l^ added that in 1878 a cairn
was erected at Toronto to mark the site of Fort
Rouill^. It bears the following inscription engraved
on a fine granite boulder, dredged up from the channel
leading into the harbour: — ^This cairn marks the
exact site of Fort Rouille, commonly known as Fort
Toronto, an Indian trading-post and stockade,
established A.D. 1749, by order of the Government
of Louis XV., in accordance with the recommen-
dations of the Count de la Galissoni^re, administrator
of New France, 1 747-1 749. Erected by the Corpo-
ration of the City of Toronto, a.d. 1878.

Corrc0pon&cncc»

THE FATE OF OLD BOOKS.

On a fly-leaf of an old copy of* Speed's " England"
in my possession, I find the following note m the

* " John Speed, a Londoner, writ the story of Britain from
the first begining to the year 1605, being the second year of
Kingjames.^' Baker's " Chron.'*

MS. which I transcribe {t/er6atim et iii£ratim\ as it
may possibly interest some other reader of The
Antiquary as well as myself:—

" April 29, 1837.

** This old Book was the property of the late John
Barton, of Hanley, who died about Xmas last in
his looth 3rear. Was purchased at the Sale by
Thomas Bumdred, in a very shattered condition.
Barton Travailed with a pack in his younger days, and
was said he was a Scotsman. He was the Head
Mercer in hanley at one time. Was housekeeper
more than 70 years. Before his Marriage, when tra-
veiling, he caled at a Gentleman's House and found
the cook tearing up this Book to Sing Fowls. He told
her it was a pitty to Tear the Book. She said he might
have it if he would ask the Master, as they had plenty
more in the Lumber Room."

This is followed by a cutting from some local news-
paper: —

**On Monday last (Dec. 3, 1836), died in his hun-
dredth year, Mr. Barton, of King Street, in this town,
formerly a mercer in High Street, where he acquired
an independency, and retired from business about 30
years ago. He retained his faculties to the last, and
went to the poll for Mr. Wed^ewood, at the first
election for this borough in 1832.

I have no doubt many interesting notes of this sort
might be found in MS. in old books, which would be
worth preserving as ** Curiosities of Literature," if not
otherwise. Verbum sap,

MORIENSIS.

Ballaugh Rectory.

BOOKS CURIOUS AND RARE.

In The Antiquary for August (p. 63), Mr. C.
Walford mentions " The Counter Scuffle^ wAereun/o it
added The Counter-Rat^ by R. S,, 1670," as one of a
few works which he never expects to see.

A dilapidated volume in my possession contains,
among other curious matter, an imperfect copy of
"The Counter Scuffle," and (what I believe to be)
a complete one of " The Counter- Rat."

The first edition, published in 1628, had sixteen
leaves only ; the 1651 and later editions had twenty-
eight, the last of which ivas probably blank.

My copy has no paging and the title is wanting.
It consists of twenty-one leaves, beginning with B 2,
and ending with G 5. The missing leaves are seven :
viz., A I, 1, 3, and 4, B i, D 4 and G 4 (the latter
supposed to be blank).

If Mr. Walford would like to view these remains,
I ^-ill send the volume for his inspection with pleasure.

Charles kyan.

5, Cambria Place, Newport, Mon.

(See pp. 62 and 132.)
Mr. Fuller will find, I think, that J. Bland, who
wrote the "Essay in Praise of Women," was not
"James," but ** Joseph" Bland, of the family at one
time seated at Beeston Hall, near Leeds. The book
comes, no doubt, under the heading of "curious,"
but hardly of " rare," for I have bought three copies
of it within the last few years. Two of these copies

CORRESPONDENCE.

129

I gftipe vmvf^ and one of them nlay probably now be
in thepoaseskm of Mis. Lewis (im^ Fanny Bland) 15,
Inremess Teiraoe, W., or of her nephew Mr. Blaxid
Gariand, Hillfields, Reading.

The language of the essay is no donbt very high-
flown ; bat it may be noted that the admiration Is
devoted to " intenial" beauty, and to " decency of
modest dress.'* Other times, other manners !

Fanny Bland.

Ptois.

FAMILY OF CLAYTON.

Can any of the readers of The Antiquary give
the writer any infonnation respecting the ancestry of
Owen Oaytoo, of Newtown, North Wales (about
the year 1750), iHio married Jane Bowen, and had
two sans, James and Chaiies, who resided at Wor-
cester and ShraiHey, Fjigland ?

C, A. Clayton.

90^ Willow Street,

Brooklyn, New York.

«•

BORROWED BOOKS.

Intbe " Antkinary's Note-Book" of the September
nuBbei; at p. 115, yon quote the complaint of a cor-
icspondent who has lost books, and who in torn
dever verses on "The Ait of Book-
n comiiWiM!;e~-"
I of my Spencer quite bereft*'
Can any reader say who was the aathor of the lines?
They were transcribed for me some time ago from the
alfaam of a lady over eighty yean of age, who had
copied them many yean earlier from a MS. scrap-
book. I pohiished the "poem" complete in the
Ontatry Advertiur^ bat fiuled to disoorer the aathor,
tbey Imd prerioasly been published.

Askew Robetts.

«• THE ANTIQUARY TIICE."

With reference to the qnolatna from TrtiUa amd
CraaJk^m^aiBUdMs^mtittooik the title-pa^ of The
Antiquaey, I suggest that the final x in ** tones" is a
mistake in the teat of Shakespeare, and that it oi^iht
to be e qinn ee d so as to pujmufi r Time. *' InsDwctcd
by dK aatiqwry Time.'' That is amtifaaij h here
ma epithet, not an adjective ; as the latter it was
~ by Shakespeare.
A similar mtsprtaoo occets in the modem text of
F///. MX n. scene i, where Bnrkirgham oom-
his last wishes to the Kii^: —
** And when oU Time shall lead him to hb end."

ns tioBe is printed with a small
letter; bfltintheiDlioof i633it is primed widi

piup e ilj f pciwnifics it.

A. E. Beae.

THE LATE MR. E B. FERREY.

Mr. E d m nnd B. Ferrey asks me to explain a passage
in my article in the October number of The Anti-
quary about his father's work in Wells Cathedral,*
which he thinks will give the impression that Mr.
Benjamin Ferreyand Sir Gilbert Scott were Jinn/ arc At-
tects, which was not the case ; and he naturally thinks
that his fruher should be credited with the entire
restoration of the west front of Wells CathedraL I
quite agree with this, and had no intention of saying
otherwise. Mr. E. B. Ferrey acknowledges that
" there was no magic in the name of Ferrey Uke that
of Scott ; the latter certainly used to attract moneyfor
building tar more than any other architect's." This
was all that I intended to say. He adds that, " Scott
only went down i»ue to WeUs to make hb report,
which confirmed and approred of his lather's work in
ereiT respect For this he was paid a handsome fee
by the Res t or a tion Committee ; ijut the whole of the
commission for the superintendence of the work, ex-
tendi]^ orer about three yean, was paid to Mr.
Benjamin Ferrey. Scott was only called in as con-
sulting architect, and nerer had ainrthing to do with
the irork, which was carried on by Ferrey." I never
intendfd to sar otherwise; Benjamin Ferrey was a
▼afaied friend of mine for 40 yean, and I not only liked
him personally as a friend, but consider his work as
IS some of the best that was done in his
he was never pfopeily appfeciated by the
The dmrch which he built for Lady Baidett-
Coutts in Victoria Street, W estmimte r, mi^ very
wdl pass for having been built in the thiiteeBth cen-
tury, which is the highest praise that can be given to
a modem Gothic building; unfottunairiy hit
was never carried out, the tower aod spire have
been built, or at all events had not bea the last
I saw it. To complete his desipi wodd be a good
m e m o ria l to his m e a M i y . and if Lady Buidelt-Coutts
is willing to receive subscriptiaBS toiTDds it, I foroae
should be willing to give my ndte. I have little doubt
that many othen who knew him would be wiffing to
do the same, especially those who hai
aod who witnesnd the extreme caie
woric was dooe^ and how aniinu% he was to
pulling' his employers to ai^ ueedBna expense. I
have fittle doubt that the sum requned would soon be
raised by su lisuiptj ons, if it were nodecrtood that they
would tic readily r e cei ve d .

Joror Hexey Paekee, CB.

AshmoleaaMi

4ir^l^3*

CROMWELL FAMILY.
lo an intaertin g mo.iubI of the CramweO

anypeared in THE Asttiqcaet for
(see p. 104, ami^, I find an exrac It
etfate at Lavenhn, ii
U> the Eail of Oxford,
to the king after the battle of Towiao in 1461

Lcveniiam is in Suiblk, ami the De V
Oxfofd, not only hdd laige pomesBoos i
hm. rended in it in Ae rcn of Henry VI.'
beaotdul ihaiLh vith its lon^

EoAU

230

CORRESPONDENCE.

tower was partly rebuilt at the cost of the then Earl
of Oxford. The porch, with its wonderful richness
of embellishment, is believed to have been erected by
John, fourteenth Earl.

W. Brailsford.
Wellington Chambers, Gateshead-on-Tyne.

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PRONUNCIA-
TION.

The well-known lines of Pope {Rape of the Lock^
iii. 7 and 8) —

' ' Here thou, great Anna ! whom three realms obey.
Dost sometimes counsel take — and sometimes tea" —

are often dted to prove that the word **/to" was in
the last century pronoimced as "/^^." I happened a
few days ago to come upon a song written by James
* Boswell, in which the following lines occur : —

'* When I thought her my own, ah ! too short seemed
the day

For a jaunt to Downpatrick, or'trip on the sea.

* • • • ' •

But too late I found even she could deceive.
And nothing was left but to weep and to rave.**

The Terses are of course not worth quoting, except as
pointing either to considerable differences between the
pronunciation of that period and that now in vogue,
or else to a remarkable laxity in the matter of rhymes.
There can be no doubt whatever that the pronuncia-
tion of words is no more stereotyped tfian many other
apparently permanent institutions. Our grandmothers,
and even our mother^ were taught, for example, to
pronounce oblige as if it were spelled obleege. So in-
deed Pope, in his famous lines on Addison, pro-
nounces it : —

Dreading ev'n fools, by flatterers besi^[ed,
And so obliging that he ne'er obliged.

Boswell's lines, however, made me wonder whether
many such rhymes are not really cases of what is
euphemistically called *' poetical" license. Doubtless
you, or some of your readers, can inform me on this
point.

Iota.
Bristol.

>H«>»l'^S^'XilK*

AN « INDIAN MONEY-COWRIE" IN A
BRITISH "BARROW."

(See Vol. I. pp. 30 and 41.)
It is stated in Boyd Dawkins's *' Early Man in
Britain," p. 19, that in Eocene times a south-eastern
sea, ** teeming with life of various kinds, now to be
found, for the most part, in the warmer regions of the
ocean," covered part of our south coast ; and he
mentions among the moUusca "the nautilus, the cone,
volute, cowrie, and others.

May not this Cornish cowrie and those of which
Mr. Featherstonhaugh and W. G. speak have been
gathered or washed up from the sands of this ancient
sea?

R. H. SiDGWICK.

Skipton.

FRANKS.

Would Major Bailie kindly say how the very early
franks are to be distinguished from official letters,
which would of course be free ? I have onef or two
with the name of the sender in the comer of the cover.
Would this constitute a frank ?

Emily Cole.

Teignmouth.

THE ARMS OF LIVERPOOL.

I find in the Antiquary for August (see p. 79,
ante)^ that the arms for the new diocese of Liverpool,
which liave just passed at the Herald Colle|[e, are —
" Argent, an eafle sable, with wings expan^d, beak
and legs or, holding in the claws of the right foot an
ancient writing-case, and having round its head a
nimbus of the third ; a chief, party per pale, gules
and argent ; on the dexter half an ancient galley with
three masts or, and on the sinister haff an open
Bible, with the legend 'Thy Woid is truth."* 1 do
not profess to be a herald, but should not the descrip-
tion of a coat of arms be so given that one may be
able to depict it from the blazon ? If so, may I ask
you how should the ancient writing-case be drawn ?
And can you inform me what meaning this writing-
case is intended to convey — what h^ an ancient
writing-case to do with Liverpool ? And can you at
the same time inform me if the motto "Thy Word is
truth" is to be upon the leaves of the open Bible or
if placed below or above the book ?

C. N. Elvin.

East Dereham.

v:>«.^,^<3^

" THE SHAKESPEARE DEATH-MASK."*

I venture to send you a copy of a note which I
entered in my common-place book in February, 1854,
as bearing on this interesting subject.

" Mr. R. D. Grainger has given me the following
interesting facts coimected wi A Shakespeare : — A few
years ago the house next to the College of Surgeons
m Lincoln's Inn Fields was removed in order to allow
of the enlargement of the Hunterian Museum. This
house was known to have been on the site of the old
playhouse built in 169^, and in the course of its de-
molition the workmen foimd a stone bust, which they
brought to Mr. Clift, the curator of the Museum. It
was considered to be a bust of Shakespeare, and it
soon fell into the hands of Professor Owen, its present
possessor. Shortly after this occurrence a German
physician (Becker) requested the professor to take
charge of a plaster face-cast, of wnich he gave the
following account : — It had been taken from the face
of Shakespeare after death, came into possession of
his family at that time, and had been handed down as
an heir-loom. During his absence from Germany it
was sold with some other property, and on becoming
aware of the fact he immediately travelled some hun-
dreds of miles in the hope of regaining it. This he
succeeded in accomplishing, having found it in some
Jew's shop in Frankfort, and repurchased it.

The most singular part of the story is this, how •

• See anUt p. 63.

CORRESPONDENCE.

23«

r, duit on oQmpsxisQQ the aot was found czjctlj to
raemble die bust. Mr. Gninger's woids were, I be-
lieve^ 'the cast exactly fitted the bast, and cone-
swnded widi it in e vei y line and wiinkle.' Kr.
Graimper ako assures me that hairs oC the beard zrt
Icftadhering to the plaster.

'* Both the bust and the cast, I bdiere, are at Pro-
feaor Owen's hoose in Richmond Park.*'

" Mis. Fanny Kemble (Mis. Batlcr), who visited
Diss in Januaiy, ISSS, confirmed the stoiy in tUo,
She had seen the cast, haiis and all, at Mr. Owen's
house." I have a later note stating that the cast is
taken back to Germany, but this, I hope, is incorrect.

It win be seen that there are differences between
the acooont as given by Mr. Giaii^ier and that coa-
tnined in your magazine, but they are not important.

Thomas £. Amyot.

DiasNoddlk.

THE POUTENESS OF OUR FORE
FATHERS.

I have read with some interest the article by
Mr. Hamilton, at p. 57 of your current volmne, on
*' The Politeness of our ForebLthers;" but lamafiaid
he is in error in describing the book he pnrdiased as
'•complete," and as " a little booklet ot 178 pages,"
pnblisned in the year mdclxxv^ for I have a copy
of tiie work containing no less than yoo pages. I have
compared your oorre^xxxient's quotatioos foom his
copy and (with the exception of one or two clerical
inaocniacies) they corre^xmd with mine.

W. A. Smith.

Cumberland Villa, The Hill,
Sutton, Snney.

*^^^^XS3>

GLOVES.

In yoor nnmber for July (see page 6, ant^^ in the
Chapter 00 (Cloves, Portgnoath is^dted as one of the
towns in which the cnstom exists of annoandng the
beginning of a foir by hanging oat or displaying a
l^ove in a prominent position. Its special meanii^
at snch a time was freedom finom arrest while the
£ur lasted. Like most other old customs, its memory
is now fiist dyii^ oat, the ceremony having been dis-
oontinned in Portsmouth since the abolition of the
Free Mart Fair in 1S46. This (air conmienced at
midnight, July 9, and lasted for fifteen days. As
soon as the clock struck twelve, the town sergeant
" pot out the glove" at the Town Hall, an npm hand
in a gauntlet. In 1S40, some person, imagining that
the absence of the hand would stop the holdi]:^of the
fiur, purloined it, and sent it to America. In i843t
some of the inhabitants, by a subscription, provided
«~^>»^*- open hand, of the natural size, naked ; the
wrist in gilded mail, and on t|ie fore-finger a ring
bearing the device of Ridiaid L, a crescent and seven-
layed star, being also the arms of the borough granted
b^ that Idog. Since 1S46 this hand has not been
displayed in public, but it is still in cri^ence.

W. H. Long.

lao^ High Street, Portsmouth.

"BY HOOK OR BY CROOK."

(SeevoL Lp. 118; andtfji^; p. 85.)

I venture to sqjsgest that the above expression takes
its origin foom a verf simple idea — vix., that '^ hook"
meaning a stidc, and ''crook" mraning a crooked
stick, ** by hook or by crook" signifies by straight
means or crooked means. That hook means a
stick is seen in the slang phrases, '* Take your hook,*'
"Hook it," &C.; while '* taki^ yoor stick" is used
synonymously for takii^ your departure.

W. Louis King.

WatUngton, Norfolk.

^rt-v.^-^

CLEANING COINS.

Suggestions are requested for rlraning silver coins
and medals which have become tarnished by coolact
with copper coins.

PLANTACEinrr.

Soolid 1{ecef9e&«

Oki Caidross. By D. Monay, Esq., F.S.A. Scot.
(Glasgow : J. Madehose.) — ^An Account of the Roman
Pavement discovered' at Woodchester. (Strood :
J. Elliott.)— The Hamnet Shakqxare. Part VI.
Corfohmns. By AQan P. Paton. (Longmans & Co.)
—The Ancient British Church. Bythe Rev. J. Piyce,
M.A. (Longmans & Co.)— Of Ei^dtthe l>apes :
Refxint of a Treatise in Latin by Johannis Cains,
1576. (Baxaar Office, 170^ Strand.) — ^Lancashire
Inquisitions. VoL L By J. P. Rylands. (Reooni
Society.)— Diprose's Book of Epit^^ (DqxDse^
Bateman.)— Some Fuller Descents. ^ J. F. Fuller,
F.S.A. (Privatdy printed.)— Rathmore and its
Traditions. (Trim: J. Moore.)— The Camp of Refine.
By S. H. Miller, F.R.AS. (Simpkin, MarshaU &
Co.)— Some Account of the Family of Wezener, or
Weiseener. By the Rev. R. C Jenkins. (Privately
printed.) — ^Priinitive Folk-moots. By G. L. Gomme,
F.S.A. (Sampson Low & Co.)— The Eaith. ^
John Hampden. (CSnest, 20, Warwick Lane.)—
Calendar of Sute Papers (Domestic Series) of the
reign of Charies L, 164a Edited by W. Douglas
H^nilton, Esq., F.S.A. (Loi^mansd: Co.) — Calen-
dar of State Papers (Foreign Series) of the reign of
F.liiabcth, 1575-77* Edited by A. J. Crosby, Esq.,
M.A. (Longmans & Co.) — Asgard and the Gods.
Edited by W. S. W. Anson. (Sonnenschdn & Allen,
Paternoster Square.) — Life of Field-Marshal Coum
Moltke. Edited by Captam H. M. Hozier. (Son-
nenscfaein & Allen.)

{\?ir\

Dotice0 to Corre^pon^ent0.

We again beg to warn numismatists with respect
to the operations of a coin dealer, who resides not a
himdred miles from Nottingham, and who oontiimes
to offer for sale some very cSnrer imitations of Roman
and Anglo-Saxon coins, rare medals, &c., mostly
so cleverly executed as to deceive even a skilled
numismatist.

23*

THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE.

ZTbe Hnttauari? £rcbande.

DIRECTIONS.— {^Vif August issue.)

Letters addressed to a Number^ care of the Manager^
must be accompanied by a stamp for postage.

For Sale.

Book-Plates for sale. A specimen packet sent post
free for five shillings. A series of selections sent on
approval. — W. E. Morden, 30, The Parade, Lee. P.O.
Orders to be payable at the Chief Office, London.

The School of Love. — The Recluse of the Woods.
— L^rmos and Rosa.— The Turtle Dove. — Cupid's
Annual Charter. These five curious **chap books,"
in paper covers, illustrated with coloured plates, clean,
dates about 1800, price lor. — W. E. Moiiien, 30, The
Parade, Lee.

Briefe Instruction by Way of Dialogue, concerning
the Principall Poyntes of Christian Religion, by
Greorge Doulye, Lovaine, 1604.— Apply, Miss Lucy
Gardiner, Denbury House, Newton Abbot, Devon.

Hamerton's Etchings and Etchers, second edition,
Macmillan, fine impression, in sheets ; price 45J. —
White's Leicester and Rutland, au., price S-f-^f*
Drowley, 9, Sidmouth Street, R^ent's Square, W.C.

Black-letter Chaucer, 1598, ;fi 2 i2j.— Ditto, 1687,
;f 7 7J.— F. W. Vidler, 2, Hoe Park Place, Plymouth.

English Bracket Striking Clock, by John Thwaites,
London; good time keeper, ebony and gilt frame, ;f 5.
— Also a large assortment of Antique China and
Works of Art. — Charles Nash, 2, Chctwynd Place,
High Road, Lee, Kent.

Hogarth Prints, in fine state, pair suppressed
Plates, "Before and After," 16 by 13 inches, dated
15th Dec., 1736, price ;f 3 jr. — Also Six Illustrations
to ** Hudibras," mounted, ^ i lar. — W. C, 3, Albion
Place, High Road, Lee.

Ruskin's Works for sale. Send for list to W. E. M.,
30, The Parade, Lee.

Autograph Letters for sale cheap. Send for list to
R. H., 15, Brooklyn Road, Shepherd's Bush.

A beautiful Slab of Marble (purple breccia) 4 feet
long, 2 feet broad, I inch thick ; it has been polished ;
rare and cheap. — W. Pointer, 18, Carburton Street,
Portland Street, W.

Artis's Durobrivas, 60 plates of Roman remains
discovered at Caston, folio, ;f 3 3^. ; Remains of Roman
Art at Corineum (the modem Cirencester), 4to, 15^. ;
both the above contain coloured plates and are very
scarce. — ^James Gray, 4, Scott Street, Bradford,
Yorkshire.

Antique eight-day Hall Clock in oak case, orna-
mented in old Japanese raised work, price ^"3 3J. —
Large old Oak Table, turned legs, SOif.— Carval Oak
Chest, 3CXf.— Henry Hankinson, Catworth, St. Neots,
Huntingdonshire.

Encyclopaedia Londinensis, 24 vols., whole bound
calf. Patron's cop^, in capital condition, cost over ;f 50,
price ;f7 7 J. — Richard Savage, i8a, West Street,
Stratford-on-Avon. '

Autograph Correspondence of the most Distinguished
Men in English and Foreign History. — Address for
list to Howard Revell, 29, Stansfieid Road, Stock-
well, London.

Ashmole's Antiquities of Berkshire, 3 vols. Very

scarce.— Bailey's Annals of Nottinghamshire, 4 vols.
— Coate's Reading, 4 to.— Brown's Highlands and
Highland Clans.— -Carlisle's Endowed Grammar
Schools of Great Britain, 2 vofe., largp paper (one
of 25 copies). — Allen's Surrey and Sussex, 2 vols.,
large paper. — Baines' Lancashire, 4to., large paper.
i86i8. Gregson's Lancashire, first and second editions.
— -WelPs Bedford Level, 1 vols, and atlas.— David-
son's Holtes of Aston, folio.— Nichols' Hinckley,
folio. 1813.— Maton's Western Counties, 2 vols.—
Brown Willis's Cathedral Church of Bangor and St.
David's, 2 vols. — Mackenzie's Kings Lynn. — Tindal's
Evesham, 4to. — Camden's Britannia, 1 vols., large
paper (1695) — and many others. — H. Gray, 10, Maple
Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Curious old broadside of The Royal Funeral ; or
England's Mourning (of Queen Anne), very rare. —
H. Gray, 10, Maple Street, Cheetham, Manchester.

Wanted to Purchase.

Wanted , any of the following editions of The Imita-
tion of Christ, by Thomas 4-Kempis : —

Translation into English, by Richard Whitford.
London : J. Cawood, 1556.

Ditto, by E. H. (Edward Hake). London, 1567.

Ditto, by Thomas Rogers. London, 1584, 1589,
1592, 1598, 1602, 1628.

Ditto, by B. F., s.l., 1613, 1615.

Ditto, by Thomas Carre. Paris, 1624, 164 1.

Ditto, by William Page. London, 1639 and 1677;
Oxford, 1639.

Ditto, s.n. Paris, 1640.

Ditto. London, 1673.

Ditto, by Willymott. London, 1722.

Ditto, by S. Smith, D.D. London, 1732.

Ditto, by H. Lee. London, 1760.
(lOi, care of the Manager.)

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Lancashire or
Cheshire. Best price given. — N. Heywood, 3, Mount
Street, Manchester.

Hull Seventeenth Century Tokens. — C.E.Fewster,
Hull.

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Wales and Border
Counties, especially Herefordshire, or with issuer's name
VORE or VOARE.— J. W. Lloyd, Kington.

Lincolnshire or Nottinghamshire Seventeenth Cen-
tury Tokens. — ^James G. Nicholson, 80, Acomb
Street, Greenhays, Manchester.

Wanted. — History of Surrey, Manning and Bray,
3 vols, folio. Complete sets, or any odd volumes. —
Tradesman's Tokens (17th century)of Surrey. — George
C. Williamson, Guildford.

Beloe's Anecdotes of Literature, last volume only.
— Restituta, last four parts, or last volume. — W. R.,
38, High Street, Maidstone.

Armorial Book plates purchased or exchanged. —
Dr. Howard, Dartmouth Row, Blackheath.

Proceedings Architectural Institute, Scotland,
1865-66, 67-8, 71-2, to end, complete, good condi-
tion. — (101, care of Manager.)

Common Prayer, 8vo, Cambridge, 1769, printed in
long lines, an imperfect copy would probably suffice. —
Apply, W. L. King, Watlington, Downham Market.

Archseoloffia Cantiana, vol. 10, must be in good
condition. — -Wm. John Mercer, 12, Marine Terrace,
Margate.

LADY AGNES HVNGERFORD.

a33

The Antiquary

DECEMBER, 1880.

Xabi? agncd Ibundcrforb.

OHN STOWE, in his " Chronicle of
England," under the year 1523
writes: — "The 20 February the
Lady Alice Hungerford, a knight's
wife, for murthering her husband was led
from the tower of London to Holbome, and
there put into a cart with one of her servantes,
and so carryed to Tybome and both hanged.
She was buried in the Grey Fryers church at
London." Stowe cites, as his authority for
this statement, the " Register*' of the Grey
Friars, although he evidently took his account
from the " Chronicle" of that fraternity, which
narrates the story in almost the same lan-
guage, but with this one important diflference —
it omits the crime for which Lady Hungerford
suffered. It is not surprising that such a
brief mention of so tragical an occurrence
should have excited curiosity and led various
antiquaries to search for further information
respecting the unfortunate lady, and to
speculate as to the name of the "knight"
whose wife she had been, as well as to the
caus^ which induced her to commit so
horrible a crime.

Sir Richard Colt Hoare's statement that
she was the wife of a Robert Hungerford
of the Cadenham branch of the family,
was refuted by Canon Jackson, in the
GentlematCs Magazine^ so far back as 1851.
The first thing that really threw any light
whatever upon the mystery was the discovery,
some twenty years ago, of the inventory of
the goods of Lady Agnes Hungerford, "which
belonged to the King's grace by forfeiture
for felony and murder." This inventory was
printed in vol. xxxviiL of the " Archaeologia"
(p. 360), with notes thereon by Mr. Gough
Nichols. Though the discovery of the
inventory did not help to clpar up the

VOL. 11.

more important points in the tragedy, yet
it was of the utmost importance, as it cor-
rected the error in the Christian name of
the convicted woman, and enabled her to be
conclusively identified with Agnes, the second
wife of Sir Edward Hungerford, father of the
Lord Hungerford who suffered execution at
the Tower in 1541. Before going farther,
then, let us briefly consider what is known of
this Sir Edward Hungerford.

He was the only-mentioned son of Sir
Walter Hungerford, who died in 15 16.
This Walter was a partisan of Henry VI I. ,
and revived the family honours after their
losses on the Lancastrian side in the War of
the Roses. Sir Edward was under age, though
probably grown up, in 1487, as in 1488-9
we find him named as a feoffee. He must
have been married before 1503 (as proved
by the age of his son and heir, who was
nineteen years old at his father's death
in 1522) to Jane, daughter of John Lord
Zouche, of Haryngworth. The date of her
death has not been ascertained. Sir Edward
served in the French wars in 15 13, and on
December 25 in that year was knighted at
Toumay " in the church after the King came
from Mass, under his banner."* Next year
he returned to England and was in the com-
mission of the peace for Wilts in 1 5 1 5. On
May 30, 1 5 16, the day after the proving of
his father's will, he had livery of his lands as
"son and heir of Sir Walter Hungerford, Kt.,
&c"t He now remained chiefly in England,
and it is to this period of his life that particular
interest attaches, as it is about the time that
he may have married his second wife Agnes.
On November 7, 15 17, he was Sheriff for
Wilts, and a commissioner appointed to
inquire into buildings lately destroyed for
imparkation of lands. The same year he
was nominated to attend King Henry VHI.
at a banquet given at Greenwich on July 7.
Next year (November 7, 15 18) he served as
Sheriff for Somerset and Dorset. In 1520
he was nominated to attend the English
sovereigns at the Field of the Cloth of Gold,
and in February, 1 521, was in the Commis-
sion of the Peace for Somerset. The next we
learn of him is that on December 14 in the
same year he made his last will, in which he

♦ "Harl. MS.*' 6069, f. 1 12.
t ''Pat. Roll." 8 Hen. VIII., part L m. 7 (22).

234

LADY AGNES HUNGERFORD.

describes himself as "of hole and perfite
xnynde and of good memory, being sike in
body ;" he desires to be buried in " my parish
churcbe of Heightesbury."

His will is unfortunately short, and gives
us scarcely any information of interest. He
first bequeaths some legacies to various
churches in the neighbourhood and then
some others to diflferent friends. He con-
cludes, " The residue of all my goodes, detts,
catalls, juells, plate, harnesse, and all other
moveables whatsoever they be, I freely geve
and bequeth to Agnes Hungerforde my
wife." He then appoints Agnes his sole
executrix. The will was proved by Robert
Colett, Clerk, Lady Hungerford's proctor, on
January 29 following. An entry in the
Close Roll for 15 Henry VIII., supplies the
hitherto unascertained date of Sir Edward's
death, and states that it happened on
January 24, 13 Henry VIII. (1522),* being
five days before the proving of his will.

If then we accept the conclusion naturally
drawn from Stowe's statement, we must be-
lieve Sir Edward to have died at the hands
of a wife to whom he had but six weeks before
left the whole of his personal property, and
for whom he evidently bore the most tender
regard. The account of Lady Hungerford's
trial, now for the first time brought to light,
will, however, show that Stowe's statement,
though misleading^ is yet substantially correct
— Lady Agnes having really suffered on the
scaffold for being concerned in the murder
of her husband^ though that husband was not
Sir Edward Hungerford.

On the Coram Rege Roll for Michaelmas
term, 14 Henry VIII., membrane 17 of the
" Rex Roll," we find that

On the Monday next after the feast of S. Bartholo-
mew, in the 14th year of the now king (25th August,
1522), at Ilchester, before John Fitz James, and his
fellow-justices of o^er and terminer for the county
of Somerset, Wilham Mathewe, late of Heytesbury,
in the county of Wilts, yeoman, William Inges, late
of He3rtesbury, in the county aforesaid, yeoman, on
the 26th July, in the lOth year of the now Lord the
King ( 1 518), with force and arms made an assault
upon John Cotell, at Farley, in the county of Somerset,
(^ the frocurement and abetting of Agnes Hungerford^
late of Heytesbury, in the county of Wilts, widow,
at that time the \mfe of the aforesaid John Cotell,
And a certain linen scarf called a kerchier {quandam
flameam lineam vocotam^ ** a kerchier"), which the

* "Qow Roll," 15 Hen. VIII. m. 22.

aforesaid William, and William then and there held
in their hands, put round the neck of the aforesaid
John Cotell, and with the aforesaid linen scarf him,
the said John Cotell, then and there feloniously did
throttle, suffocate, and strangle, so that the aforesaid
John Cotell immediately dic^, and so the. aforesaid
William Maghewe* and William Inges, by the pro-
curement and abetting of the aforesaid Agnes, did
then and there feloniously murder, &c., the aforesaid
John Cotell, against the peace of the Lord the King.
And afterwards the aforesaid William, and William,
the body of the aforesaid John Cotell did then and there
put into a certain fire in the furnace af the kitchen in
the Castle of Farley aforesaid, and. the body of the
same John in the fire aforesaid in the Castle of Farley
aforesaid in the county of Somerset aforesaid^ did
bum and consume. And that the aforesaid Agftes
Hungerford, late of Farley in the county of Somerset,
widow, otherwise called Agnes Cotell, late of Hejrtes-
bury, in the county of Wilts, widow, late the wife of
the aforesaid John Cotell deceased, well knowing that
the aforesaid William McUhewe and IVilliam Inges
had done the felony and murder aforesaid^ in form
aforesaid, them the same William and William at
Farley, in the county of Somerset aforesaid, on the
18/A day of December, in the loth year of the reign of
the said Lord King (15 18) did receive, comfort, and
aid, a^inst the peace of the Lord the King, &c.

Which said indictment the now Lord the King,
afterwards for certain causes, caused to come before

him to be determined, &c And now to

wit, on Thursday next after the quinzains of S.
Martin (Nov. 27, 1522), in the same term before the
Lord the King at Westminster, in their proper persons
came the aforesaid William Mathewe, William Inges,
and Agnes Hungerford, brought here to the bar by
Sir Thomas Lovell, Knight, Constable of the Tower
of London, by virtue of the writ of the Lord the King
to him thereupon directed. And they are com-
mitted to the Marshal, &c, and forthwith being
severallv asked as to the matters wherewith they are
above charged and how they will acquit themselves
thereon, they severally say that they are in no wise
Guilty, and thereupon for good, or for ill, the^ put

themselves on the country, glc The jurors

come in the octaves of S. Hilary (1523), &c

At which said octaves of S. Hilary before the King
at Westminster, came the aforesaid William Mathewe,
William Inges, and Agnes Hungerford, brought to
the bar by Sir Thomas Lovell, Kt., constable of the
tower of London, &c.

The jurors being sworn found each of the
prisoners to be guilty of the crimes with
which they were charced. "Therefore it
is adjudged that William Mathewe and
Agnes Hungerford shall be hanged^ 6-^."

William Inges sought ** benefit of

clergy," saying "that he was a clerk.**
Whereupon the Attorney-General said that
Inges should not be allowed the benefit, as
" he is a bigamist*' (pro eo quod ipse bigamus

* So spelt in the origintL

LADY AGNES HUNGERFORD,

«35

est\ havinp; married a certain Joan Mason,
at Little Cheverell, co. Wilts. Inges denies
the charge and is remanded, that the Bishop
of Salisbury may certify as to the facts of the
case. This he does in the octaves of S.
John the Baptist,^ 1523, and proves that
William Inges ^^ est bigamus,'' &c. There-
fore it is adjudged " that William be hanged,"
&c.

The foregoing extract from the Coram
Rege Roll has cleared away the veil which has
hitherto shrouded the story of the unfortunate
Lady Hungerford, though it can in no way
be said to detract from the interest of the
tragedy. The record before us gives the exact
date of the murder, the place where it was
committed, and the persons who were con-
cerned in it. It shows that Lady Agnes,
though an accessory as well before as after
the fact, was yet not the actual perpetrator of
the crime, and — though it makes her none
Ae less guilty of murder — at least removes
from her character the stain of having brought
to a close the life of so evidently attached a
husband as Sir Edward Hungerford.

The first point to be considered in the
evidence supplied by the indictment, is the
manner in which the murder was committed ;
it says that Cotell was "strangled" with a
certain "kerchier;" this I think we may pre-
sume to be the neckerchief he was wearing at
the time, and that Matthew and Inges coming
suddenly upon him used the "kerchier"
to strangle him and so end his life. The
indictment throughout describes Agnes, when
the wife of Coieil, as " of Heytesbury," and
after she became Agnes Hungerford^ as " of
Farlcy,"suggcsting that after her marriage with
Sir Edward sheresided chiefly at Farley." When
that marriage was solemnized would be most
interesting to learn. Did it follow closely the
murder of Cotell ? If so, surely there is
ground for heightening the romance, and for
supposing that Agnes procured CotelFs death
in order that she might marry Sir Edward.
This fact the indictment supplies in support
of such a theory, that on the 28th of December,
1518, five months after the murder, Agnes
was living at Farley, if not as Lady
Hungerford, at least in a position of suffi-
cient authority to allow of her harbouring
her accomplices within the casde walls.
The social station of Agnes at the time

of her last marriage is also a point to be in-
vestigated. The indictment, which mentions
the calling of Matthewe and Inges, is silent as
to the profession of Cotell, but from certain
entries in the inventory of goods of Agnes
(mentioned before),* which describe some
costly articles marked in a way to suggest
their having belonged to Agnes before her
marriage with Sir Edward, we are safe in
presuming that neither Agnes nor Cotell
belonged to the humble classes, though
their station was probably inferior to that of
the Hungerfords. We may, indeed, even
suppose Cotell to have had some employ-
ment upon Sir Edward's lands, as steward or
bailiff, and that on the day of his murder,
at Farley, he was following his avocations
there ; he cannot certainly have been far
from the castle when the crime was com-
mitted, as we find the murderers placing their
victim in the kitchen fumace.f If this be so,
Sir Edward's acquaintance with Agnes may
be easily explained.

The next point that calls for remark is the
date on which Lady Hungerford and her
accomplices were first brought to trial j from
the arrest, following so quickly after Sir
Edward's death, it would almost seem as if .
during his life he had been able to ward off
any lingering suspicions that may have existed
against his wife, and so prevent a direct
charge of murder being preferred against
her; for it is not probable that Cotell's
disappearance can have failed to awaken
suspicions; or that those suspicions can
have been unknown to Sir Edward, who,
hyiifour months afler the murder, was acting
as sheriff for the very county in which it was
committed. It does not follow from this that
he was in any way cognizant of his wife's
guilt ; he probably accepted the story, what- .
ever it may have been, by which she accounted
for Cotell's death. One point more is worthy
of observation ; that is, the careful manner

* As this inventory has been printed in full in vol.
xxxviii of the ** Archaeologia,'' and nearly in fnll in
Mr. Brcwer^s **Cal. of State Papers," temp. Hen.
VIII. (vol. iii. part 2, No. 2861), I have thought it un-
necessary to reproduce any part of it, but the tran-
script just mentioned should be read in connection
with this Article.

t This furnace is marked in a plan of '* Farley
Castle*' in Canon Jackson*s ''Guide to Farleigh-
Hungerford," p. 16.

R 2

236

LADY AGNES HUNGERFORD.

in which the indictment avoids any mention
of Agnes havin^g been the wife of Sir Edward
Hungerford. This can hardly have been
accidental ; and — taken in conjunction with
the fact of her name not appearing in the
Hungerford pedigrees found amongst the
Heralds' visitations— it shows the anxiety
naturally felt by the Hungerfords to prevent
the name of fiie unfortunate Agnes being
handed down to posterity as the wife of a
member of their family.

I think, from Stowe's statement, it has been
generally inferred that the " servant" led to
execution with Lady Hungerford was a
woman; the record corrects this inference,
and leaves no doubt that the " servant " was
the accomplice Matthewe ; Inges not having
been executed till six months later.

There is yet much to be learnt in connec-
tion with this interesting ^tory ; and it is to
be hoped that the important additional
facts supplied by the Coram Rege Roll
will lead to some further particulars respect-
ing Lady Hungerford being hereafter brought
to light

William John Hardy.

^.'ij^^ti^.

Zbc "(5rub Street Journal.

By Lord Talbot de Malahide.
(Continued from p. 196.)

PART 11;
PRICE OF WHEAT.

February 9, 1 730. — Price of wheat at Bear
Key, per quarter, 24-3 u.

May 14. — We hear that Mr. Aldworth,
the vintner of Islington Hall, disposed of his
most curious piece of antiquity, the real
dagger with which Sir William Walworth,
Lord Mayor of London, killed the famous
rebel Wat Tyler in the reign of Richard the
2nd, for 10 guineas. — St yama^ and London
Evening Post

Note of the Grub Street yournal: —
" This report is entirely groundless, he
designing never to part with so valuable a
curiosity."

September 2. — They have had a violent
hurricane in and about Dublin, but the most
extraordinary effect of it was upon the hand
of St Warburgh's Church clock, which, our

correspondent writes, was turned about for
a quarter of an hour together, with the same
velocity as the flyers of a jack usually move.
March 17, 1730. — On Tuesday, 17 March,
being St Patrick's day, the tutelar Saint of
Ireland, their Majesties and the rest of the
Royal family wore crosses in honour of that
day.

EXPORT OF CORN.

September 7, 1734. — ^There were 5,085
quarters of wheat exported this week to Spain
and the Straights.

September 21. — More than 5,000 quarters
of wheat have been this week exported from
London, besides other grain.

Dublin^ October 16, 1 73 / . — A bill is ordered
to be brought into Parliament that all pro-
ceedings in Courts of Justice shall be read in
the English language.

August 2, 1734. — Yesterday 3 young tigers
were whelped in the dens at the Tower.

August 14. — Last week an Eagle, the
largest that has been seen in England, was
taken by a tailor, on a gate near Charlton in
Kent Its wings, when expanded, were three
yards and eight inches in length, between
feather and feather; but being claimed by
Sir — Langhorn as Lord of the Manor, it
was delivered to him. This news being
brought to town, one of the P'alconers was
sent to demand it, as being a Royal bird,
and he brought it with him to Kensington.

There are some very curious entries about
the notorious Colonel Charteris : —

February 26,1730. — Colonel Charteris was
tried and convicted at the Old Bailey of
committing a rape upon his servantmaid,
Ann Bond. His goods and property were
all forfeited, and he was condemned to
death.

April 14. — We hear that yesterday morning
Ann Bond, the person that prosecuted
Colonel Charteris for rape, had J[fioo paid
her by a gentleman of St. Margaret's, West-
minster.

April 16. — We hear that yesterday the
famous Ann Bond, who prosecuted Colonel
Charteris for rape, was married at Gra/s Inn
Chapel to Charles Heather, a drawer at
a tavern in Westminster, and they have since
taken a tavern in Bloomsbury, and design to
set up a well painted head of Colonel Charteris
as a sign.

THE ''GRUB STREET y OURNALT

237

April 20. — Colonel aiarteris, who was
tiiong^ to have gone to Bath, hath hired
lodgings at Kensington gravel pits (not far
frosEL Tybum) ; and last Saturday as he was
going in a hackney coach to Chelsea, the
mob feQ upon him and beat him in a roost
bubxrous manner, for no other reason than
that there were two women with him in the
coftch. — Daily Post*

Note of the Grub Street Joumal :—
** Had die Colonel had his deserts he would
bave escaped this ill-usage."

^^y 15- — Colonel Charteris appeared in
Court, and pleaded his Majesty's roost
gracious pardon for the rape he committed
on the body of Ann Bond. — Post-boy.

October 6. — The King has ordered the
several estates in Middlesex, Westmoreland
and Lancashire together with divers goods
and chattels that belonged to Colonel Charteris
and were seized by the Crown upon his late
conviction of felony, to be restored to him.
— Si, James's journal.

The &vour shown to Colonel Charteris seems
to have been very badly received by the
public, and there are several severe articles on
the subject, as for instance the following : —

March 12. —

Little villains must submit to fate,

That great ones may enjoy the world in state.

Garth's Dispmsary,

After this heading, the article goes on
with the following suggestions :— " That a
law be made exempting all persons of such
a particular dignity or fortune from all
prosecutions for murder, sodomy, and rape,
committed on those who have not an estate
of such a particular value."

There is a curious letter suggesting that
cases of adultery and rape should not be
left to common juries. With respect to
adultery, the writer suggests that—

Ap4l 9, 1 730. — Since this vulgarly reputed
crime is approved and practised by all who
have any taste of politeness, I would propose
that the fine should be laid on the husband
who disturbs the peace of society with making
a public complaint of an offence at which he
is bound in honour to connive. In such cases
as these, the jury should consist of gentlemen
of large estates, who have been brought up in
such free and polite maxims. They ought
also to be single men, because those who

are married are apt to be prejudiced in
fevour of the plaintiff. Were ^ese rules
observed, I am j>ersuaded the peace of
society would be no longer disturbed with
these frivolous and vexatious suits.

With respect to rapes, he says : — *^ As
for rapes, they seem to me to be wholly
out of the way of common tradesmen.
This being one of those diversions which
are proper only for gentlemen, is often very
improperly left to the determination of a jury
of citizens, who are as unfit to judge in an
affair of this nature, as a jury of countryroen
would be to inflict a penalty for breaking a
hedge, or trampling down com. In a case
of this kind the jury ought to consist of
officers or other men of honour who would
be able to judge whether the accused person
was qualified to ravish or not ; and if it
should appear that the supposed criminal is
a person duly qualified either by bir^ edu-
cation, or fortune, for such entertainments.,
and that the person pretending to be ravi^ied
is much inferior to him in coiKlition, then it
might be thought proper to acquit the gentle^
man honourably, and oblige the woman to
live with him, as long as he should please^
but if he should desire to have no fiuther
conversation with her she might be sent to
some house of correction. These method^
if well pursued, would soon put an entire
stop to these troublesome indictments^ and
gendemen would be able to enjoy their pro-
per diversions unmolested. As for persons
of lower rank, a small fine ought to be laid
on them, not exceeding the penalty for
taking rural diversions without being pro-
perly qualified. Some, I imagine, will be apt
to object that it will be very hard on the
women, that they should suffer violence, and
afterwards not only have no redress, but run
the risk of also being punished. To this, I
answer, that our well-bred author shows that
women of fashion are too polite to give any
occasion for violence, and as for those of an
inferior rank, they ought to be punished for
refusing what they have no right to deny."

I think I cannot do better than give in
conclusion some samples of the announce-
ments of marriages which are quaint and
instructive : —

March i6, 1731. — After describing the
marriage ceremony of the Prince of Orange

238

THE ''GRUB STREET yOURNALr

and the Princess Royal, " we hear that the
Prince of Orange had his pocket picked of a
fine gold repeating watch during the cere-
mony of his marriage." — Daily Adi'eriiser.

His Majesty did the bridegroom the honour
to ])ut on his wedding-shirt with his own
hands. He was undressed by the Prince of
Wales. The lace round the wedding sheets

cost ;^ 1, 2 GO.

^uly 13, 1734- — Married lately, Lord Wal-
lingford, son to the Earl of Banbury, to Miss
Catharine Laws, daughter to the great Mr.
Laws, a lady possessed of rare beauties both
of person and mind, besides a prodigious
fortune.

October 3. — Married, last week. Hill Dawe
(of Ditcheat, in Somersetshire), Esq., to Miss
Moore, a very agreeable young lady, with fine
accomplishments, an^ a fortune of above

On Thursday, Velters Cornwall, Esq.,

to Miss Bray, a very able young lady of good
family and great fortime.

October 2, 1735. — Married on Tuesday at
St. George's Chapel, Grosvenor Square,
Henry Haghon (of Yorkshire), Esq., to Miss
Sarah Latterick, a beautiful young lady with
;^i 2,000 fortune.

Yesterday morning, Thomas James,

of Penshurst, in Kent, Esq., to Miss Edwills,
a beautiful young lady with a pretty fortune.

January 10, 1737. — Last week a young
couple were married at Dover. The bride
seemed during the ceremony to be* under
some extraordinary uneasiness, and after the
same was over and she returned to her house,
she was brought to bed of a girl ; so the
bridesmen and bridesmaids stood godfathers
and godmothers, and the curate earned
double fees for a very unexpected occasion.

Friday, May 8.— Yesterday the Right Hon^'*
the E^l of Plymouth was manied at White-
hall Chapel to Miss Lewis, daughter of
Thomas Lewis, Esq., of Soberton, in the Co.
of Southampton, and M.P. for the borough
of New Sarum, a fine young lady with
;i^30,ooo down, and ;^5,ooo per annimi. —
Courant,

On Saturday night the only son of the
R^ht Hon^'* I^rd James Cavendish, uncle to
His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, was
married to Miss Chandler, one of the daugh-
ters of the Lord Bishop of Durham, a beau-

tiful young lady of ;£'6,ooo fortune. — Daily
Post.

A son of Lord James, &c., to a young lady
of excellent accomplishments. — Courant,

March 22.— We learn that the Rev. Dr.
Maddox, clerk of the closet to Her Majesty,
was lately married to Miss Price, a very
agreeable lady of ;^i 8,000 fortune. — Daily
Post and Daily 'journal.

In conclusion, I may add that there was a
continuation of the journal, which ceased in
May, 1738, entitled. The Literary Courier of
Grub Street, I liave seen the numbers from
June I to July 27, but do not know whether
the paper ever went beyond that date.

of Hrme0."

EDITED BY JAMES GREBNSTRBET.

[Concluded from p. loi.)

201. Halnath de Halnaby port d'argent,
a vne fees [et vj.] floure de lucz de
sable.

202. John Marmaduc — de goules, a vne
fees et 3 papeiaye[s d'argent], beke et
pees d'or.

203. Adam de Swynbome port de goules,
a 3 testz de s[inglier] d'argent recoupez,
enarmes d'or.

204. Robert de Bowes port d'ermyne, a 3
arcez tenduz de goules.

205. Mons. William de Wessyngton —
de goules, a deux barrz et 3 molettz
d'arge[nt au chief].

206. Mons. Thomas Suteys (read "Sur-
teys" from the other versions) — d'ermyne,
a vne quart' de goules, et vne escuch[eon
voyd^e d'argentj.

207. Richard Restwald port Quarterly, les
deulx quartellz cu[stantz d'ermyn], et
les autres quartres de goules.*

208. Mons. Ric. de Ogle — d'argent, a vne
fees et 3 cressantz de goulz.

209. Mons' Robert Conyers port Quarterly,
cesta savor, d'or, et [vn fez fuzil^e] de
sable, et la manche d'azure.t

* Tricked in the Additional MS. 12,224 version as ;
Per saltire gules and ermine.

^: I.e. I and 4, Or, a fess, fusilly, sable ; a and 3, Or,
a maonch, azure.

''MR. THOMAS yENYNS" BOOKE OP ARMBSr

^39

aio. Mons' Gerard Salvaine— d'aigent, a

vne cheif de sa[ble], et deux molettes

d'or, percz de goules.
an. Mods' Thomas Tunstall— de sable,

a 3 combes d*arge[nt].
2X2. Mons' Thomas Strother — de goules,

a vne' bend d'arg[ent, et 3 eglecealx] de

vert au bend, beek et pees de goules.
213. Mons' Thomas Stirkeland port de

sable, a 3 escallopp[es d'argent].
ai4. Mons' William de Leegh port d'azure,

a deux barres dTargent], et vne bend

cheker^e d'or et de goules.

215. Mons' William Camaby— d'argent, a
deulx barrz et 3 pellottz d'azure [a mont].

2 1 6. Mons. Chriscophre Curwene — d'ar-
gent, frett6 de goules, a vne [cheif
d'azure].

217. Mons' Wautier Calverley port d*ar-
gent, a vne fees [de goules], et 3 veletz
de sable passantz.

218. Mons' William Thiriskyld— d'argent,
a vne manch de [goules], et vne labell
de trois pointz de vert.

219. Rauf flfytz Williams — Burel^ d'azure
et d'argent, ove iij. chapeulx de g[oulz].

220. Le Signiour de Clare-— d'argent, a vne
quarter de g[oulz].

221. Thomas Langton, de Wjmyard, port
d'or, a vne leon ram[pand de sable],
nafre sur le spaule deuant*

222. John de Erington port d'argent, a
dejux barrz d'azure, et iij. escallopes
d'azure a mont.

* * * following is taken out of Mr. Poole's

copey.f
**3« [John Derwentwater port d'argent, a
vne fez et demy et quarter de goules,
a vne] quintfoyle d'[argent en] le quarter.

224. Hugh de Buminghill port de sable, a
troys cheyfors (butterf[lyess)] d'arg[ent].

225. Robert de Clapeham port d'argent,
a vne bend de sable, [et] troys cuppes
d'argent, et vne quatrefoyle de sable.

226. W" de Laton port d'argent, a vne
bend de goules, a troys escalloppes
d'argent.

227. W" de Thomburgh port d'ermyn,
firett6 ou vne cheif d[e goulz],

* Tricked : bleeding^at the shoulder, gules, in Ad-
ditional MS. 12,224.

t This intimation not given by Charles, but there
is a break here in 'his copy.

228. John de Dalston port d'aigent, a vne
cheueron engrale et trois testes du oysell
rases de sable.

229. Richard Berhalgh port d'aigent, a
troys ourses de sable passauntz, moselez
d'or.

230. Robert Sw3mehowe port de sable,
a trois porcez d'a[rgent].

231. Mons. John Coh7le, Signio' de
Biteham, port d'[or, a vne] fees de
gowlles.

232. Mons' John de Richer* port d'argent,
a vne bend d'[azur], et troys cressauntz
d'or en la bend.

233. Mons' Odinell Heron port d'asure,
a troys heronceu[x] d'argent, beeke et
pees d'or.

234. Roger Heron port de gouUes, a troys
heronceux d'argent.

235. Mons' John Heron port de goules,
a vne cheueron et tro3rs heronceux
d'aigent.

236. Mons' Robert Hilton, de Swyne,t
port d'a[rgent], a troys chapeauz de
gowlles, le roses perses d'or.

237. Mons' John fifelton port de goules,
a deux leons i>ass[antes] a tne doble
tressure florett^ d'argent

238. Pyers de la Hay port d'argent, a trois
escalloppes de gou[les] bendez et deux

costesj

239. John de Newsom port d'azure, a vne
fees d'argent, a trois crois plaines de
gowlles.

240. John de Ousethorpe port de gowlles,
a troys flowres deawe d'argent

241. Walter de Melsanby port de sable,
a deux gemelles et vne cheif d'argent

242. Symon Welt • • e port [d'ar]gen[t,
a cheif de goules, vn rose, sur] le cheif
vne leon rampant d'argent rosee [copee
demy in j. trace change] come escu.
In trycke y* lion aboue 3 foyleu fees
ar. and g.§

• ** Rither*' in the other versions.

t Additional MS. 12,324 adds : " vnius fonnda-
toris de Swyne." The same MS. adds : " vnios foun-
datoris de Swine Abby.' Postea Melton, modo
Darcij."

X The cotises sable in Additional MS. 12,224.

§ Tricked in Additional MS. 12,224 ^ * Per chief
gules and argent, a bordure, and in chief a demi lion
rampant, and in base a cinquelbil, all coonterchacged.
The name is given as " Simon Waltdenc"

-: ^

240

''MR. THOMAS JENYNS BOOKE OF ARMESr

243. John 'Belasise 'Eltofles port d'argent,
a troys [rookes de]* chesse de sable.

244. Roger de Somervyle port Burul^ de
gowlles [et d'argent], ou vne bordure
d'azure as merlettes d'or.

245. Esmond Montague port d'azure, a
vn^ ^\^T^ rampant d'or].

246. W"* Story port d'argent, a vne tygre
de [purp', a croislettj sur le spaule
d'argent, ovec la cowe fresshe.

247. John Wellesby port d'argent ampartie
de s[able, a vne leopard] pass, d'or au

cheif.t

248. Robert de Bjmchestree port de goules,
o[u le cheif battayl^ d'argent].

249. W°* Wyvell port de goules, frette d'or,
ovec vne qu[artre de goules].

^ 250. Walter Burdon port d'asure, a trois
b[urdons et le champ] poudree de
croislettes d'or * Vghtrede.'

251. JohnJ fitz Neell port d'argent, a troys
pales de go[ules, et vne] fees d'asure, et
troys merlettes d'or en la fees.

252. Robert Teyas port de goules, a vne
fees et trois [mallottes d'or (Argent in
Additional MS. 12,224)].

253. Robert Horsley port de gowlles, a
troys teste[s du] chevall d'argent rases,
freyne de sable.

254. Robert Sheperwast port d'asure, a
trois gemeux et cheif [d'ar.].

255. Richard Mallett port de sable, vne
cheueron et troys ferma[ux d'argent].

256. John Longvyle port de gowlles, a vne
fees daunc^e d'argent d[e troys], croysel^
d'or.

257. W" Stallingburgh port de sable, a vne
cheueron et troys botton^s§ fytch^s
d'argent

258. Robert Benhall port de sable, a vne
bend et deux costices w[av^s d'argent].

259. Hugh (? read " Roger" from Addi-
tional MS. 12,224) de Aston port d'ar-
gent, a vne bend daunc^ embelief de
sa[ble].

* Nos. 243 to 307, inclusive, being omitted by
Charles from his copy, the portions supplied are from
a leaf inserted elsewhere in the Harleian MS. 6589
(see pencil folio 48).

+ Tricked in the Additional MS 12,224 ^s : Per
chevron, sable and argent, in chief a lion, passant,
guardant, or.

X Additional MS. 19,224 has "Thomas."

% /.^., crosses botonn^.

260. Hugh Hercy port d'argent, a vne
cheif de gowles.

261. Esteven de Gossinton port d'aSure,
a vne rose pers^e d'or.

262. [Henry Bysshopbery port d'argent, a
vnej fees et deux [costices de sable].

263. [T]homas Pype — d'az., a vne fees et
6 crosselettes fytch^s d'or en le [champ].

264. John Maudyt port Paid ovndd de 6
d'or et de sabl'.

265. Th. Bosville port d'or,* a vne ftiselle
de gowle[s], et 3 croislettes de sable.

266. Th. Cobham port (ermine spot
tricked), a 3 ciessauntes de g., ou 3
besantes (tricked a crescent charged
with a roundle).

267. John Berley port de g., a deux mo-
lettes d'or percz, et vne quarter (ermine
spot tricked).

268. Constantyne Mortimer port d'or, a 3
fliure de licz de s.

269. John Appelby port d'az., a 6 mer-
lettes d'or.

270. Ric' de Sandes — d'ar., a vne fees
daunsee et 3 croislettes fitches de

[g • * *]•

271. M. John Quytricke — d'ar., a vne frett
et vne quarter de g.

272. M. Clem' de Skelton port b., a vne
fees g., et 3 (fleur-de-lis tricked) d'or.

273. M. John Tereby port d'ar., cheif b., a 3
bousses d'or, et vne estoyll d'or au champ.

274. John Aglomby — d'ar., a 2 barres de
s., a 3 merlettz a mesme au ch[eif].

275. W" Hoton, de(l) ffbrest, — G., a vne
fees s., et 3 oryelliers ar.

276. John de Blencowe — de g., a vne
quarter d'ar.

277. John de Newby port de s., a vne fees
d'ar., et 3 roses. [de goulz],

278. John de Levinton — de g., sur vne
cheueron d'ar. 3 5-foyles s.

279. Tho. AUanby — d'ar, a vne cheueron
plaine et border b. engreld.

280. W"* ffetheir — G., a vne cheueron
(ermine spot tricked), et 3 plumes d'ar.
(Written against this: "After Thirke-
wald, 6.")t

* Argent in Additional MS. 12,224. \

t In Additional MS. 12,224, this is preceded by
the next coat, and the blazon given — viz., ** Wiirm
ffetheir port de goules, vne cheveron d'ermyn, trois
plumes d'argent. The tricking in that MS. has
three feathers.

''MR. THOMAS JENYNS? BOOKE OF ARMESr

241

281. Raph de Thirkewald (" Thirlwair in
Additional MS. 12,224) — G., a vne
cheueron et 3 testes du singleir d*a[r.
r^coupees].

282. M. Ric' de Kyrkeby — d'ar., vne fees
et demy de s., a quarter d' [argent]* vne
fer de moleyn de s.

283. John de la More— de g., a vne croyse
patee et vne scallopp[e] devaunt d'ar.

284. John de Skypton port d*ar., a vne
a(n)cre de s.

285. Hamond Monceaux — de g., a vne
croise resercell^ d'or, et vne scallop
d'or, et vne scallop d'or en le quarter a
mont.

286. W" Beaulieu — Ar., a vne cheueron
dauncde et 3 testes du oysell de s.

287. Roger Salisbury — de g., a vne croyx
pat6 d'ar., et iiij. testes du leopard d'or.

288. [Roger Newers — d'az., a vne fees
d'argent, et 3 garbes d'or.]

289. Tho. Braybrooke port d'argent, a 6
losen [ges de goules].

290. John Chamberlayne — G., vne fees et
3 escallopp[es d'or].

291. Jphn de Wystowe — d'ar, a vne
cheueron et 3 pellottz de g.

292. Roger de Well — d'or, a vne griffon
ramp, de vert

293. Le Baron de Skirpenbeke— de goules,
vne crois pat^ [d'argent], cheif d'az,, et
vne leopard pass, d'or en le cheif.

294. John de Bleverhassett — de g., a 3
dolphins d'ar.

295. John de Eglesfyld— d'ar., a 3 egles
displayes de [goules].

296. John de Cottingham — de s., vne
cheueron engr. et 3 [plumes t d'ar.]

297. Robert Sleghtes, de Legbum, en
Lincolnshire — de [goulz], vne cheueron
et 3 croises recerselds d'or.

298. Mons' Jde Scremby — d'az., a 3 barres
et vne [bend d'or].

299. Mons. John Shandos — de g., a vne
puiss[e fytch^ d'argent].

300. M. W° de Sandford — (ermine spot
tricked), vne cheif de g., et 2 te[stes du
singler d'ar.]

* So tricked in Additional MS. 12,224 also, but it
is doubtless inaccurate.

t Tricked as three quill pens in Additional MS.
13,224.

X The same MS. leaves a blank where the Christian
name should be.

301. M. Dryby* — d'ar., a 2 caterfoylles et
vne quarter [de goulz].

302. M. John Lythegraynes — G., a vne
escotchon voydz d'a[r., et la bend d'or].t

303. M. Henry de Melton — S., a vne leon
ramp. d'a[r., cron^ d'or] et enarm^
gowUes, ou vrle d'anulettz d'ar.

304. John Wyssham — de S., a vne fees et
6 merlettes d'ar[gent].

305. Esmond de Everard— d'ar., a cheif
de g., et 3 mollett[es d'ar.]

306. Barth. de Naunton— de s., a 3 mer-
lottz d'argent

307. John de Buckton — d'ar., a vne cheivre
ramp' de [sable], le teste et cheveleure
d'ar., les comes vert.

308. M. W" de Pert (** Perc" in Charles's
copy ; " Perk" in Additional MS. 1 2,224)
— d'ar., a vne bend de g., et 3 losenge[s
percees d'or].

309. John Ravenshelme — Ar., vne fees
battayll[es d'amparteizj] de g., et vne
leopard pass, d'or en la jfees.

310. M. John de Stanhope — Quarterly de
g. et (ermine spot tricked), et 2 cheifes
du chiv[re] d'argent en lez quarters goules.

311. Myles Pakenham — de g., vne che-
veron d'ar., 3 croises fitches d'ar., en la
champ.

I 312. M. Thomas Stanley port Quarterlie
d'ar. et d'or; bend b. et 3 testes [du]
cerf d'or en le primer et 4 quarters ; en
2 et 3 ou vne cheif b., et 3 torteux d'ar.

313. Mons. Tho. Hoo port Quarterly d'ar.
et de s.

314. Mons. Drewe de Hastinge, devaunt
le Conquest, port de vert et [d'or] demy,
ou vn tor ramp, de I'un en I'autre.

3i5.§ Raph fitz Barnard — ^Verrie b. et ar.,
au cheif g. deux moUettes [d'or percees].

316. Mons. Hugh Card, de Danmarke,[|
— B., vne soliell [d'or].

• " Wiirm Dryby" in Additional MS. 12,224.

t This entry does not appear in Additional MS.
13,224, which has in its place "Johnde Papham,
with tlie trick : Argent, a fess, gules, and in chief two
stags' heads, caboshed, or."

X Tricked a fess, embattled and counter-embattled,
in Additional MS. 12^22^

% The Additional MS. 12,224 has between this
number and the next : " John de Boys, del Southe,"
and in trick Ermine, a cross, passant, sable.

II So also in Charles's copy, but the Additional
MS. 11,224 says, " Mons. Andrew Hugarde^ de Dan-
marke," and gives the tincture of the Son as argent.

a42

''MR. THOMAS JENYlfS BOOKE OF ARMES:'

317. Mons' Smcl[eer* port d'azure, vn
soleill] d'or.

318. Tho. Dovedall [port] Quarterlie, d'ar.,
a v[ne] crois recersele de g[oulz] ; et
Tauter quarter b., frett^ d*or.

319. John de Copland po[r]t d'ar., vne
crosse parmy de s., a vne molett [d']ar.,
percee, en myleue.

320. Thomas de la Griggef port d'ar., vne
crosse engr. de gowles.

321. John Greene port Checkery d'or et
b., ou la border de g.

322. Thomas Mauduit port mesmes.

323. John Beauley, del South— de g. et
d'ar, embelief battail^e.t

324. Henry Raynford p* d'ar., vne croise
parmy et vne bordure [de sable].

325. John de Brompton — de g., et vne
saultier et 4 (cross crosslet fitchde
tricked) d'ar.

326. Les Armes dell Office du Marishall
dell Ireland sont de go[ulz], et cinque
fucelles bendez d'argent.

327. Mons. John de Norwich p* Partie b.
et g., a vne tygree ramp, (ermine spot
tricked).

328. Robert Gerveys p* d'ar., et vne
cheueron b., et 3 escallops de s.

329. Janico de Arthoys p' g., vne fees
oundz ar.§

330. John Paslew— d'ar., vne fees et 3
molettz b., percees.

331. Tho. de Wakefyld p* d'ar. et b. en-
dent6e, ou 3 garbes d'argent au cheif.

332. John Wetewang p* s., ou 3 lampes
d'ar.

333. M. Henry du Boys, de Vsebume, p'
Barrd de 8 d'o[r] et d'ar,|| au cheif s.,
endent^ de 3, 3 scallops d'or.

334. JohnWillesthorpe — B., a vne cheueron
et 3 leopardz estantz d'ar.

335. Mons. John de Melton — B., a vne
croys pat^ d'ar voydee.

336. Thomas Wombell port d'ar., a 6

* "Mons. John Sentclere" in Additional MS.
12,224.

t "Dalftgrigc" in the Charles* version.

X The Additional MS. \2yii\ says : " port pare
bend embateley d'argent et goules," and tricks it so.

§ Charles gives the same, but the Additional MS.
13,224 has Barry vxwy tricked.

It So likewise in Charles's copy, but the Addi-
tional M S. 1 2,224 ffives guUs^

merlettes a vne bend de g., et 3 besauntes
en la bend.

337. Le Counte de Atheill p* Pal^ de 6 de
s. et d'or.

338, 339- Pigott Lascelles — d'ar., a 3
chapieux de g. ; M' Ro. Hylton de
Swyne, p* or (this memorandum added
in another hand).

340. M. Tho. de Heeton p* de vert, a vne

leon ramp, et la border d'ar. engr.
34 1 1 Mons. Henry Lownd p* d'ar., frett^ b.

342. Le Sire Dawbeny p* deg., a 3 fucelles
d'ar.

343. Le Sire de Bassett p* d'or, a 3 peus g.
joinantes en point, et vn quarter (ermine
spot tricked).

344. Edw. Cortney, Conte Dev : — d'or, a
3 pellottes g.

345. Mons. Robert KnowUes — G., en vne
cheueron ar. 3 roses vermeyles.

346. Mons. Maheu Guraay — d'or, a 3
pennes ioynantes en point g.

347 • John de Brewes — (ermine spot
tricked), vne crosse g. masculde.

348. Mons. Pyers TylioU— G., vne leon
ramp ar., vne baston b.

349. Mons. John [de la Vale] — (ermine
spot tricked), a 2 fees [de vert].

350. John Dychaunt — (ermine spot
tricked), a 2 genieux et le che[if de
goules].

351. John de Reresby — G., a vne bend
ar., et 3 croises [pat^es de sable].

352. Mons.W°Elmeden — Ar., a vne bend
s., et 3 cres[cants d'argent].

353. Mons. Jordan de Daldene— d'ar., vne
croise patd de g., et [quatre popingayes].

354. John Crawcestree p' Quarterlie d'or et
g., a vne merlett s. en [le premier
quarter].

355. Adam Lesume p' Barr^ d'ar. et b.,
et 3 torteux de g. in [cheif].

356. W°* Odingsells — dVr., a vne fees de
g., et 2 molletz de [mesmes au chief].

357. Gerard fifanacourt — B. billett^ or, a
vne quarter (ermine spot tricked).

358. W" de Moteyns — (ermine spot
tricked), a cheif de g. Adam le dispens
* * * (this last perhaps in another hand ;
it is not given in Additional MS. 12,224,
— nor by Charles).

359. Mons. Nic fitz Martyne — d'ar., a %
barres g., et l[abell d'azure].

''MR. THOMAS yENYNS BOOKB OF AXMESr

243

360. Remould de Vlgham, de Northumber*
— G., a 5 foyle or, [en la boidur d'azure]
6 ferrz du chev[all arg.*!-

The Additional MS. 1 2,2 24 interposes
here : " Adam de Eglestone, de Wilber-
fosse," — tricked : Arg., an eagle dis-
played, sa, armed purpure«

361. Auncell Bassett — (ermine spot
tricked), en la cheif endent^ de g. 3
rowe[lles d'or.].

362. Randolph Dacree — B., sur vnecroise
d'or parm[y a v escallops de goulz].

363. Walter de Gyse p* Mascul^ de v. et g.
en [vne quartier d'or vne] flore de luce
d'kzurj.

364. Henry de Chaworth — Burul^ ar. et g.,
a vne [bend de sable].

365. Robert de Staflford p* d'or, sur vne
cheueron g. [iij.torteuxd'argent].

366. Boege de Knovill p* de g., a 6 roells
percees d'or, [a vn labell d'azur].

367. W° de Valoignes le fitz p' Ound^ de
longe de 6 [d'argent et degoules, a labell
d'azurl.

368. Robert Staimdon p*Quarterlic (ermine
spot tricked), et g., frett^ d'or.

369. Raph Cotun p' Barr^ de 6 d'ar. et b.,
a 3 ferraaux g. a[u cheif].

370. Piers Achart port Ound^ ar. et de g.
(de) six bar [ways].

371. Roger Wappayle p' d'ar., vne cheueron
et demy de g., et vne quarter de la mesme,
et vne merlott de sable.

372. John Besill le nephew — d'ar., 3
torteux g., bord' b.

373. W" de Muscon — Ar., vne cheueron et
3 croises pat^es de sable.

374. JohnKjayuylle — ^Ar.,avnefeesflorett^
deg.

375. Mons. Tho. Bosville, de Dayvill —
d'ar., a vne fees fucillo de g., a vne
(crescent tricked) s. en primer quarter.

376. John Moyne p* d'ar., a vne bend ent'
6 mollettes de g.

377. John de Ingleby port de s., a vne
estoyle d'ar.

378. Mons. Guy de Brun p* d'or, a 3 poyses
b. ioyn'ntz en point.

• This tincture supplied from the Additional MS.
12,224 ; the entry is not given by Charles.

t In the Additional MS. 12,224, a Mr. Burton, who
once own»l that MS., has obligingly altered this name
to *• Burton."

379. [Mens' T]homas Buronf — S., a vne
cheueron et 3 hewaux d'ar. Id est owles.

380. John Holme, de North Holme, — d'or,
a 3 flordelycz b.

381. Christopher Drownsfyld — G., a deux
bastons coopes in guise de che[ueron
d'or*].

382. W° de Martyndale — Barr6 d'ar. et
de g. de 6, a vne baston de [sable].

383. Robert de Amondeville, de Wotton
en Wardall — Verry, a 3 pales de g.t

(A break in the MS. here ?)

384. John Pa vent— d'ar, sm: vne bend de
g. 3 eglettes d'or.

385. VV" de Reresby, le fytr, — G., a vne
bend d'arg., et dens la bend 3 croises
pat^ de s., labell d'or.

386. Mons' Raph de Wilshire — d'ar. et
b. amparty, le chief croisel^ d'or.f

387. (Mons)' W" Hebdent— (Ermine spot
tricked), a vne fees endent vel fusell^ de
5 deg.

388. (Mon)s' Thomas Husee — (Ennine
spot tricked), a 3 baires de g.

389. Mods' Henry Percye, de Wyltshire —
d'ar., a vne fees engrald de sable de dnq
peeces.

390. Mons' Philloppe Dawbeney p* de g.,
a vne fees engr. d'argent de 4 peecz.

391. Thomas Swynethwayte — d'ar., vne
cheueron et 3 porcz s.

392. John Sapy— -G., a troys fermaux d'or.

393. Robert Tutchett — (Ermine spot
tricked), a vne cheueron de g.

394. Constantyne le Mortim'— d'or poadr^
de floures de lucz s.

395. W" Gifiarde— d'ar., a 3 streipes§ g.
oue lez cuirez.

396. Mons' Robert Deyvillc port d'or, vne
fees de g., et 6 flore de lucz de I'un en
I'autre.

397. Mons' Thomas Dagworth port (er-

« Tricked in the Additional IfS. 12,214 as:
Gules, a chevron embattled on both edges and frac-
tured argent,

t This is the last authentic coat in Additional MS.
12,224, but the above-mentioned gentleman has added
a supplementary entry and triocing, viz., "Oliuer
Burton — d'argent, un bend und^ de sable."

X This coat appears in the Additional MS. 12,224
version (ue,^ between our Nos. 350 and 351), where
it is tricked as : Per chevron aigent and azure, the
diief cnisiUy or.

} Charkthas "estreppes."

244

''MR. THOMAS yENYNS" BOOKE OF ARMES:'

mine spot tricked), a vne cheveron de
goules, et iij. besauntes.

398. John de ffelton port de g., et vne test
du cerf d'or.

399. Esteu[ene de Trewent port d'argent,
a vne cheueron de goules,] et 3 eglettz
de goules a doble testes.

400. Thomas Hatfylde port de s., a vne
che[ueron d'or, et iij.] leonceaux d*argent
et j. moUett s. en point a ch[eueron.]

•401. Mons' de Gouneys p* de g., a vne
cheveron (ermine spot tricked).

402. Thomas Russell port d*or, a vne
cheueron d*a[zure, et iij.] roses de gowUes
as cantellz.

403. Thomas Haslarton p* d'argent, a vne
cheuer[on de goules,] etiij. leopardz d'or
pass*** en cheueron.

404. Mons' Hugh Russell port d'or,
cheueron [d'azure, etiij.] roses de goules,
labell d'argent

405. Mons"" John Lysoures port d'azure,
d[eux cheuerons d'or,] et vne merlett
d'or en le cantelL

406. Mons' Thomas Chaworth port d'aziure,
a d[eux cheverons d*or].

0[^ l^ural Songs an^ Cudtoms.

|HE railways leave but little of quiet
nooks and unseen ground, but for
a time, at all events, they have not
and will not touch the strange
inward life and inward speech which is to
be found in many parts of England still. It
is quite possible to live in a district and never
hear the true language of the people ; they
will not speak it unless to one whom they
trust as one of themselves. It is still more
possible to live long in the midst of the
" folk," and to be totally ignorant of that
second life of curious thoughts and old
superstitions which lies under the surface
they present to the world at large. How
many Somersetshire gentry are there who
know that the old Saxon word " waes-hael"
is still spoken as a common village word,
and that the villagers go round "waes-haeling"
the barren apple trees, and ofifering a meat
offering and drink offering to make them

bear ? Yet such is the case. If apple trees
do not bear, the friendly villagers will go to
the farmer and beg leave to " waes-hael " his
tree in the little lyric which I append. They
then go to the tree, and with a rude clashing
of tongs, iron, &c., dip a branch in a jug of
cider they have brought, and put crumbs and
salt on the tree for the robin (as they now
say), and sing round it the little song which I
also give. The words were written down
from memory for me by a farmer's daughter.
No written copy of them is known to exist.
I am responsible for the spelling, and also
for a word or two which obviously were
wanted for the rhyme, which had not been
preserved in my copy. These words are in
italics.

When the villagers engaged in " waes-hael-
ing " come to the farmer's house they stand
outside and sing —

First Version.

Waes-hael, waes-hael, all, over the town,
The cup is white and the ale is brown ;
Our bowl is made of the good maple tree,
And so is the beer of the oest of barlie.

For it's your waes-hael, and our waes -hael.
And jolly come to our merry waes-hael.

Missis and master, within by the fire,
Missis draw farther, and master draw nigher.
For it's, &c.

Maid, maid, with the holland smock,
Pray come to the door, and slip back the lock.
For it's, &c.

Maid, maid, with the silver pin,
Pray come to the door and let us all in.
For it's, &C.

Missis and master, pray^ if it so please,
To set us before a brown loaf and cheese.
For it's, &c.

Ivy and holly, and berries all on,
Pray, give us a little, and we will be gone.
For it's, &c.

Another Version.

Good master, at your door

Our waes-hael do begin

You know ; we are but neighbours all ;

I hope you'll let us in.

Welcome, welcome our merry waes-hael,
And joy come to our jolly waes-hael.

God bless the master of this house.
With the gold all round his side^
Wherever he go aright.
Lord Jesus be his guide.
Welcome, &c.

OLD RURAL SONGS AND CUSTOMS.

245

God bless the missis of this house,
With the gold all round her breast,
Wherever, she go aright,
Lord Jesus be her guest.
Welcome, &c. j

After this, as has been mentioned, they go to
the orchard with the jug of cider, and offer
their offerings and sing round the tree as
follows : —

Cadbury tree,
I am come to waes-hael thee,
To bear, and to blow,
Apples enow,
Hatfuls, capnils and three-cornered sackfulsy
Hollo, boys, ho !

I leave to the imagination of my readers
the strange picture of this old-world ceremony
going on in the orchards in the winter night.
For Old Twelfth Night, January 6th, is the
time chosen. It used to be kept up for a week,
but now is celebrated only on that one night.
These fragments of the ancient world still
living on in the sweet twilight or moonlight
hour in the quiet grass lands and orchards,
the groups of dim figures, the fantastic
branches, the starry sky, the rude old simple
heathenism thinly disguised, and all this,
perchance, within hearing of the steam whistle
of our modem world. Verily, there is food

for thought

K T.

• H«h'XWvM»K.

a fl>ebiaet>al pilgdmade to tbe
Sbrine of St. aiban.

By RiDGWAY Lloyd, M.R.CS.

jET us imagine a pilgrim desirous of
paying a visit to the Chiurch and
Shrine of St Alban at an Easter-
tide in the time of Thomas Car-
dinal Wolsey, thirty-ninth Abbot of St.
Albans, who held the abbey in cofumen-
dum between the years 1521 and 1530.
Having spent the night at the ancient
hostelry of "The George" in Church Street
(now incorrectly called George Street), and
having heard low Mass in the private oratory
attached to that building, he would approach
the western extremity of the abbey by Rome-

land, or Roume-land, the " roomy" or vacant
space in front of the abbey. The great west
front, with its central and two lateral door-
ways, mainly the work of Abbot John de
Cella (11 95-1 214), and its large window,
carved in the North country, and brought
and placed there by Abbot J. de Whetluun-
stede (1420- 1 440), at a cost of ^^28 155.,
would be the first objects to attract his
attention.

On entering the nave by the middle portal
he would notice the pavement laid down by
Abbot Thomas de la Mare (1342-96);^ to
replace one which had been torn up during
the Wat Tyler riots in 1381. He would also
see the tombs of many lay-folk who had been
benefactors to the abbey. Next he would
observe the early English pillars of John de
Cella, on each side, with the less elaborate
work of William de Trumpington above the
string-course, joining, at the fourth pier on
the north side, to the Norman work of Paul
of Caen (1077-93), ^"^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ pi^r on
the south side to the Decorated work of
Abbots Richard Walyngforde (1326—35) and
Michael Mentmore (1335-49). Attached to
the fourth pillar on the north side he would
catch sight of a small bracket supporting the
image of St Richard of Chichester, with a
taper before it Near this spot, and again
opposite the seventh pillar, two "stations,"
or pauses, were made in carrying the shrine
of St Alban in procession. On the western
side of each of the pillars from the fourth to
eighth, inclusive, were paintings in distemper
representing our Lord upon the Cross, ac-
companied, on every pier but the seventh, by
St. Mary and St John, and having beneath
them in the first four instances paintings
illustrating the Annunciation, and, in the last,
the Coronation of St. Mary. On the southern
face of the fourth pillar might be seen a
distemper painting of St Christopher walking
through the water and bearing on his left
shoulder the infant Saviour. On the fifth, a
painting of St Thomas of Canterbury, com-
monly known as St Thomas Becket, habited
in alb, dalmatic, chasuble, pallium, maniple,
gloves, and shoes, holding in his left hand the
archiepiscopal cross, and blessing with three
fingers of his right, standing meanwhile upon
his shrine. This was painted by Robert
Trunch, about a.d. 1360, and is Flemish in

246 A MEDIAEVAL PILGRIMAGE TO THE SHRINE OF ST. ALB AN.

character. On the sixth pier was a figure in a
grey habit reaching to the ankles, the hands
luised in the attitude of prayer, and a rosary
hanging near the left shoulder : this most
likely was intended for St. Dominic, the
inventor of the rosary (i 170-12 21). On the
seventh, a male figure in a reddish-brown
gown, having a gypdh^e hanging at the right
side, and grasping in the right hand a white
wand ; opposite him a female figure, and the
head of a second male between the two.
Beneath the composition the following in-
scription : — |*i^ Priez pur Talmes de Willelme
iadis bal e iohanne sa femme e pur 1 alme
Will." (Pray for the souls of WUliam, for-
merly bailiff, and Johanna his wife, and for
the soul of William.) On the north side of
the north aisle was an open arcade, and a
doorway leading to the chapel of St. Andrew,
with its nave and two aisles, and three altars,
dedicated /in honour of that saint, St. Mary,
and Sl Nicholas. This chapel was the
parish church for the people of St. Albans.
A very devout woman, named Cecilia Sanford,
was buried before St. Andrew's altar in a
stone coffin, in the year 1251. On the west
face of the fifth pier on the south side of
the nave of the Abbey Church, was a dis-
temper painting representing the "Adora-
tion," or ''Offering, of the Magi,"which formed
the reredos of the altar of St. Mary at the
Pillar, erected, and inclosed within iron
railings, by William Wyntyrshulle, chaplain to
Thomas de la Mare. In the nave stood a
great beam, with figures of the twelve
patriarchs and twelve apostles, to represent
the synagogue and the church respectively,
made by Adam the Cellarer (circa 1160), and
by him placed over the high altar in the
presbytery, whence it was removed in the
time of William de Trumpington to the south
transept, and again, temp, Thomas de la
Mare, to the nave. East of the ninth pillar
on each side stretched the great stone rood-
screen, erected by the last-named abbot,
circa 1360, which cut off the nave or public
church from the choir, or monastic one. On
its western or nave side were four altars,
three of them consecrated in the time of
Abbot Wm. Heywurthe (1401 -1420), by the
Bishop of Jaurinum, in Lower Hungary.
The central altar was dedicated to the Holy
Cross, because of its position beneath die

Great Rood. It was flanked by two rood-
doors for the passage of processions, and was
inclosed, together with two bays of the nave,
with an iron railing, probably to prevent the
celebrant and his assistants from being
pressed upon by a concourse of people.
Above the screen was the rood-loft, a large
gallery for supporting the rood or crucifix,
with its attendant images of SS. Mary and
John, carved by Walter de Colchester,
sacrist, circa 1230, and consecrated by John,
Bishop of Ardfert. From the rood-loft the
episde and gospel used to be read on high
days. To the north of the central altar was
that of St. Benedict, patron saint of the
Order; and still further north, in the north
aisle, the altar of St. Thomas of Canterbury.
The fourth altar was that of St Mary the
Virgin, in the south aisle. In the south wall
of this iaisle were two doorways, one close to
the west end, which seems to have led to the
forensic or outer parlour, where the monks
held converse with the outer world. The
other, in the seventh bay from the west, led
to the abbot's chapel and the western alley
of the cloister.

Let us now suppose that our pilgrim has
gained permission to enter the choir. This he
would do by passing through the door to the
Abbot's chapel, entering the northern alley of
the cloister, and going eastward as far as the
door leading from the eastern alley to the
church. Entering here, and going westward
along the south choir aisle, he would pass an
archway of early English character, in the
south wall, over the remains of two hermits,
Roger and Sigar, who lived in the time of
King Stephen, and whose place of burial was
visited by numerous devout persons, and
even by the kings of England, who gave
precious hangings to ornament the tomb.
Opposite was a painted aumbry, for contain-
ing books, constructed by Abbot Simon
(1166-83). On proceeding one bay further
west, and turning north, the pilgrim would
find himself in the vestibule of the choir,
which occupied the next bay east of the rood-
screen. Againist the second pillar on the
north side was the staircase leading to the
rood-loft, and from this pillar to the corre-
sponding one on the opposite side there
probably extended a small screen at the back
of the return stalls appropriated to the

A MEDIAEVAL PILGRIMAGE TO THE SHRINE OF ST. ALBAN. 247

abbot, prior, and other chief officers of the
convent From this point the stalls of the
monks ranged on either side as far as the
eastern arch of the tower. Upon the desk m
front of the abbot's stall lay two large
antiphoners or anthem-books for the
abbot's use at matins ; one known as
** Aspiciens," from the word with which it
commenced, served from Advent to Trinity ;
the other, called ** O Pastor," from Trinity to
Advent In the midst of the choir stood a
lectern, which supported the " Legenda," a
volume containing the lessons to be read at
matins, and at the west end a small pair of
org^s, erected by John of Whethamstede in
the* year 1428. There was also a seat covered
on principal feast-days with a cloth of arras,
and a lectern with two books called graduals,
musically noted, for the precentor and suc-
centor. This portion of the church, which at
an earlier period was lit during the night
offices by sconces, was at this time illu-
minated by two lamps suspended by brass
chains. An oaken screen beneath the eastern
arch of the tower marked the limit of the
choir in that direction. Overhead was the
glorious painted ceiling (in progress between
1370 and 1400) with its thirty-two shields
of arms and quotations from the Te Deum,
and from the responses at matins and
lauds.

Passmg thence into the south transept,
where were two altars, those of St John the
Evangelist and St. Stephen respectively— the
former, which at one time had been dedicated
in honour of St Mary, being overlooked by
a watching chamber m the western wall ; the
latter, at which King Stephen once heard
Mass— our pilgrim would find himself in a
portion of the building assigned to the use of
the novices^ and of those who had been
bled ; two classes of persons who were
exempted from attendance at most of the
r^ular services in the choir. The novices,
however, were communicated with a special
small chalice of silver gilt, at the high altar.
Here was a lectern supporting a great
ordinal, a book which regulated the whole
duty of the canonical hours, called " Liber
Minutorum," or "Book of the Blooded."
Two large Early English windows were in-
serted in the western wall of this transept by
Abbot William Trumpington, and a great

Perpendicular one, at a cost of about ;^5o, by
Abbot William Wallingford (1476-92). In
the south-east comer stood the great clock
made by Richard Walyngforde (1326-35),
having an upper and lower dial, showing the
course of the sun and moon, the motions of
the stars, and the ebb and flow of the tide ;
a wheel of fortune,* made by the same
abbot, was placed near it, and also a great
cross. Between the two altars stood a
** Mariola," or image of St Mary, with a
canopy over it, and in front a taper adorned
with flowers. Close to this was a heart-
shaped pit, where the heart of Walter de
Colchester was probably buried. Near the
south-west comer was the doorway leading to
a spiral staircase, by which the monks de-
scended at midnight from the dormitory to
recite the office of matins.

He would next pass into the north tran-
sept. Here were three altars, the northern-
most dedicated to the Holy Trinity, in
connection with which had formerly been a
guild or brotherhood in honour of the Holy
Trinity, possessing books, chalices, vest-
ments, and other ornaments for the use of
their stipendiary priest, and also a suitable
hearse-cloth for their funerals. South of this
was the altar of St Osyth or Scytha, and,
south of this again, an dtar consecrated at
the instance of William Wynturshulle in
honour of Our Saviour, St Mary the Virgin,
and SS. Laurence and Blaise, also known as
that of ** Holy Cross of Pity," and " Leaning
Cmcifix." In front of it were two columns,
the shafts denoting love to God and one's
neighbour, one of them being of the colour of
the earth, to signify humiliation, according.to
the passage, " Memento quia cinis es, et in
cinerem reverteris," having a base called
'* humility," and a capital and turret named
" charity." The other column, coloured red
to denote the blood of Our Saviour, be-
sprinkled at his scourging, was emblematic
of his victory and honour. The base was
called "virtue," and the capital and tiuret
" honour.*'f On these columns were inscribed

* It probably resembled the one still existing at
Rochester Cathedral, painted in distemper, on the
north wall of the choir.

t A very similar piece of symbolism may be seen
to this day in the three gates of Caius CoUeee, Cam-
bridge ; die gate of humility, the gate of virtue, and
the gate of honour.

348 A MEDIAEVAL PILGRIMAGE TO THE SHRINE 0FS7. ALBAN.

the emblems of the Passion in the following

lines : —

Vincia, flagella, minae, probra, sputa, columnai

spinseque,
Derisus, colaphi, nudatio, lancea, clavi.
Cum calamis, felle, crux, laus fiiit ista fideli.

"And lest any one should deceitfully attribute
to himself the gifts of God alone, there were
placed in the hands of angels, standing in the
aforesaid turrets, these verses : —

Quicquid habes meriti, pneventrix gratia donat;
Nil Deus in nobis praeter sua dona coronat.

There were also two angels sent from the
Court of Heaven to comfort the only begot-
ten Son of God the Father in the agony of
his Passion."

Above the altar of St. Laurence was a
painting of the Passion, and above this again
one of the "Incredulity of St Thomas,"
known by the name of the " History of the
Resurrection," and having beneath it the
following lines taken from the prayers after
communion in the Sarum Missal : —

Mors tua, mors Christi, fraus mundi, gloria coeli,
£t dolor infemi, sint memoranda tibi ;
In cruce simi pro te ; qui peccas, desine, pro me ;
Desine, condono; pugna, juvo; vince, corono.

The painting represents our Lord standing,
and holding in his left hand a cross-staff
with vexillum, whilst St. Thomas, kneeling,
thrusts his right hand into Christ's side.
Upon a' scroll close to the saint are the words,
" D.ominus mens et deus meus ;" and upon
another near our Lord : " Beati qui non
viderunt et crediderunt"

An old cross, whicli formerly stood on high
in the midst of the church, was removed, to-
gether with an image of St. Mary, which had
been stationed over the altar of St Blaise,
into this transept, by Abbot William de
Trumpington. There was also, over the
altars of Holy Trinity and St. Osyth, a rood-
loft In the triforium of the east wall in this
transept and the southern one were baluster
shafts, brought from an earlier church, erected
on the same site as the present one, by
Offa II., King of the Mercians, a.d. 795. In
the north wall was a very large window, put in
by Abbot William Wallingford, and beneath it
two Norman windows, one being half blocked
up by an erection which served to convert
the window into a watching-loft Under this
again was a door leading to Waxhouse Gate,

and to the south-west of this door another,
giving access to a staircase by which the cen-
tral tower containing the bells could be
reached.

Let us now suppose our pilgrim quitting
the north transept, and entering the presby-
tery by passing aJong the north aisle and
through the priest's door on that side.
Standing in the centre, and facing east, he
would have to the north and south of him
the priest's doorways, surmounted each by a
canopied structure, for the exposition, as it
would seem, of relics. Beneath his feet lay
the monumental slabs of Abbots John de
Marynes, John de Berkhamstede, Roger de
Norton, and John Stoke. A little further
east, and to the north, stood the great
candlestick, for holding the paschal taper of
wax, weighing 300 pounds, which was lighted
with great solemnity every Easter Eve, and
continued in use until Ascension Day.
Nearer to the altar lay the monumental slabs
of Abbots Hugh de Eversden, Richard
Walyngforde, Michael Mentmore, and
Thomas de la Mare. On the north side
was the elaborate chantry chapel of Abbot
Ramiyge, and on the south, adorned with
wheat-ears and the inscription **Valles
habundabunt," and inclosed by iron rails, the
chapel of Abbot William Wallingford, built
by himself at a cost of ;;^ioo. Facing the
pilgrim was the high altar, at which high
mass was daily said ; it had a frontal of wood
and metal most artistically designed. ' Before
the altar were two great candlesticks, the gift
of Ralph Gilabronte, and upon it the Book of
Benefactors. To this altar were assigned a
gilt chalice with paten, and a silver-gilt pax
or osculatory, having figures of the Crucified
and SS. Mary and John engraved thereon ;
and two handsome cruets of beryl A basin
and ewer of pure silver for the ablution of
the priest's hands were used at the Mass.
To the north, but below the altar-steps, stood
a brass lectern for supporting the book of
the Gospels, and near this, probably on the
north side, was a seat for the abbot, and
before it a cloth of Arras, worked with the
arms of the Earl of Warwick. On the south
side were the sedilia for the celebrant and
assistants, furnished with red tapestry and
three cushions. At the back of the high
altar was the magnificent reredos erected by

A MEDIAE VAL PILGRIM A GE TO THE SHRINE OF ST. ALB AN. 249

WOliam Wallingford, at acost of 1,100 marks
(^733 6j. 8^.), its centre adorned with a
great cross, or crucifix, traditionally said to
have been of silver, with SS. Mary and John
on either side, and angels above \ below it
our Lord and the twelve apostles; below
that again, probably, a picture painted in
Lombardy, provided at a cost of ^^45 i os, 8//.,
by Abbot Thomas de la Mare. The remain-
ing niches were filled with statues of saints
and others. Near the Ramryge chantry was
the Easter sepulchre, adorned with three
hangings of white silk, the upper one em-
broidered in silk and gold with figures of the
angel speaking to the three Marys ; the next
with figures of the three soldiers guarding the
sepulchre ; and the lowest with a figure of
Christ appearing to St Mary Magdalene
and St Thomas the Apostle. There were
also three white clpths with crosses of red
cendal, one for the interior of the sepulchre,
another covering its three parts, the third
hanging over it Twelve tapers biumed
around the sepulchre, and close to it were
two crosses, covered with plates of silver.

Passing through one of the procession-
doors in the high altar screen, the pilgrim
would at last arrive at tlie main object of his
journey, the Shrine of St Alban, occupying
the centre of the Samfs Chapel. It con-
sisted of a pedestal, oblong in form, of Pur-
beck marble, about eight feet in height,
and the same in length, and three feet
broad, erected by Abbot John de Marynes
(1302-8) at a cost of eight score marks,
or ;^io6 13J. 4^/., having at its west end
a small altaj dedicated to St Alban, where
mass was daily celebrated. Belonging to this
altar was a silver paten, and over it htmg
a silver basin. In a niche in the back or
eastern aspect of the screen, facing this altar,
was probably the great image of silver-gilt,
believed to represent St. Alban, and given to
the monastery by King Edward I. On each
side were carved angels with censers, and
below, in a recess, most likely sedilia. llie
pedestal of the shrine was composed of a
solid basement, surmounted by a series of
niches for the reception of offerings. At each
end was a sculptured pediment, that at the
east end exhibiting the scourging, and that
at the west end the beheading, of the proto-
martyr; on the south side, on pediments,

VOL. II.

figures of King Offa II. and St Oswin, and
on the north, one of St. Wulstan. Resting
upon its summit was the shrine proper, or
feretrum, composed of an inner chest con-
taining the bones of the Saint, and some of
the dust into which his flesh and bones had
been converted, inclosed within an outer
case of wood. On the two sides of the inner
shrine, which was portable, and took four men
to carry it, was shown a series of scenes from
the martyr's life, in repoussS ^Qx\i of gold and
silver ; at the east end the Crucifixion, with
SS. Mary and John ; at the west, an image
of St. Mary seated on a throne, holding her
Divine Infant in her lap ; the whole encrusted
with numerous gems ; it had a pointed roof
and a cresting, and at the four comers were
fenestrated turrets with crystal spires. Upon
the crest was an eagle of silver gilt, and a
monstrance in shape of a tower, for contain-
ing the Host in the upper part, whilst the
lower exhibited the Resurrection of Christ
in silver gilt, with two angels and four soldiers
guarding the sepulchre. Also two sims, the
rays being silver gilt, with precious stones at
their extremities, the centre of each, which
was of gold, being hollow, and containing
various relics. This shrine was inclosed in
an outer one also decorated with jewels, and
over all was a canopy. Roimd the shrine
stood six tapers, supported on twisted columns
of marble. The floor was decorated with an
elaborate pavement. On the north side of
the Saint's Chapel was the " Chamber of the
Shrine-keeper," erected circa 1 410, an elabo-
rate oaken structure, somewhat resembling a
rood-loft, with lockers beneath, and a gallery
above from which the custodian kept watch
over the treasures below. On the south side
was the fine monument of Humphrey, Duke
of Gloucester, raised upon an arch ; on the
outer side of this was an iron grille^ through
which ordinary pilgrims were permitted to view
the shrine. North-east of this tomb, occupy-
ing the southernmost of the three eastern
arches in Uie Saint's Chapel, was the Altar of
the Salutation, and under the northernmost
arch, that of St. Hugh and the Relics, where
were placed two small shrines made by Abbot
Richard D'Aubeney (1097-1119) containing
relics of the twelve apostles and many
martyrs; here were also many other relics
inclosed in divers lockers secured by gilded

2SO A MEDIM VAL PILGRIMAGE TO THE SHRINE OF ST. ALB AH.

iron bars. The roof of this chapel and of
the presbytery was ornamented with the lamb
and the eagle, representing St John the
Evangelist and St John Baptist, pation saints
of John de Whethamstede.

Imagine our pilgrim next going out through
the south door of the Saint's Chapel into the
south aisle of the presbytery. Here, in its
south wall, he would see the door leading to
the Vestry or Treasury, a large chamber with
an upper floor, fitted with cupboards for the
reception of vestments. East of this the
beautiful doorway and screen opening into
the chantry chapel of Duke Humphrey,
and east of this again, the doorway to the
sepulchral chapel of Abbot John of Whetham-
stede. In the aisle, at a spot between this
chapel and the Saint's Chapel, formerly stood
(as he might learn), prior to the building of
the ante-chapel of the Lady Chapel, the old
altar of St Oswin, where the matin mass
had been accustomed to be said. Subse-
quently to the removal of the altar the whole
aisle was paved by John Stithenache, Prior of
Wymondham, as fiax as the Altar of St Mary
of the Four Tapers, situated in the ante-chapel
of the Lady Chapel (which the traveUer
would now enter) at the east end of the aisle.
The altar took this name because four wax
tapers, maintained by four oflicers of the
convent, were there daily lighted. A gold
chalice pertained to this altar. Above was
an elaborate reredos in a wooden frame, and
near the last step to the altar was buried the
heart of Abbot Roger de Norton, beneath
a small marble stone, with an effigy of the
abbot bearing a heart between his hands.
Immediately to the north of the altar was
a private way leading into the Lad^ Chapel.
In the centre of the ante-chapel stood the
shrine of St Amphibalus, erected by Ralph
Witechurche, sa<;rist, during the abbacy of
Thomas de la Mare. It was composed of a
pedestal of Tottemhoe stone, about seven feet
six inches in height, six feet in length, and
three feet ten inches wide, carved with fret
work, with the initials R. W., and^eurs de lys;
its eastern front being adorned with images
and plates, silver and gilded. Upon its
summit rested the portable shrine or feretrum
of the Saint At its west end was a small
altar, flanked by the altars of St Edmund the
King and St. Peter. Above was a ceiling

painted with the Assumption of St Mary.
There was a marble pavement around the
shrine.

In the apsidal termination of the north
aisle of the Presbytery had been placed the
Altar of St Wulstan, which was removed at
the same time as that of St. Oswin — ^viz., circa
1260. At the east end of the aisle was the
Altar of SS. Michael and Catherine, with the
images of those saints above it, and a window
illustrating the history of St Katherine;
here was distributed on the first Sunday
after Easter the oil recently consecrated for
anointing the sick.

Passing through the screen which divided
the ante-chapel fix)m the Lady Chapel, the
pilgrim would enter perhaps the most beauti-
ful part of the whole building. This contained
at its east end a high altar, and was completed
in the time of Hugh de Eversden (1308-26)
by Reginald of St Albans. To the north of
the altar stood an image of St Mary, and in
fh)nt of the altar were buried the bodies of
Lord Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset,
Lord Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland,
and Lord Thomas Clifforde, Lord of Clifford,
who were slam at the first battle of St. Albans,
A.i>. 1455. In this chapel was an organ, and
daily mass was celebrated here with musical
inflexions. On the south side was a doorway
leading to a small chapel built by Thomas
Westwode, precentor, and dedicated in the
year 1430 by the Bishop of Chester, in
honour of Our Lord's Transfiguration, and
the Visitation of St Mary.

Here we take leave of our pilgrim, with
the hope that the physical exhaustion conse-
quent on his prolonged tour of inspection
may speedily be reUeved by a bountiful
repast in the refectory of the monastery.

>H»X(|WUX»Kr

letter to Sir MflUam
nDaudce

From William ap William.

|HE following letter from William ap
William to Sir William Maurice,
fix>m London, in Nov. 16 16, is
preserved by Lord Harlech, the
descendant of Sir William, at Brogyntyn,
Oswestry. I am indebted for the copy of it,

LETTER TO SIR WILLIAM MA URICE.

«Si

and of the one following, to Mr. W. W. £.
Wynne, of Peniarth* (also a descendant), who
possesses, amongst the '' Peniarth MSS.,**
copies of all the more interesting of the
Maurice papers : —

" I haue no newes to Certifie yo*r wor*, but
that my lord Cheefif Justice is disapointed of
his pkce, and S'r 'harry mountacue, the re-
corder of London, is swome lord cheeff
Justice, and assoone as my Lord Cooke hard
that he was to be swome, he tooke his horses
and to the Countrey he went. I deliv'ed yo'r
wor*, LVe to him, and he enquered how you
did — one of the masters of the Chauncery
was kiUed, his name was S'r John tindall,
he was shote Vth a pistoll going frome his
Coage to his Chamber in Lincolnes Inn — ^he
was killed by ann old mane of Ix yeeres,
whome he dealt very hardly w'thall, and so
the old felowe hanged him self in prysone."

This letter is addressed, '' The Right wor-
shipful! my Very good mr. S'r will'm
maurice, Knight, at Cleneny, dd' these."

To THE SAME FROM GeORGE WiLLIAMES.

Extract from an original letter of George
WiUiames to Sir William Maiuice, dated from-
** John Piytherch's house in Chancerie lane,
the xviij of November, 1620."

"• . . . w'th my humble Duetie remem-
bred vnto your worll, to my La :, mrs. Jane
gru : [Gruffith], Mrs. Anne, and all the rest,
&C. Yoiu: wor'll shall vnderstand that there
is great stirre here to be Knight of the shire
in our countyef m' Gru : of Uvnt caned the
victor here, and did not onlie send the
sherrif comission, & write home, but
made meanes to make sherrif, for SV John
Bodvell made all he could to be sherrif &
mist mr. John gru : gotdVes from the privie
counsell in managinge of his buisnes : there
is great meanes made to my La : Eures for
mr. gru : — his humble request vnto your wor*ll
is that all your friends may geivc there ellec'on
w'th him, w'ch wilbe excusable in you, for
you haue passed your voyce w'th S'r Rich :
— he desires you to write vnto S'r John \ That
though you gaue your voyce w'th him or his
Sonne, that your friends may be w'th mr.

• Since this was in type we have learned with
regret the lamented death of Mr. Wynne.
T Camarvonshire. X Llejrn.

gni : — al'e to this eflfect he desireth you to
write. And he wilbe w'th you and yours in
what soeu' lyeth in him. S'r Willia' Jones
desireth your favoiure, & that ]rour friends
may be w'th him &c : — I haue delu'edyour
worll's le'te vnto S'r William Jones, and I
am to haue an answere by the time I come
home. Lett me entreat your wor'll that
your friends and well wil'ers may be w'th
mr. gru : who is a fine gentleman & welbe-
loved here, and els where — he desires your
wor'll favour, & he wilbe readie, he and
his freinds, to pleasmre you. And soe I
referre all to your good considerac'on &c

" mr. James Price is here, made, [mad]
& distracted, toxicated, & staggerec^ for
his man went away ixoxa him, & stole xl**
in gould & silver, a tooke both horse and all :
and he came to enquire after him where his
man bought fine cloathes, & there he railed
vpon the man & the woman, & called
them whoores & quee'es. All the women in
the street hard by holbome cunditte did
treate him verie sore, & abused him vilelie :
they called him the foolish welsh Justice.
Moreover he fell out w'th mr. Oliver Moris,
& raild vpon him, & mr. Oliver moris
threwe his bookes and pap's, & bad himgoe
hange him selfe — he is peniles, & wilbe
glad to receive his money, mr. Anwyle &
my self will take order w'th him for the
money, &c : — assure what I speake of mr.
Price to be true, &c.

"S'r henrie yelverton, the Kings attor«
ney gen'rall, is sensured & find in foure
thousand pounds, & is imprissoned in the
towre duringe his ma'ty pleasure.

'* You shall vnderstand that Ladie Jones
is as seeke as she was before I was there, &
tould her waitinge maid that your wor'll &
my La : did send me there to see how shee
did &C. I haue bene soe welcomed there,
that I doe not intend to goe thither noe
more let her live or die.

'' you shall vnderstand that there is seaven
thousand of theEmperours menkiird& slaine,
& thirtie of his ordinanc' taken away from

the Emperou for this was latelie

spoken to the Kings ma'ty by ... . Essex,

and the Lo : of Oidbrd w'ch now ca

to England &c : That is the greatest newes
h . . . . the best as yet."

Addressed :— '< To the Right wor'll and

s 2

252

LETTER TO SIR WILLIAM MAURICE.

his loving good mr. S'r william maurice,
Knight, at Cleneney, these in great hast."

Sir William Maurice, of Clenenney, Knt,
was bom in April, 1542; M.P. for Carnar-
vonshire in the eighth Parliament of Queen
Elizabeth, and first Parliament of James I.,
and for Beaumaris in the tenth Parliament of
Elizabeth : and was one of the Council in the
Marches of Wales. He was a personal
friend of King James I., and it is believed
it was at Sir William's suggestion that the
king adopted the title of King of Great
Britain. A copy of the Proclamation in
which the King assumes the style is pre-
served amongst the " Peniarth MSS.," and
was published on May 28, 1879, ^7 Mr.
Wynne, in Bye-ganes, a local collection of
" Notes and Queries," issued at the office of
the Oswestry Advertizer, Sir William was
the owner of Porkington (now Brogyntyn^,
where a good deal of his correspondence is
preserved.

Askew Roberts.

6em0 anb predoue Stones.

By Edward J. Watherston, F.S.S.
In Two Parts.

(Continued from p. 21a)
PART II.

|T the head of all precious stones, by
almost universal consent, stands
the diamond, although, as already
mentioned, the ruby may be, at
times, higher priced. Not only its striking
lustre, but the fact that it is the hardest of
known substances, marked the diamond at
all times as the king of gems, and as such it
has kept its position to this day. Its extreme
rarity, too, when of any considerable size,
helped much to keep up tlie high position of
this most coveted of precious stones. Al-
ready, Pliny remarks, speaking of the diamond
in his Natural History, *' of its bearing the
highest value, not merely amongst gems, but
among all human possessions," and of its
liaving been ** long not known to any but
kings, and to but very few even of kings."
Substantially the statement of Pliny is still
correct, since there are many more . kings
than lurge and famous diamonds in the world.

The ancients, being unacquainted with the
refraction of light, did not cut their stones in
the forms now called " brilliant cut," or " rose
cut," but merely smoothed and polished the
surface as found. According to Dana, the
art of cutting diamonds as brilliants was dis*
covered by Louis Berguem, a diamond
polisher of Bruges, in 14^6, and it was not
until the end of the seventeenth century that
the improvement of "double cutting" was
accomplished by Vincenti Peruzzi, or
PerussL

Setting stones transparently is of recent
date, and is mentioned by Madame D'Arblay
in her novel " Evelina," her heroine being
the first lady appearing in society with a
diamond necklace so' set, causing astonish-
ment and admiration. Ninety years, there-
fore, only can have passed since its intro-
duction.

In the list of celebrated diamonds known
to exist at present, the one called the
" Braganza," in the possession of the Crown
of Portugal, is generally set down as the
first, being by Sir the largest stone ever
found. But much doubt hangs over the
fact whether the " Braganza" is a diamond
at all. It has never been cut, and a few
favoured persons who havt been allowed to
handle it — ^the Portuguese Government
guarding it with the most jealous care, con-
fining it like a State prisoner — ^have given
their opinion that it is nothing more nor less
than a white topaz. The " Braganza," taken
from a Brazilian mine in 1741, is of the size
of a hen's egg, slightly concave on one side,
and of yellowish colour. Its weight, in the
rough state in which it still exists, is 1,680
carats. With becoming modesty, the Portu-
guese Government has fixed the value of the
"Braganza" at 267,075,000 milreis, being
upwsmis of ^^58,000,000 sterling. It is just
ten times the annual revenue of the kingdom
of Portugal, and, perhaps, the Government
might be willing to sell the " Braganza" at
the appraised value, when the happy pur-
chaser might carry away his fifty-eight millions
worth of goods in his waistcoat pocket.

Second in rank to the *' Braganza," being
considerably less than one-fourth of its weight,
but standing first on the list of undisputed
diamonds, is the " Mattan." It was found at
T.andak, Borneo, in 1787, and belongs to the

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

253

immensely wealthy Rajah of Mattan, forming
the most precious heirloom in his collection
of gems. The stone is pear-shaped, with a
small crevice at the narrow end, and in its
uncut state weighs 367 carats. Sanguinary
battles have been fought for the possession
of the " Mattan." A Dutch Governor of
Batavia, on one occasion, offered not only an
immense simi, reported to amount to half-a-
million sterling, but, besides, two fully-
equipped men-of-war for the "Mattan," yet
meeting with a blank refusal The ground
of it, given by the Rajah, was that lus dia-
mond was " a talisman, upon the possession of
which depended not only his own happi-
ness and success, but that of his whole
family."

The next largest known diamond is the
'' Nizam^" belonging to the Indian potentate
of that title. It has, however, but rarely been
looked at by European eyes, though its
existence appears to admit of no doubt It
was found in the famous diamond mines of
Golconda, Hyderabad, and uncut, like all the
largest diamonds, weighs 340 carats. There
is said to be a stone of much larger size than
the "Nizam," to which the name of the
^' Agrah" has been given, in the possession of
one of the native Indian Princes, but its
existence is problematical, or at least it is
very doubtful whether it is a diamond. The
French traveller Tavemier, who visited
India towards the middle of die seventeenth
century, mentions the "Agrah" in his
" Voyages," and is the sole eye-witness of its
then existence: Nothing has been heard of
the " Agrah" since it was seen by Tavemier.

The " Nizam" closes the list of existing dia-
monds weighing over 300 carats. Of betweeil
200 and 300 carats weight there are, or rather
were, only two diamonds, one of them doubt-
fill, only known upon the report of Tavemier,
who named it, from its shape, the " Great
Table," stating its weight at 282 carats. The
other stone, bearing the title of the " Great
Mogul," from its former ownership, has its
authenticity fully established, although it does
no more exist in its old form. Not only Taver-
nier, but many other European travellers, saw
and examined the " Great Mogul," originally
at Delhi, among the Crown jewels of the
Mogul dynasty, and subsequently, by right of
eonquest, in the possession of Mahommed

Shah, great grandson of Aurungzebe, and of
Nadir Shah. In its original rough state the
" Great Mogul" is said to have weighed no
less than 787 carats ; but one of its owners.
Shah Jehan, was induced to entrust it to a
Venetian lapidary, Hortensio Borgia, in order
to cut and polish it — of course, under his own
eyes — ^in the palaceof Delhi Being apparently
not very skilful in the splitting of diamonds,
Borgia cut the magnificent stone down to
280 carats, or not much more than one-third
of its former weight, shaping it in the form
known as a "rose." But the rose, not
being very beautiful, had to imdergo in after
years further transformation, which brought it
down to one-seventh of its original weight
This last change was effected among us — the
"Great Mogul" being no other than the
well-known "Koh-i-noor," or "Mountain of
Light," which figiu'ed in the London
Universal Exhibition of 1851, and is now
the most precious jewel in the regalia of the
English Crown. Some writers on gems
appear sceptical, on the subject of the
" Great Mogul" and the " Koh-i-noor" being
one and the same stone, but there can be no
reasonable doubt as to the fact, since the
genealogy of this diamond has been almost
more distinctly investigated than that of any
other. With successive Asiatic princes and
warriors, it went from Delhi to Cabul, to
Cashmere, and to Lahore, till taken posses-
ion of, at the Treasury of Lahore, by the
East India Company, the " ancient gentle-
men of Leadenhall Street" deeming it fair
booty in return for having installed the boy,
DhuUp Sing, as nominal Bajah of Lahore.
But the Indian and English press declaring
against the easy appropriation of so costly a
" bauble," the Leadenhall gentlemen thought
fit to peiform a splendid feat of liberality by
presenting it to the English Crown. The
Governor-General of India, Lord Dalhousie,
was instructed to send the gem to England,
in special charge of two officers of high rank,
who solemnly presented it to Queen Victoria
on the 3rd of June, 1850. According to
Indian superstition, the possession of the
" Great Mogul" brought not only not good
fortune but always ill luck. The stone itself
was decidely unlucky by being cut down from
its original 786 carats to the comparatively
small size of 102 carats, in the shape of a

254

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

^* brilliant'' shining in the crown of the Queen
of Great Britain and Empress of India.

Preceding the " Koh-i-noor" in its present
form, in size and weight, are three other
diamonds, known as the ^'Regent," the
" Orloflf," and the " Star of the South." The
history of the "Regent," also called the
" Pitt," from its first European possessor, is
somewhat curious. This stone was found at
the Putcal mines, India, by a slave, weighing
in its rough state 410 carats. The slave, to
hide the treasure, cut a hole in his thigh, and
let the skin grow over it, but was so foolish
as to confide the secret to an English skipper,
master of a vessel in which he fled, who cut
off the leg, took out the diamond, and then
threw the owner overboard. Next the stone
found its way into the hands of an Indian
diamond merchant, Jamchunch, who in turn
sold it to Major Pitt, Governor of Fort St.
George, for the sum of ;^i 2,500. Governor
Pitt, well aware that his gem was worth
twenty times the amount he had given for it,
brought it to Europe with him, but its pos-
session made him so unhappy, that he could
neither eat, drink, nor sleep. He was in
constant fear of being murdered, and scarcely
dared to venture out of a room in which he
had barricaded himself. Herr Uflfenbach, a
scientific German gentleman who visited
London in 1712, gives a most amusing
account of his attempts to see Governor
Pitt's diamond, but found all his endeavours
unavailing. The miserable possessor of the
precious gem was so frightened that he would
not either show himself or his treasure to
anybody, trembling even when in his rare
promenades away from home some passer-by
looked steadily at him. To get rid of his
Frankenstein he offered it many times for
sale, and at last found a purchaser in the
Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, who
bought it for ;^i3S,ooo. Henceforth the
"Pitt" became the "Regent" The price
paid by the Duke of Orleans for the stone
was held to be very small, for a commission
of the most expert jewellers in France called
together to value the "Regent" soon after
its purchase, appraised it at ^^ 480,000. At
the death of the Duke of Orleans the
" Regent" was placed among the Crown
jewels of France, fi"om which it mysteriously
disappeared in 1792, during the anarchy of

that period, but was recovered soon after.
The " R^ent" then went to ornament the
sword of Napoleon Bonaparte, and by him
was pledged to some Amsteixlam Jew for
a large sum of money, the possession of
which enabled the " First Consul" to accom-
plish the revolution known as that of the
"eighteenth Brumaire," a stepping-stone to
the imperial throne of France. A Uttle gem,
not larger than a pigeon's egg, thus played
an important part in shaping the history of
Europe.

The diamonds next in size to the " Regent,"
generally held to be " the most perfect bril-
liant in existence," are the " Orloff'" and the
;« Star of the South." The " Orloflf " weigh-
ing 193 carats, cut as a "rose," is reported
to have formed once the one eye of an Indian
idol, the far-famed goddess of Sheringham.
A French soldier " looted" it, and sold the
stone for a trifle, after which, by many wan-
derings, it found its way into die hands of
Prince "Orloff"" and the Imperial Russian
treasury, the Empress Catherine II. purchas-
ing it for ;^ 100,000, with a perpetual annuity
of ;^4,ooo. At present the " Orloff"" is set
at the top of the Czar's sceptre, forming its
most distinguished ornament, but only ex-
hibited on high occasions. Nearly of the
same size and shape as the " Orloff" is the
" Star of the South," found in Brazil, in the
mines of Bogagen, by a poor negress, in
July, 1853. It originally weighed 254 carats,
but was reduced, by being cut as a "bril-
liant," to 124 carats, or less than half its size.
Considering the enormous price set upon
diamonds of the lai^est size, it is strange to
find that several of them should have been
deliberately cut down to much smaller dimen-
sions simply to give them an artificial shape,
little increasing their original beauty, but
immensely decreasing their value. It is
estimated that the Russian "Orloff*" lost
four-fifths of its value by being cut down to
one-half its original size.

The most striking instance of such injudi-
cious cutting is to be founc^ in our own
famous "Koh-i-noor." As before men-
tioned, this stone, once going by the name
of the " Great Mogul," was originally of the
weight of 787 carats, but " polished down"
by an unhappy and unskilful Venetian
lapidary to 280 carats, and as such came

GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES.

255

into the possession of the Crown of England.
It was then a " rose ;" but Prince Albert, not
liking the appearance of the crystal flower,
conceived the idea of having it re-cut After
consulting Sir David Brewster and other
scientific men, it was determined by the
Krince Consort, with the consent, of course,
of the Government, to polish the '' Moimtain
of Light'' For this purpose one of the
laigest of Dutch diamond merchants. Myn-
heer Coster, of Amsterdam, was engaged,
and he sent over to London his most expe-
rienced artisan, one Herr Voorsanger with
assistants, to "improve'* the ''Koh-i-noor."
The improvement was carried on with the
help of a four horse-power steam-engine,
which began working on the 6th of July,
1862, the Duke of Wellington placing with
his own hands the *' Mountain of Light" on
the cutting machine. For thirty-eight days
the unlucky diamond was swung round on
it, until it had been reduced from 280 to 102
carats, at a cost to the Government, or rather
the nation, of ;;^8,ooo. It was, as truly
remarked by Mr. C. W. King, one of the
best writers on and judges of gems in this
country, "a most ill-advised proceeding,
which deprived the stone of all its historical
and mineralogical value," reducing the once
femous stone, " unrivalled in Europe," to " a
bad-shaped shallow brilliant, of but inferior
water." Sic transit gloria tnundi^ even for
such '* everlasting^' things as diamonds.

The *' Mountain of Light," reduced, alas,
to a mere molehill by the energy of Myiiheer
Coster's steam-engine, closes the list of re-
markable diamonds known to exist at present
There are several others frequently men-
tioned, such as the " Shah," the " Nassack,"
and others^ but they are either of no great
size, being under 100 carats, or with no
historical interest attached to them.

The historical interest is still more wanting
in regard to other precious stones of all sorts
handed down to the present time. Of rubies,
scarcely more than two deserve being men-
tioned as such. The first and' most famous
of existing rubies forms part of the Imperial
State crown made for Queen .Victoria in 1838,
embellished with all the gems left afler the
destruction of the regalia during the period
of the Commonwealth, and subsequently
added to by purchases. This ruby, standing

in the centre of the Maltese cross, on the top
of the British crown, and the most con-
spicuous gem on it, is believed to be, on
tolerably good authority, the same as that
worn in front of the helmet of King Henry
the Fifth at the battle of Agincourt. Unlike
famous diamonds, rubies have no proper
names, but this one in the British crown
might well be called the " Agincourt." Its
history can be traced back to the year 1367,
when, after the battle of Nagara, near
Vittoria, King Pedro of Castille presented it
to Edward, the " Black Prince." The "Agin-
court," if so it can be called, has a small hole
bored through it, after a fashion common in
the East, to be hung by itself round the neck.
This hole is now filled in the front part by
a small ruby, to be distinguished only ftora
the stone by close examination. Of about
the same size as this ruby is another, formerly
among the regalia of Austria, but of the pre-
sent existence of which, little, if anything, is
known. The Emperor, Rudolf II., received
it in 1360 from his sister. Queen Dowager of
France, it being valued at the time at 60,000
ducats, or about ^^30,000. It would now
probably be worth not far fix>m half a million
sterling, the value of the ruby having increased
in modem times more than that of any other
precious stone.

Of the general value of gems at the present
moment it is very difficult to say anything,
the market price being dependent upon a
great variety of conditions, chief among them
not only size, but fortn, colour, and purity.
Of course. King Fashion has a very great
deal to say to this — ^as to many other things.

The question is often asked, and quite
recently led to a discussion in the London
papers, as to whether diamonds and other
precious stones could be manufactured by
some artificial process. "The diamond is
but crystallized carbon," it is said. Aye,
but it has taken Nature ages upon ages to
do the work of crystallization, and truly little
has been done in the work. Can an oak
tree, which takes generations for its growth,
be "manufactured" in a few days, or weeks?
The second question may be an answer to
the first

To sum up the philosophy, very curious in
its way, as to the use and character of gems,
it may be said in one word that they are

256

GEMS AND PRECIO US STONES.

"symbols." They were symbols of super-
stition in former times, and now they have
become symbols of wealth. And what are
"s)niibols?" Our "Chelsea Sage" makes
reply in his own eloquent manner of word-
painting. "Yes, friends," says Carlyle, in
" Sartor Resartus," " not our logical, mensu-
rative faculty, but our imaginative one, is
King over us. £ven for the basest sensualist,
what is sense but the implement of phantasy
the vessel it drinks out of? The under-
standing is indeed thy window; too clear
thou canst not make it ; but phantasy is thy
eye, with its colour-giving retina, healthy or
diseased. Have I not myself known 500
living soldiers sabred into crow's-meat for a
piece of glazed cotton which they called their
flag, which, had you sold it at any market
cross, would not have brought above three-
pence? .... It is through jrym^^y/r that man,
consciously, or unconsciously, lives, works,
and has his being. Those ages, moreover,
are accounted the noblest which can the best
recognize symbolical work, and prize it the
highest."

It is undeniably true that among the oldest
S)niibols of mankmd — infinitely more ancient
than "the piece of glazed cotton" which
soldiers call their flag — ^are those rare and
wonderful productions of Nature, coveted in
all ages, known as gems, or precious stones.

£j:tract0 from part0b
1?edidter0 anb Bccount Boofte.

ELTHAM, KENT.

|HE account books of the parish of
Eltham begin in 1554, and con-
tinue without interruption till 1667,
when there comes a break for more
than 100 years. The extract here given is
taken from the portion dated 1559 : —

Receaved and deliverde the xxiij day of feb-)
ruarye in the yeare of o' lord Gode 1559 to[
John Birde at the deathe of Henrye Auey asf '"^
foUowethe. j

Imprimis, dcliv* to John Birde on sillver challis.
Item, deliv* to John Birde a cannipey of rede

damaske.
Item. deliv<* to John Birde one veastmeant of

whitte, and one redde vcstmente, and another

veastment of doue sattine and to hankine cloths
for the altere, the one of whitte and the other
of reade damaske.
Receaved and deliv'de the iiij day of febniarye to
John Flitte and Thomas Wombeye churche-wardens as
followethe of Eltham in the seconde yeare of the
raigne of quen quene Elizabethe.

Item, deliv' to John Birde a whitt damaske veast-
ment with all thinges belonge ther unto.

Item, ij longe towdles the one diaper and the
other plaine and a cross banner clotne.

If em. a whitte damaske vestmente with a fanille
and an albe to the same.

Item, a vestmente of redd velvitte w**» all thinges
belong ther unto.

Item, a cope of white sattine.

Item, a hearse clothe of red velvitte.

Item, a cannipe of read damaske.

Item, a painted latteine clothe.

Item, a vestmente of bodkine worke w*^ all
thinges belonginge there mito.

Item! a vestmente of blue damaske w*^ all thinges
belonginge thear unto.

Item, iij tunides and to cushens and aulde cover-
litte and ij frontes.

Some of the vestments mentioned in the
above list appear to be the same as those
described in the Inventory taken by the
Royal Commissioners in 1552, printed in the
8th volume of the " Archseologia Candana."

A. G. M.

K\^fy

1?et>few0.

The Likeness oj Christ, being an Enquiry in/o the
Verisimilitude of the Received Likeness of our
Blessed Lard. By the late Thomas Heaphv.
Edited by Wyke Bayliss, F.S.A. (D. Bogue, 1880.)

|R. THOMAS HEAPHY, having devoted
a lifetime of toil and labour to a sii^e
subject, has produced, in the magnificent
work upon our editorial table, a monu-
ment to his own memory which will not
readily pass away. It is really one of me most valuable
archaeological and artistic publications that have been
issued from the press during the year now drawing to a
close, and we consider ourselves highly privileged in
being the first to introduce it to the reading public.

The subject is one which will, though it certainly
should not, limit its sale ; and the price — five guineas
— b such as to place it out of the reach of the
multitude of purcnasers : but those who buy it will
find it a good investment, for, as only 250 copies
are printed, the work must speedily become scarce,
and we have the publisher's guarantee that it will not
be re-issued in its present shape and form.

The fiill-page illustrations, which are executed in
colours, facsimile, are twelve in number. Three of
these (plates ii., iii. and v.) are of the deepest interest by
far, for they give us what hitherto the English public

has never yet htul set before them, repiesentatioos of
(i) the picture preserved in the socHstr of St. Peter's,
Kt Rome, (3) that in the Church of St Silvestro, in
the Mine city, sod I3) that in the Church of St. Bu-
tolomeo, at Genoa.

The first of tbese, roughly paialed with transparent
rode, pigments on unprepared cloth, is never shown to
vistois at Rome, being seen only by the Pope and two
of the Sacred
Conclave after
they have just re-
ceived the Holy
Communion. The
wonder, there-
fore, is how Mr.
Heaphy, espe-
cially when we
consider that he
was, presumably,
a [^tenant, ob-
tained permission
to copy it. This
copy strikes n» as
all bat perfect, so
nobly and touch-
ingly does it ren-
der tbe Divine
Face of Him who
was fairer than
the children of
men, and yet,
above . all his
hoQkan brethren, '

qitainled with

Sief." The an-
enticated his-
tory of this pic-
ture reaches back

these pictures so exquisitely represented here. The
character of Ihor design and treatment is entirely
unlike the work of the Byzantine or Medijeval schooli.
It is distinctly classical, and it may with safety be

have been produced, until the Renaissance of the
sixteenth century.

They cany ui
back at all events

turieiof oarers,
and the historic
cal evidence for
their antiquity is
so far confirmed
by the manner <rf
their design, of

which Mr. Hea-
"," admirable
[ac-similesenable
the reader to

the

ccnttuy, while, as
oar author re-
marks, tbe con-
centrated thought
and feeling which
it display* "al-
most forces on us
the convictirai

which he depic-
ted."

Of the second
and third repre-
sentations we may
bridy say that
they are executed much in the same manner, upon
coaiie tincn, and are types of a class numerous in
Italy and in the E^ast. The Genoese example purports
to be the likeness painted by St . Luke for AglArus,
t^ Edosa; and there appears to be n considerable
amount of evidence to identify it with the portrait
mentioned by Euselnus as preserved at that place.

Hick can be no question as to the antiqnity of

pher. Others (as plates xi. and xii.) sBow much of
the so-called Byzantine character, and have some-
thing of the stiffness and conventionality of that
school. Vet these are certainly not later than the

asS XEFJ

Besides the coboced illmtnCiaiu, the text u inter-
■pened with some forty woodcuts. Of these, periiBps
tne most inteRitiii|> ue those which illustrate a senes
of examples of culy Chiistian art which has hitherto
eKsped general notice. These ue the pictures
executed upon the Bat bottoms of the glais cupi or
paiene, which it was cuitoman' to deposit in the
grave at the time of burial. Of these, numerous
examples have been discovered in the Roman Cata-
combs. Their very earl]' date mav be inferred both
from the position of the graves m which the/ are
(bimd being uniformly near to the entrances of the
catacombs, and thcrijore in the port first occnpied
by interments, and also from a pussage in Tertulliait
(writing in the tnid-
die of the second
centory), who appears
to refer to these as

Kxluctions which
d once been com-
mon, but had ceased
to be made before
his time.

One of them, on
P»p I*

■caJe, of a satirical
drawing, sciatched
mtber than cut upon
the wall of a nar-
row street crossing
the Paladne HiU, in
Rome, which has
only recently been
eipoaed, having been
doled up in '*"
lecond or third

of ctuiotis aitd hitherto nnlcnown materials
to the Roman Catholic body in this country
e Kefonoation, when it was writhing under tt^
penal laws inflicted by the Tudors and Stuarti, and
when, therefore, it was necessary that all records of its
deeds and almosi its existence should be kept secret.
The value of additions (o our stores of historic infor-
mation such as ara to he found in these " Records"
is second only in importance lo that contained in the
' 'e publications which are issued under the
of the Master of the Rolls. Thii lupple-
itflins a transcript of the " "~— "

mental vulume c

cnnoui as illusirat-
iaa (he popular idea
which prevailed so
widely in circles
which ought to have
been better informed
—to the effect that
the object of both
Jewish and Christian
worship was ' """

There are allusions
to this belief in Ter
tullian's "Apol<^,"

and in other writings of the early Church ; and (his
iketcb, the work of a Pagan schoolboy, is at all events
a tmthful witness to the fact that the representation of
the Cross, and of Him who died upon it, were objects
of honour and reverence, if not of positive worship,
among the Christians of Uie third century.

Rmerds ofiht En^h Ptwimt oftht Society ofytiui.

Vol. VI. By Hbnry Foley, S.J. (Bums &

Oates. iBSa)

This volume of the Records of the English Jesuits
is supplemental to the rest, in whidi the editor has
brought together, as most of our readers are aware,

an^rient English ho^
[uca attached to the
coUege^downto i6j6.
TfacM, u might be
expected, are full of
curious entries rela-
ting to (I) the mem-
ben who were ad-
mitted into the col-
lege with a view to
entering holy orders
and being "sent aa
the English mis-
sion," in which so
many suffered as
martyrs at the stake ;
and |i)lo the visitors
to the college from
Bngland who were
enlertaintdai guests,
when travelling for

or any other cause.
The biogiapbical me-
moranda, which the
industry of Mr.
Foley has embled
him to snpplyi throw
light upon the bio-
graphies of many
persMis whose real
names were unknown
during their lifetime,
and who assumed
fictitious ntes in
order to throw tte
bloodhounds who
pursued (hem " off
the scent." The list shows, at all events, that there
never was a dearth of lealoos missionaries, espedally
from the northern counties— Lancashire, Vorkshire
and Northumberland especially — who were ready to
risk their lives in the cause of what they believed lo
be the truth and exclusively the truth. He book
must hereafter t>ecome the materials out of which the
future historian of the Roman Catholic Church in
England in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eijghteenth
centuries most dig his stores of infonnstion. As
such, and on account of its genealogical value, we
heartily welcome it

REVIEWS.

^59

Mr. S. Mamtison has done good service to the
historian of '^^nrkshire, at the least, by taking up aod
execttting as a private individual tiie task which the
Harieian Society has undertaken in London, by re-

Sblishing the roisters of the extensive pari& of
Iverley, near Leeds. He has thus brought to
light and put on public record many curious facts
ruating to Yorkshire families. We are glad to see
that, in his Preface, Mr. Margerison recognizes the
wisdom of the sug^tion of a writer in The Anti-
quary* that the original registers shall still be left in
the custody of the parish clergy, but that duplicates
shall be sent to the central office of the Registrar-
General in London.

Mr. Richard H. Shepherd has been at the trouble
of compillog a Bibliography of Charles Dickens^ in
whic^ he arranges his wntings in strict chronological
Older, from his first start as a contributor to the
newspapers in 1834 down to the " Mystery of Edwin
Drood. Among these are several small essays, &c.»
the existence of which is not generally known to the
public. To these he wUl here^ter have to add ' ' The
Mu^og Papers.'* Mr. Shepherd has subjoined a
very careful list of books, articles, &c, on C. Dickens
ana his works, and also another of his letters addressed
to public men and private friends. The book has
no regular title-page, and bears the name of no
pttbli&er.

Under the title of The Enemies of Books (Triibner
& Co.), Mr. William Blades, whose name is not
unknown to the readers of The Antiquary, has
put together a short account of the sad inroads which
have htxxi made on libraries, not only by the " book-
worm," but by such other "enemies as Fire, Water,
Gas, Heat, Dust, and Neglect, to say nothing of
^iiorant Chambermaids, Bookbinders, and {.nefat
dictuf) by Book-collectors and Bibliomaniacs them-
selves. The work, though seriously meant, is written
in a pointed and witty style, so as to make a dry
subject interesting. It is printed on excellent paper,
and is got up in vellum of an ancient type. Some of
the etchings and other illustrations are charmiitf.'
We are glad to hear that a second edition is alreai^
demand^.

In his Light of Asia (Triibner & Ca), Mr. Edwin
Arnold, a true poet, has put together a complete
account of the fife and teaching of Guatema, the
founder of Buddhism. It is an epic poem, in eight
books, thoroughly inspired with Oriental ideas, and
gorgeously rioi in Oriental imagery. It was a fit
and proper subject for a man like Mr. Arnold, who
has spent some of the best years of hu life in India,
and who has taken the trouble to master the inner
teachings of those faiths with which he hasbeen bron^t
into contact; and we congratulate him on the exquisite
taste whidi he has shown in " spoilii^ the Egyptians*
of their ancient relieious treasures. Mi students of the
past must be thanldul to Mr. Arnold for having thus
become the interpreter of things ancient and venerable
in Jie far East

In Luxurious Bathing (Field & Tuer) we have
brought before us, in a most attractive form, the
pleasure and the healthfuiness of the daily bath in

* See ToL i p. 141.

general, and of the soap-bath in particular. The
author of the letterpress has put together, within the
compass of less than sixty pages, neany all that is to be
said m favour of this great source of health— one whidi
the ancients thoroughly enjoyed, and the use of whidi is
daily becoming more general in this country. The
etchings which illustrate the book are really exquisite
specimens of the designer's and engraver's art, and the
hand-wove paper of me book will remind the reader
of our own pc^^ in one respect.

Now that Journals and Journalism (Field & Tuer)
has reached the honour of a second edition, we must
express our regret that Ve did not notice it at its first
appearance. It is a most useful practical guide for
*' literary beginners," its editor, Mr. John (5ldcastle»
being, it is well understood, one of the recognized
fraternity of London men of letters. It would m well
if every "literary beginner'' would read the book
carefully, and attend to the sensible advice of a man
of experience. He will be less disposed, on putting
it down, to rush into print with any sanguine hopes of
immediate success, but he will learn to look soberly at
the task that he proposes to himself, and will "count
the cost'* before starting. The book is full of amusing
and instructive anecdotes, all bearing on its leading
topic ; and the curious reader will oe interested at
the autographs of authors which are scattered over its
pages.

Good Thoughts in Bad Tima, by T. Fiiller, D.D.
Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton have lately published a
new edition of Fuller's <* Good Thoughts," printed
on hand-made paper in the antique style. The book
itself is an old friend, and one which needs no criti*
cism uid no commendation. The reprint is moat
tasteful, and the binding appropriate.

We have received the last instalments of the
Archaoiogical Journal, issued by the Institute, and of
the Journal of the British Archadogical Association,
Both are interesting numbers, and contain a variety of
most valuable and curious information. The articles
on ** Vitrified Forts on the Coast of Scotland," and
the "Collegiate Church of Arundel," and on
<• Dunster and its Lords," in the former, and that on
" Antiquarian Losses in Coventry" in the latter, are,
perhaps, the best of all. But surely the Association
ought now to be ^blishing an account of this year's
Congress at Devizes, not of last Year's Congress at
Norwich. Such journals should surely he kept
better "up to date."

flDeetinod of Bntiquarian
Societies.

METROPOLITAN.

Anthropological Institute. — Oct 9.— Mr. E.
B. Tyk>r, D.C.L., F.ILS., President, in the Chair.^
There were three Papers read s—ii) " On Anthropo-
logical O^our Phenomena in Belgium and elsewhere,"
by Mr. J. Beddoe, M.D., F.R.S. <a) "On diiierciit
Stages m the Development of the Art of Mosic in
Piehisloric Tunes," by Mr. J. F. Kowbotban, who

26o

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

enumerated three stages. Simplest and most archaic
of all was the music represented by the drum, com-
prising all instruments of percussion, and including
gongs and bells ; somewhat more complicated and
not quite so old was the pipe family, to which be-
longed all wind instruments ; still more complex was
the lyre, with all other stringed instruments for its
ofispring. The three answered respectively to rhythm,
melody, and harmony. — Prince Paul Poutiatine con-
tributed the last Paper read — (3) " On Neolithic Im-
plements in Russia. It gave an interesting account
of finds on his own estate, which he thought were to
be referred to prototypes of Sc]rthic race.

British AkcHiEOLOGicAL Association. — In
accordance with a suggestion made during the late
Congress at Devizes, a meeting of country and
town members had been organiz^ to visit some of
the ancient portions of London, commencing on
Monday, October 25. Accordingly, on that day,. a
large party of ladies and gentlemen, under the guid-
ance of Mr. John Reynold, were met at the Chapter
House, Westminster Abbey, by a sub-committee of
the Association and other members of the general
body, and welcomed vexr cordially. Mr. Mickle-
thwaite, by permission of the Rev. Canon Duckworth,
who was present on the occasion, proceeded to point
QUt the most ancient architectural features ot the
Abbey buildings and its precincts, and led the party to
the remains of the old fratery, the infirmary chapel,
and Jerusalem Chamber, besides other parts of the
monastic establishment, which were fully described.
At the close of the lecture in the dormitory, and after
a lengthened visit to the Abbey itself, some remarks
were made by Mr. Loftus Brock, F.S.A., on the
earliest building of the Abbey, after which the party,
led by Mr. George Patrick, the acting hon. secretary
of the sub-committee, proceeded to pay a short visit
to St. Margaret's Chiuxh close by. After visiting the
ciypt of St. Stephen's Chapel, the archaeologists pro-
ceeded to Lambeth Palace, the chief features of which
were pointed out by Mr. Kershaw, F.S.A., the
librarian. A visit was next paid to the parish church of
St Mary, adjoining the old gateway of the palace.
In the evening the members dined at the Freemasons'
Tavern, Earl Nelson, President of the Association, in
the chair. On Tuesday, St. Saviour's, Southwark, vwis
visited, after which the party crossed London Bridge to
the Coal Exchange, and inspected the remains of the
Roman villa beneath that building, and then proceeded
to Guildhall, the City Museum, the Charterhouse, the
Church of St. Bartholomew, in Smithfield, and the
old gateway of St. John's Hospital. After luncheon
the party visited Gray's Inn Chapel, the Temple Church,
and the Hall of the Middle Temple. On Wednesday
the Tower was inspected, including the Church of St.
Peter-ad-Vincula. The remains of Roman London
and the Roman Wall, Crippl^ate Chiuxhyard, and a
fine portion of the old wall m Wood Street, Cheapside;
the churches of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, St. Andrew
Undershaft, and St. Catherine Cree, Crosby Hall,
and the Church of All Hallows, Barking, were after-
wards visited ; also Paul Pindar's house, in Bishops-
Site Street, and the Church of the Austin Friars,
n Thursday the country excursionists, with the
several officers of the above Society and other mem-
bers, met at the British Museum. Having been met

in the Egyptian Gallery by Dr. Birch, that gentleman
gave the visitors a brief but interesting account of some
of the principal antiquities within it ; after which Mr.
Newton pointed out the most remarkable objects in
the Greek and Roman rooms adjoining. In the book
d^irtment, Mr. George Bullen, the keeper of the
pnnted books, received the party, and, with the aid
of several of his officers, took the visitors through
the noble library, known as the Music Room and
the King's Gallery, pointing out some of the
choicest books, and producing many of them for
their closer inspection as they passed through. The
MS. department was next visited, and there Mr. £.
Maude-Thompson, one of the Vice-Presidents of the
Association, explained the interest attaching to the
fine collection of MSS. and missals he had kindly
arranged on tables for the examination of the party.
Among the many rarities exhibited, a MS. Book of
Devotions, belongpig to King Henry VI., with a por-
trait of him as a litUe boy, on a beautifully illuminated
titie-page, painted at Paris, was much admired, as was
also another smaller missal, with a portrait of the
mother of Charles V., also painted on the illuminated
tide, and which missal was once the property of the
fieunous Emperor, her son. Led by Mr. W. de Gray
Birch, one of the hon. secretaries of the Association,
the party next examined the collection of fictilia lately
presented to the Museum by Canon Greenwell, and
other objects of British antiquity, including a rare
chalice in silver of thirteenth-century manufacture,
which Mr. Franks, who had pointed out many of the
most interesting specimens of ancient art to the visitors,
kindly sent for from another room at the request of
Mr. John Re3rnolds, who subsequenUy made a few
remarks upon it. At the luncheon which followed,
Mr. G. R. Wright, F.S.A., who presided, specially
thanked the ladies who had so courageously accom-
panied the party, despite the very inclement weather,
for their attendiance, and concluded his remarks by

Sying a meed of praise to his co-hon. secretaries,
essrs. John Reynolds, of Bristol, and Mr. George
Patrick, of London, without whose aid the proceed-
ings would not have been carried out as well nor as
instructively as they had been. The party then pro-
ceeded to the Great Hall of Gray's Inn, where they
were received by the librarian, Mr. Douthwaite, who
read a few notes firom his work on the ancient inn and
its benchers, and pointed out the chief features of in-
terest in the hall — a fine specimen of domestic archi-
tecture of Elizabeth's time, with a hammer-beam roof of
exceeding beauty and admirable preservation, probably
of an eariier date, although reconstituted and replaced
in 1 560. Two miniature portraits of Queen Elizabeth,
by Oliver, and of Mary, Queen of Scots, supposed to .
be the work of the same artist, attracted much atten-
tion, the latter, unlike most of the contemporaneous
portraits of that unfortunate Princess, representing her
as a yoimg and very beautiful woman-; the portraits of
Lord Bacon, who was a member of Gra/s Inn, were
particularly noticed, the one in the hall, and the other
m the old oak room adjoining, called the Council
Chamber, over the fireplace. The library was next
visited, and several rare books examined, one a
small quarto, of the *' Maske of Flowers," dated
161 3, causing much interest by its having the music
printed in it as well as the words set to it This visit

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

261

concluded the day^s programme and the week's pro-
ceedings.

London and Middlesex ARCHiCOLOGiCAL
Society. — Some correspondence has passed between
the Lord Mayor and the Hon. Secretaries of the above-
named Society, with regard to the meeting at the
Mansion House to inaugurate the Topographical
Society of London. The Council of the /Grchseolo-
gical Society, which has for so many years laboured in
the field of London topography, are of opinion that a
second society formed to undertake inquiries of a
like kind is undesirable, inasmuch as a multiplication
of societies having similar objects tends to divide and
weaken the interests of the public in their pursuits, '
to the prejudice of alL The Council hoped therefore
that the desirability would be urged upon the pro-
posed meeting of accepting the offer made by the
Council to associate their mtended operations with
those of the Archaeological Society. The Council
declined to send a deputation to the proposed
meeting, as su^ested by the Lord Mayor, but re-
newed their oner of co-operation, and stated their
willingness to discuss its aetails with any committee
which the meeting might appoint for that purpose.

Numismatic.-— Oct. 21.— J. Evans, Esq., D.C.L.,
President, in the Chair. — Mr. Hoblyn exhibited
patterns for a penny and halfpenny of George III.,
1788, by Pinco, the former being the first copper
coin struck of that denomination; also a penny of
Jamaica, struck in copper instead of white metal,
and patterns for one-cent and half-cent pieces of
Nova Scotia, 1861, differing materially from the
current coin. — Mr. Pearson ohibited a curious and
unpublished leaden medallet of Queen Elizabeth,
with the inscription, nil nisi concilio, 1588. —
Mr^Gili exhibited a styca of Wulfred, Archbishop of
York, of base silver, and a copper coin'of Cunobeline,
found at Chester Camp, near Wellingborough, of the
type of Evans, PI. xiL 6. — Mr. P. Gardner read a
Paper on some new and unpublished Bactrian coins.
— Captain E. Hoare conmiunicated a Paper on some
early and modem tokens bearing the name of
Hoare.

Royal Arcilcological Institute. — ^Nov. 4. —
Sir John Maclean in the Chair. — ^The Chairman, in
opening the proceedings, said they must all regret
that Sir John Lubbock^ Bill for the Preservation of
our Ancient Monuments had again miscarried in Par-
liament, but they must cheerfiuly look forward to its
being better received by the legislature on its re-
assembling. The Chairman referred also to the great
success of the Institute's autumnal gathering at
Lincoln, and of the exhibition of ancient helmets
which it had promoted in London, and which had
brought to^^ether 1,500 visitors. The mention of this
latter led hun to direct attention to two remarkable
helmets, shown by the Rev. A. Orlebar, which were
before them on the table — a tilting helm, with crest
of Sir John Gostwick, who died in 1541, and a hel-
met with crest of another member of the Gostwick
£simily, from Willington Church, Beds. There were
also on the table, b^des objects to be treated of in
the Papers which would be read, curious articles of
personal ornament, nose ornaments and bracelets, a
spoon, and badges of rank, from the South Sea
Islands, presented to himself by the late Bishop

Patteson. The Chairman further exhibited some very
fine enamels and bronzes from the summer palace of
the Emperor of China ; and Mr. W. J. Addis showed
the figure of a Burmese Godamah, excavated from an
ancient pagoda. — Mr. R. S. Fexgoson contributed to
the display a photograph of a register-book of the
parish of Hayton, Cumberland. — Mr. C. D. E.
Fortnum's collection of finger-rings and engraved
gems was intended to illustrate the former of two
Papers read by him, entitled " Additional Notes on
Finger-rings and on some Engraved Gems of the
early Christian period.'' His oUier Paper was also a
continuation, the subject being announced in these
terms, "Notes on other Signacula of St. James of
Compostella." It was illustrated by a collection of'
jet stgnacula of the saint and other jet objects. —
Professor Westwood read some notes on a silver
posset-pot bearing an early date. The archaeology of
posset and of the usages connected with it were treated
m sufficient detaiL The date on the vessel was 1703.
It was shown that dated pottery earlier than the middle
of the eighteenth century was extremely rare. A speci-
men in the Jermyn Street collection bore the date
1 69 1, and the name of the maker, John Wedgwood.
The maker of the posset-pot of 1703 was named upon
it Job Heath, and this name, like that of Wedgwood,
was shown to have long been eminent in connection
with our ceramic wares, especially those of Staffcnd-
shire. — The last Paper was read by Mr. J. A. Sparvel-
Bayly. It was an account of Hadleigh Castle, in
Essex, and was illustrated by a drawing.

Society of Biblical ARCHiCOLOGY. ^Nov. 2.
— Dr. Samuel Birch, President, in the Chair. — ^The
following Papers were read : — " The Bilingual Hit-
tite and Cuneiform Inscription of TarkondCTios,** by
A. H. Sayce, M.A. ; and "The Inscription of Tar-
kutimme, and the Monuments of Jerablus, in the
British Museum," by Thomas Tyler, M.A.

St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society. — Nov. 4.
— ^At the Chapter House, St. Paul's Churchyard, Mr.
Joseph Grimshire in the Chair. — A Paper by the Rev.
Mackenzie Walcott, on *'01d St. Paul's," was, in the
absence of the author through illness, read by the Rev.
C N. Kelley. The Paper was founded on the autho-
rity of the " Register of Statutes," Dugdale's •* His-
tory," Wharton's " Lives," the fragmentary notices in
the *' Chronicles," and Leland's ** Collections," and the
diaries of the Grey Friars, Wriothesley and Madlyn,
with a few notes firom Stowe. The architectural
details of the old cathedral having been already
dealt with by Mr. Edmund B. Ferrey, in a Paper read
before the Society during the last session, and pub-
lished in The Antiquary (see vol. i. p. 144 and p. i,
ant^, the writer of the present Paper confined his re-
marks to the history of its building, and to the several
customs and rites with which it was connected.

The Topographical Society. — October 28. —
By the Lord Mayor's permission, a meeting in con-
nection with the recently-formed Topographical
Society of London was held at the Mansion House,
Mr. Harrison in the chair. Mr. H. B. Wheatley,
F.S.A., the Hon. Secretary, said the want of some
general organization, by means of which the constantly
changing phases of "the world of London" should
be registered as they passed away, had long been
felt, and, in fact, in a country like England, where

363

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

materials were abundant in almost all departments of
knowledge, the great want was a centre to which the
dififerent atoms might gravitate. Such a centre for
London topography it was the aim of the committee
to found. Every day landmarks were swept away,
often with little present notice, and generally with total
foigetfulness on the morrow, so that the Society was
not formed a day too soon. The conunittee felt
that the matter was one of great importance, and
they appealed with confidence to all those who took
interest in the history of the place where they lived,
as well those who cared only lor modem London as
those who loved to trace out the lines of the old
city. The points to be taken up by such a Society
'were numerous ; but the following were perhaps some
of the most important — viz., the collection of books,
drawings, prints, maps, &c., relating to London
topo^phy ; the collection of documents, deeds, &c.
(origmai and copied), and of extracts, relating to the
history of, and associations connected with, places in
and around London, arranged in an accessible form ;
the collection of information relating to etymology
of London place-names, and preparation of a record
of changes in London nomenclature ; the preparation
of maps and plans showing the position of public
bnildings, streets, &c., at various periods ; the repre-
sentation of churches and other buildings before tney
were demolished ; the preparation and publication of
a bibliography of London topography ; the prepara-
tion and publication of an index of L^don drawings,
prints, anti(^uities, tokens, &c, in various collections ;
the publication of copies of old London engraving,
and also of unpublished drawings, and the piu>lication
of documents relating to London. In oraer to keep
the members inform^ as to the work of the Society,
it would be necessary to prepare a full annual report ;
and as one means of obtaimng trustworthy infomu^-
tion it was proposed to appoint local committees to
watch over the topographical changes and demolitions
in the several districts. The scope of the Society's
work would, as lie had said, be very lam ; for it
would include the preparation of maps and views of
London during the Roman, Saxon, Norman, and
Plantagenet periods; the publication of interesting
records from the State papers, and monographs of
buildings about to be swept away. There was reason
to believe that the City guilds had in their posses-
sion much valuable topographical information, which
they would be willing to impart to the Society. Mr.
Wheatley added that the committee had discussed the
advisability of uniting with one or other of existing and
kindred societies, but had decided that it would be
better to found a new organization, though one that
would be on the most friendly footing with other
institutions. A letter was read from the London and
Middlesex Archaeological Society, protesting against
the formation of the Topographical Society, on the
ground that all their objects were already undertaken
by that old institution. Mr. John Leighton said they
had the most fraternal feeling in regard to all kindred
societies, but their work would be that of printing
and publishing alone. Major-General BaiUie moved
that the objects of the Topographical Society were
worthy of the support of all those interested in the
present and past of the metropolis. Mr. £. Solly,
F.R.S., in seconding the resolution, regretted the

tendency of the age to destroy everything, and said
sarcastically that while old Temple Bar was removed
because it was an obstruction, they were about to re-
place it by an obstruction which had not even the
merit of being old. Mr. Winkley suggested that
much valuable information could be culled from
the old parish registers of the City; and Mr. Fumivall
describcxl how the City teemed with reminiscences
of Chaucer, Spencer, Shakspeare, Hogarth, Johnson,
and others. The resolution was carried, smd the
meeting separated after deciding as to the amount of
the annual subscription and other details.

PROVINCIAL.

Cambridge Philosophical Society. — Oct. 14.
— Professor Mayor, President, in the Chair. — Mr.
Postgate read remarks on points arising out of the
followin|; passages of Propertius : — i. xvi. 29 ; m.
(iv.) xxiv. 7; IV. (v.) xi- 17 segg,2XiA 37-40- — Mr.
Lewis then read a Paper from Dr. Hayman, on
Mr. Paley*s pamphlets, "On Post-Epic Words in
Homer," and ** Quintus Smjmueus.*'

Oct 28. — Professor Mayor, President, in the Chair.
— ^Mr. Verrall oflfered and defended several emenda-
tions in the "Medea" of Euripides, lines 910, 11 58,
1174, 1 181, 1 183, 1184, 1194, and 1221.— Mr. Paley
communicated a Paper controverting the view on the
antiquity of the Abu-Simbel inscription proposed bv
Mr. MahafTy in his " Histoiy of Greek Literature/'
vol. ii. p. 2.

Clifton Shakspere Society.— Oct 23. —Re-
ports in connection with Romeo and JulUt were
presented from the following departments : — i^Esthetic
Criticism, by Mr. J. H. Tucker ; Dress and Social
Customs, by Mrs. E. Thelwidl ; Rare Words and
Phrases, by Mr. L. M. Griffiths ; Demonology and
Witchcraft, by Miss Florence O'Brien ; Plants and
Animals, by Mr. Leo Grindon, of Manchester, and
Dr. J. E. Shaw, respectively. A paper on ** Juliet,"
by Mr. J. W. MUls, B.A., was read. Miss F. W.
Iierapath read a paper on " Romeo."

Leeds Architectural Society. — Oct. 27. —
Mr. Henry Walker, President, in the Chair. — After
the reading of the Report, the Chairman delivmd
his opening address, in which he dwelt at some length
on the questions of ''quantities" and of "competi-
tions.*' The deplorable state of Kirkstall Abbey was
next referred to, Mr. Walker stating that unless prompt
measures are taken for its protection it will in a few
years become little better than a heap of stones.
Exception was taken to points in connection with the
restoration of Adel Church, Mr. Walker complaining
that the nave had been robbed of its parapet and the
east window removed, to both of which proceedings
he thought Mr. Street would have objected, had the
work been in other hands but his own.

Library Association. — The third annual meet-
ing of the Library Association of the United Kingdom
b^;an its sittings in Edinburgh on Tuesday, Nov. 28,
in the rooms of the Royal Society, Mr. John Small,
of the University libraiy, in the Chair. — The Chair-
man, in his opening address, expressed regret at the
absence of Mr. Coxe, and welcomed the Association
to Edinburgh. After stating the objects of the Asso-
ciation, among which he sj^dfied the obtaining of

MEETINGS OF ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETIES.

263

foil statistics of the various libraries of the coiintnr,
the amendment of the Copyright Act and other pub*
lie libnuies Acts, the devising of uniform roles for
describing their sizes, and the enactment of a high
professional standard among librarians, he gave
statistics of the Edinburgh libraries, which in the
aggr^^te represented a total of 700^000 volumes
available to the literary public of Edinburgh. Their
chief libraries were — the Advocates', wi3i 270^000
volumes ; the University, with r40,ooo ; and the
Signet, with 70,000. In mentioning the Signet
Library he referred to the late David Laing, who was
one of the most distinguished of their Scottish anti*
quaries, and who, from the liberality with which he
made the resources of the library under his charge
and his own collections available for literary purposes,
was lon|r the indispensable guide of all inquirers into
the earher phases of the life and history of Scotland.
Mr. Small next discussed the proposal of a free public
library for Edinburgh, and sketched the steps that had
been taken some years a^ with that view. He was
in frivour of an arrangement being made with the
Facultv of Advocates for the use of their library by
the public, at the same time levying a rate of id, per
pound under the Public Libraries Act, to indemnify
the Faculty and to meet the working expenses. Com-
paring England and Wales with Scotland, he stated
that 1877 there were in England and Wales 73 lend-
ing and 66 reference libraries, having a total of
1,008,394 volumes, while in Scotland there were five
lending and five reference libraries, with 54,423
volumes ; but four other towns in Scotland had
adopted the Act since 1877. In conclusion, be
announced that the Association included 240 mem-
bers, of whom ao8 were actively employed in literary
work, and that the number of Ubnries represented
was 140. —Mr. J. T. Clark, of the Advocates'^ Library,
read a Paper on ** Early Printing in Scotland." — Mr.
Black read a Paper on some of the early lilnraries of
Edinbuigh ; Mr. Thomas Mason (GlaK;ow) contri-
buted a Paper on «* The Free libranes of Scotland ;"
Mr. T. Maclachlan (Dundee) followed widi a Paper
entitled, "How the Free Library System may be
economically carried out in CountieSi' ~A discussion
followed, in the course of which Mr. BuUen, of the
British Museum, suggested the conversion of the
Advocates' Library into a public library. — After the
discussion, Mr. Lennox (Brighton) read a Paper on
•• The Classification of History ;" Professor Dickson,
of Glasgow, followed with one on " The Classification
of Books in Glasgow University Library."— On Wed-
nesday the sitting were resumed, Mr. J. Small pre-
siding. — Mr.Mullms, of the Free Library, Birmingham,
read a Paper on " The Librarian and his Work."—
Mr. Harrison, treasurer of the Library Association,
London, moved, "That it is desirable that the Council
of this Association should take steps to consider how
library assistants can best be aided in their training
in the general princii)les of their profession." He
sn|;gestd that there might be a system of apprentice-
ship, the assistants beginning their career at about 13
years of age. Mr. Cornelius Walford seconded the
motioD. A discussion ensued, in the course of which re-
ference was made to the very long hours during whidi
boys were employed in the library, and which prevented
them fipoa improving their minds as suggested. The

motion was carried.— Mr. James Marshall, Assistant
Librarian in the Advocates' Library, aftenimxis read a
Paper on " An Improved System of Press and Shelf
Notation." — Mr. Leonard Wheatley read a Paper on
'' Assyrian Libraries ;" and Mr. Gilbert Goudie read
** Notes of the Great Libraries of Scandinavia." — ^At
the close of the day's proceedings the members of the
Association visited the University Library and several
other insritutions.

Worcester Diocesan Architectural and
ARCHiCOLOGiCAL SOCIETY.— On September 13 the
members of this Society made an excursion to Coven-
try, and visited the various places of interest, under
tlie guidance of Mr. Fritton, F.S.A Among the
places inspected were the remains of Cheylesmore
Manor House, formerly belonging to the Earls ^
Chester, and an occasional residence of Edv^jxl tlM
Black Prince. The only fragment of the Grey Friars
Monlistery, now the steeple of Christ Church, was
pointed out ; and Ford's Hospital, with its quaint
arrangements and fine carving, was visited. St.
Mary s Hall, with its tapestry and paintings, tiie
Muniment room, kitchen, and crypt, having Men ex-
amined, the party proceeded to St. Michaefs Churdi,
and then afterwards to Holy Trinity Church, by the
site of the old Hospiturin. After beii^ enterteined
at luncheon by Mr. OdeU, the visitors mspected the
Free Gnunmar School, in which are preserved the
ancient stalls of St. John's Hospital ; the Bablake
School and Hospital, with its curious double cloister
and chimney-piece ; St. John's Church, and some of
the other various attractive places in Coventry. Some
excavations have lately been made betvreen the but-
tresses at the west end of the tower of St. Michad's
Church, which has laid bare the plinth of the tower
and the footings of the door jambs.

tTbe Bntiquar^'a flote«-£ooIt.

The Pit. — ^The old aphorism, " Omnia mutantur,
nos et mutamur in illis," has recently received a curious
illustration at the Haymarket Theatre. That a
manager should utterly sweep away such a time-
honoured institution as "the Pit," and releeate its
quondam occupants to a part of the house which is,
after all, but a very superior kind of gallerv, for the
purpose of filling the area thus acquired with seats at
what, by comparison, seems an exorbitant price, and
that this should simply have provoked a little hi»ine,
shouting, and hooting, ^i^ould have seemed incredible
to those sturdy Britons who, seventy years ago, vi d
armiSf forced the proprietors of Covent Garden Theatre
to reduce their pnces when they had just raised them.
It is true that the absence of free trade in theatres in
the year 1S09 conferred a show of right upon the
public to protest against a rise in the price of one of Uie
only two houses where a certain type of drama, in-
cluding Shakespeare's plays, was allowed to be per-
formed at all. The mere abolition of the Pit in itself,
however, suggests many curious reflections as to the
change in the popular taste and manners. Its history
in bnef is this. During the Elizabethan period there
were two essentially dUTerent kinds of tneatre— 4lie

264

THE ANTIQUARY'S NOTE-BOOK.

public theatre and the private one. It was only in
the latter that what is now known as "the rit"
existed. The space so seated and covered over there
was, in the public theatres, a mere yard, open to the
sky, in whicn the audience stood. That so late as the
reign of Charles II. the Pit was held in high estima-
tion, presumably as aflfording the best view of the
stage and of the actors, we have evidence in Pepys's
Diary : — ** Among the rest, here was the Duke of
Buclangham to^ay, openly sat in the Pit, and there
I found him, with my Lord Buckhurst, and Sedlev,
and Etheridge, the poet" This was on February 6tn,
1667-68. From other entries of the diarist, however,
we gather that *' the Pit" had begun to deteriorate in
the Quality and social rank of its occupants even in
his tuie, as he complains of the number of " citizens'
'prraitices, and others" whom he found seated ther/e in
tne Duke of York's Play-house in LincolnVinn-fidds.
The Pit, however, subsequently became recognized as
the especial place of the critics. Churchill, immor-
talized by H(^rthin a caricature, always sat next the
orchestra. It was the resort of the gentle " Elia"
(C. Lamb) and his unhappy sister Mary; while
Hazlitt preferred it to any part of the house. Nor,
up to the close of the last and the beginning of the

{)resent century, did people even of the type of these
iamous critics form the Aiie of the society of the Pit,
for we find the Ri^t Hon. William Windham,
Secretary for War in me reign of George III., speak-
ing in his diary of repeated visits to the Pit of Covent
Garden Theatre, in company with ladies of rank and
fashion. And yet Winaham did so in the da^ of the
Kembles and Mrs. Siddons, again and agam. The
fact is that the spirit which, to Pepys s dismay,
prompted "the citizens* 'prentices" to take seats m
the Pit whilom occupied by the Duke of Buckingham
and my Lord Buckhurst, has, in these latter days, led
them to follow their lordships into the boxes, and
even into the very stalls themselves. It is this burning
desire to be fashionable which is at the bottom of the
public apathy to any interference with merely popular
comfort When, at the conclusion of the ** O. P."
Row, John Kemble dined with the successful rioters,
the most vociferously applauded toast of the night
was — "The ancient and indisputable rights of the
Pit." It would fall upon very unpassive ears now-a-
da3rs. — Echo,

"Busby Stoop." — At the point where the road
from Ripon to Thirsk crosses that from Topcliffe to
Northallerton, near the village of Sand Hutton, stands
a public-house, called "Busby Stoop," which, ac-
cording to Grainge's " Vale of Mowbray," derives its
name Irom a gibbet post or stoop having stood there,
whereon a man named Busby, m 1792, expiated the
crime of murder. It is generally said that a person
of the name of Daniel Autie, corrupted into Dan Auty
or Dannoty, who resided at a iarm-house now called
Dannoty Hall, was a manufacturer of counterfeit coin,
and had apartments in his house fitted up for canying
on suc^ business secretly. Busby having married his
daughter, became privy to and assisted his father-in-
law m his unla\dul practices ; and at length wished
to have the whole business to himself, to which the
old man not being agreeable, a quarrel arose betwixt
them, when Busby murdered Autie, for which he was
convicted, and hanged in chains at the cross-roads.

near the place which yet retains his name. Not a
vestige of the gibbet post exists, nor has existed in the
memory of me oldest inhabitant. Thoresby, the
antiquary, saw Busby hanging upon the gibbet in
1703, as is manifest by the following extract from his
diary : — " May 17. Along the bsmks of Swale are
the very pleasant gardens of Sir William Robinson,
lately Lonl Mayor of York ; but a few miles after a
more doleful object of Mr. Busby hanging in chains,
for the murder of his father-in-law, Daniel Auty, for-
merly of I>eeds, clothier, who, having too little
honesty to balance his skill in engraving, &c., was
generally suspected of coining, and other indirect
ways of attaining that estate which was the occasion
of his death, even within sight of his own house." —
Leeds Mercury,

Another Schoolboy's Bill, a.d. 1598. — ^A
gentleman at Carlisle has an old MS. book, used
m 1597-8 as a ledger in London (^-ith an interesting
directory), and after that as a r^[ister of births,
marriages, and burials at the parish church, Green-
wich ; it contains also " Articles of Peace" (without
date) between the King of England and the Ku^ of
Spain, and sundry school accounts, some in verse. In
J047 the book was used as a diary by the Rev.
Thomas Larkham, M.A., vicar first of Northam and
afterwards of Tavistock. At his death it came into
the hands of his son, the Rev. George Larkham, who
removed it to Tallentire, in Cumbenand. The book
afterwards went down to Gloucestershire, and came
thence to its present owners.

" Mony laid out and due to me for his board and

schooling. £

Laid out when Peter was sicke in wine ~

}

suger and spies to make meat*
ffor pens ynke and pap 2 quarters
ffor a bound writing booke . .
ffor the like siphering booke . .
ffor a paire of new showes . .
ffor boate hier for pet' and my selfe when )

his mother sent tor him to Whit hall . (
pd for peter clothes making to the (iEulor
pd for mending peters showes twice .
pd for buttoninge his dublet . . . ,
pd for footing and peecing his stockings
pd for a new paire of showes ....
for his quarters board at Christmas. .
for his schooling that quarter. . . .
Left vnpaid of Michelmas quarter . .

00 2

o
o
o
o

2
2
I
I

o
o

016

o
o
o
o
o

o
I

o
o

o
10

o
6

9
•o

00 00

Som is . ;f4 16 7

antiquarian flewa.

Lord Hastings, according to VArt^ has bought
a fine picture by Rubens from Viscount Aylesford, for
the sum of ;f 1,200.

The revisers of the Authorized Version of the New
Testament met on the 12th October in the Jerusalem
Chamber for their 102nd session.

* So in the MS. : should it be twttt or sweat ?

ANTIQUARIAN NE WS.

265

A monument has been erected at Christiania to
Christian IV., who died in 1648. It was recently
unveiled in the presence of King Oscar.

A sum of 5,000 rs. is about to be expended by the
authorities of Pondicherry on the preservation of
'* historical monuments" in French India.

It was the Rev. Dr. Churchill Babington, and not
his cousin, Mr. Cardale Babington (see antf^ p. 222),
who lately resigned the Professorship of Archaeology
at Cambridge.

Mr. E. Walford, M.A., is about to re-publish with
Mr. Bogue, by subscription, in facsimile, the first
edition of Delaune's Angiue Metropolis ^ a most curious
account of London just 200 years ago.

A volume of poems in Bums's handwriting has been
presented to the Trustees of the Bums Monument at
Ayr. It is a small quarto of fifty pages, and was
given by the poet to Mrs. General Stewart, of Afton,
m 1787.

Lord Clermont has lately completed a new edition
of the ** History of the Fortescue Family," which
will be published by Messrs. Ellis & White. The
former edition was printed exclusively for private
circulation.

It was Mr. James Parker, jun., not the veteran
archaeologist Mr. J. H. Parker, who acted as guide
and described the architectural features of Gli^on*
bury Abbey at the meeting of the Somerset Archaeo-
logical Society (see p. 1 73, ante).

On the 28th October the ancient ceremony of chop-
ping faggots and counting horseshoes and hobnails
Dy the Sheriffs, as "service" for property transferred
to the City, was duly observed at tne Queen's Re-
membrsmcer's Office, Royal Courts of Justice.

In response to the appeal made in The Antiquary
(see p. 177, ante) on behalf of the widow of Mr.
Thomas Wright, at the suggestion of Mr. C. Roach
Smith, we have to acknowledge the receipt of £^
from G. M. G., of Blackheath, which has been duly
forwarded.

The opening meeting of the Geologists' Association
for the season was held the first week in November,
at University College, when Professor Rupert Tones
gave an address un the history of the origin and pro-
gress of the Society. This address will ht printed in
Uie ** Transactions."

A new work on ** Old and New Edinburgh" has
been commenced by Mr. James Grant, author of
•* Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh," &c. It is
uniform with Messrs. Thombury and Walfoid's "Old
and New London," and is published by the same firm^
Messrs. Cassell and Co.

In our account of the Congress of the Royal
Archaeological Institute, held at Lincoln in July last
(see p. 1 19-21), we omitted to mention that a Paper
on "The Church Bells of Lincolnshire," contributed
by Mr. Thomas Nortli, F.S.A., was read, in that
gentleman's absence, by the Rev. Precentor Venables.

The Corporation of Cardiff, finding the present
Free Library inadec^uate to the wants of the town,
have resolved to build a handsome and commodious

VOL. IL

block, comprising a free library, museum, and art
school; and the Lords of the Treasury have been
asked to sanction a loan of ;f io,coo for the new
buildings.

With reference to Miss Bland's letter on the subject
of " Books Curious and Rare" (see p. 228), Mr. J. F.
Fuller writes : — ** I am sorry to be obliged to contra-
dict a lady, but Miss Bland will fin d me right in stat-
ing that the author of the ' Essay on Women' was
'James' and not Joseph. He signs himself James
Bland in his preface."

At Bologna has been discovered, according to the
Italian^ a sepulchre so old that it is supposed to date
back to the age of iron. It was coverea with a layer
of broken Roman tiles, and contained fragments of
small images made in red clay. It was discovered at
four metres below the surface, while digging about the
foundations of a house.

In excavating for the St. Gothard railway, near
Amsteg, a magnificent glacier garden, a series of .so-
called *' £iants kettles," or enormous holes torn in the
rock by the action of glacier millstones, has been lately
laid bare. Half of the garden lay across the railwav
track and had to be blasted away, but the other half
has been walled round, and will be carefiilly preserved.

The jfoumal d* Alsace announces that an interesting
discovery has been made at Berlin. An old trunk fuU
of papers, which had not been touched for 70 years,
has been discovered to contain, amon|^ documents
of Maishal Berthier, different papers m the hand-
writing of Napoleon. One of them is his appeal to
the Saxons in August, 1806. It is expected that these
documents will be shortly published.

On Sunday morning, October 31, in compliance
with the terms of the will of Mr. Francis Bancroft, a
merchant of London, who died some two centuries
ago, the boys in the Bancroft School and the old men
in the Almshouses, Mile End Road, attended the
Church of St. Midiael, Comhill. The children were
catechized, and, having heard a sermon, the boys and
old pensioners received a glass of port wine and a bun
each.

The WhUehall Review sUtes that at Plymouth
lately some workmen came upon a vault, dug in the
solid rock, in which was an old iron-stone china
urn, containing what is supposed to be the remains
of a Phoenician, ax^ must therefore be a relic of
the davs when the Phoenicians traded -with the
Devonshire and Cornish coasts. Unfortunately the
urn was broken ; but there can be little doubt of
its antiquity.

Owing to the non-completion of certain necessary
formalities (the City Press says) the ceremony of the
public freeing of Epping Forest by the Corporation
has been postponed. As an event of considerable
importance this is looked forward to with a lively
interest, which has received no little stimulus from
the rumour that one or more members of the Royal
Family may be induced to honour the Corporation by
their presence.

Notice has been given by the City Remembrancer
that, in the ensuing session of Parliament, application
is intended to be made for an Act authorizing the

266

ANTIQ, UARIAN NE WS,

Corporation, itUer aiia^ to dispose by sale, lease, or
exchange, of certain land belonging to them adjoining
the Thames Embankment in the parish of St. Bride ;
and also to acquire, by purchase or in exchange for
other land, the building formerly used as a Bankruptcy
Ck>urt, in Basinghall Street, together with the site.

Sheffield parish church, which has been closed for
several months for restoration, was lately re-opened
by the Archbishop of York. The late Mrs. ThomhiU-
Gell, of Eaton Place, London, left ;f 10,000 for the
internal improvement of the church, and nearly an
additional ^ 10,000 has been subscribed for the ex-
tension of the edifice. The nave has been extended,
two transepts and a children's porch have been added,
and the gsdleries removed. The church is now one
of the finest in the kingdooL

The Ecclesiastical Art Exhibition, at the Church
Congress, Leicester, was larger than last year, and
embraced upwards of 400 separate exhibits. Em-
broidery, both ancient and modem, was largely repre-
sented. Mr. C. Watkin Williams-Wynn showed two
missals, printed at Paris in 1501 and 1503 ; and the
Corporation of Leicester sent a copy of the Sarum
Missal, belonging to the Old Town ubrary. No sub-
ject was more thoroughly illustrated than that embraced
by Mr. William Bragge's collection of Russo-Greek
** Icons," or religious pictures.

As most of our readers are aware, the author of
** Waverley" erected a handsome tombstone in the
romantic churchjrard of Trongate over the grave of
Helen Walker, the prototjrpe of the imaginary
"Jeanie Deans" inperha[}s one of his greatest fictions,
• ' The Heart of Mid-Lothian. " We were sorry to hear
that the bases of the uprights or supporting pillars at
either end of the toml^tone have been ruthlessly
chipped and broken (the pieces being taken away),
evidently b^ some selfish and soulless relic-hunters,
who have visited the grave of the humble heroine.

Mr. John Parker, senior, of High Wycombe, has
lately published a quarto volume, with illustrations,
entitled, "The Early History and Antiquities of
High Wycombe," which has been the result of many
years* labour and research. Mr. Robert Gibbs, of
Aylesbury, has also published a work, in two volumes,
entitled, "Local Occurrences," which records, in
chronological order, the past events of the locality.
The first volume commences with A.D. 1400, and is
carried on to the end of 1700. The second volume
brings the work down to the end of the year i8oa

The Right Hon. the Lord Chancellor, the Earl of
Derby, K.G., Major-General Sir Frederick J. Gold-
smid, C.B., Lord Hatherley, Sir Theodore Martin,
K.C.B., Lady Ellenborough, Sir Henry Thompison,
Lady Bentinck, the Hon. W. Egerton, M.P., Sir
Joseph Fayrer, F.R.S., Sir Charles Trevelyan, the
Dean of Norwich, Mr. F. D. Mocatta, Captain
Douglas Gallon, F.R.S., and many others, nave
recently forwarded donations to the Bethnal Green
Free Library, which is supported entirely by volun-
tary contributions ; and the trustees appeal for 10,000
volumes.

The publications of the new Topographical Society
for the year 1880-81, will probably be :— (i) A por-

tion of Van den Wyngaerde's " View of London" [ab,
1550), firom the original in the Bodleian Library
[this is the earliest known plan of London] ; (2)
Braun and Hogenberg's Map of London {fetnp. Queen
Elizabeth) ; (3) Norden's Map of Middlesex, showing
those districts now forming part of the metropolis as
they appeared in Elizabeth's reign ; and (4) a
volume of extracts from " Calendars of State Papers,"
Historical MSS., Commission Reports, &c., relating
to London in Elizabeth's reign.

The Dutch Central Committee formed for the erec-
tion of a monument to Spinoza, passed a resolution,
when dissolving itself, that the balance remaining to
the credit of the imdertaking, after all expenses nad
been defrayed, should be devoted to the publication of
a new and thoroc^hly complete edition of Spinoza's
works. M. van Bloten and Professor Land were en-
trusted with the task, and a communication is being
addresed to all librarians throughout the world, ask-
ing information about manuscripts or autographs
w&ch they may have in charge, in order to msSce the
new edition as perfect as possible. The work is to be
published by Nijhofi^ at the Hague.

M. Quantin, of Paris, has lately issued a work well
worthy of the attention of admirers of Rembrandt,
**Les OEuvres Completes de Rembrandt." It has
been compiled under the direction of M. Charles
Blanc, formerly of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and
consists of heliographic reproductions of Rembrandt's
engravings. The collection has been made from the
museums of Amsterdam, Paris, London, Oxford,
Cambridge, Haarlem, Berlin, Dresden, and Vienna,
which hs^ all to be visited for the purpose. The letter-
press of the two volumes has been for thirty years a
chief subject of M. Blanc's studies. Only 500 copies
have been printed.

** R. H. B." i^Tites to the Times ;— ^* In enumerat-
ing the German cathedrals known respectively as
'Dom,' and 'Miinster,' or under what he calls
their titular name, your correspondent places the
' Frauenkirche' at Munich in the last category. I
believe it is not commonly known that the r rauen-
kirche at Munich is not a cathedral. The Metro-
politan of Bavaria is Archbishop of Freysing. The
ancient cathedral of Freysing, with the grotesque
sculpture of its singular crypt, or lower church — at
present totally neglected by travellers, though an eas^
excursion from Munich — is more worthy of the visit
of the archaeological amateur than anything in that
would-be art capital."

The marble pavement facing the north entrance to
St. Paul's Cathedral having been found to be in a
very dilapidated state, the Dean and Chapter resolved
that new black marble should rei^la^e the old. For
this purpose men, under the superititendence of Mr.
Harding, clerk of the works, have for some time past
been engaged in replacing the old stone, the old lines
having been as nearly as possible renewed, and a
simple geometrical pattern followed. The arrange-
ments have been carried out under the instructions of
Mr. Penrose, the Cathedral surveyor. Other works
are in contemplation as regards the exterior of the
cathedral near its entrance. * The laige fountain near
the eastern entrance to the garden will probably
be shortly finished.

ANTIQUARIAN NEWS.

267

The Ardibishop of Canterbury, with the acaaies*
cence of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, has lately
rendered the Lambeth Library still more accessible to
the public, especially by allowing books to be bor-
row^ by the clergy and laity of uie diocese, and by
others properly recommended, residing in the parishes
of Lambeth, Southwark, and Westminster. The
library is open daily (Saturdays excepted). The
*' Records of the See of Canterbury" contain a vast
collection of early wills and other documents. The
rare printed books are of great worth to the connois-
seur, and there are other volumes both of literary and
artistic merit. A collection of pamphlets on the
monastic buildings of England is oeing formed, and
contributions are asked for this object.

Baron Pietro Ercole Visconti, the distinguished
Roman archa^logist, died at Rome on the 14th of
October. He was the author of several lectures and
books on arclueology, antiquities, and discoveries.
Among these are ** Apergu sur I'Origine et les Anti-
quites de Rome pour servir d'Explication au Pano-
rama de la Tour du Capitale," 1826 ; " La Via
Appia," 1832; "Genmie Incise del Cav. G. Giro-
metti," 1836; ''Antichi Monument! Sepolcrali nel
Ducato di Ceri," 1836 ; " Letteia di R. d'Urbino a
P.Leone X.," 1836; "Citti e Famiglie nobiU e
celebri 4ello Stato Pontifico.'' Acting as Commis-
sioner of Antic^uities in Rome^ Baron Visconti took
an active part m the recovery, of several sites which
threw light on the topography of the city.

In February next will occur the 80th birthday of
the venerable French scholar, Littr^, the author of
the famous dictionaiy of the Frendi language. In
this work he has explored the whole linguistic treasury
of his native land ; he has given the biography, so to
8|>eak, of every single French word, its etymology
or birth, and its su^quent experience in literature
and common use. It is now proposed by his friends
and disciples in various countries to celebrate the
venerable scholar's eightieth birthday, by the institu-
tion of an international Littr^stipend, the interest of
which is to be paid over in triennial course to a
philologist, a physician, and a philosopher by turns —
Littr^ having contributed worthy service in each
of these three branches of science. So long as Littre
himself lives it is proposed that he should nominate
the person who is to receive the distinction.

We learn from the Kelso Chronicle that Maxton
Cross, Roxburghshire, is about to be restored and
placed in its former position in front of the village
smithy. Since Sir William Ramsay Fairfsuc inherited
the Maxton estate he has taken great interest in his
property. The shaft of the old cross has lon^ been
placed m the hedge at some distance from where it
originally stood, while the rampant lion wluch
crowned it has formed one of the curiosities in the
rockery at Maxton House. Round Maxton Cross, in
former times, 1,000 armed men were wont to assemble
at the call of their leader, and though we live in more
peaceful times, everything that tends to foster the old
independent Border spirit should be encouraged, and
this Sir William apparently intends to do by replac-
ii^ the ancient relic. The cross will be restored
under the direction of Mr. Currie, sculptor.

At Bangor County Court judgment was recently
given in an application made on behalf of Lady Wil*
K>ughby d*£resby to declare the signboard of the
Ro3ral Oak Hotel to be her property as the owner of
the house, as against the claim of the trustees of
Miss Thomas, the late landlady, who have filed a
petition for liquidation by arrangement. The sign-
board in question possesses some historical interest as
being the work of David Cox, and voluminous affi-
davits had been filed to prove that it was painted for
inheritance to the house. In 1847 it was painted by
Cox, and was fixed to the outer wall of the hotel as a
signboard, being retouched by the painter in 1849.
In 1866 it was removed to one of the sitting-rooms,
and subsequently fastened to the wall of the hall, and
had remained fourteen years in that position. His
honour held that the whole history of the signboard
showed that it was a fixture belonging to the house
and not to the debtor. Whilst granting the costs of
the application out of the estate, he should allow only
two-tnirds of the costs of the voluminous affidavits
which had been filed.

The death Is announced of a veritable centenarian,
one Judith Singer, a Jewess, who has recently died at
Glowitz, a small town in Silesia, at the age of 112
years. " It is stated," observes the Echo^ ** that she
was bom on the nth of June, 1768, and had already
become the mother of two children when the present
Emperor of Germany was bom, nearly eighty-four
years since. Of her fifteen sons and daughters, only
three have survived their mother. Mrs. Singer last
year buried her eldest daughter at the good old age
of eighty-four years. On her 112th anniversary,
which coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the
marriage of the Emperor, she wrote a letter of felici-
tation to His Majesty, who answered it by an auto-
graph letter contaimng a bank bill for 100 marks,
which she presented to a charity. At the time of the
death of Judith Singer she possessed all her Acuities
except that of sight. Many events which have long
since passed into the province of history were amon|g;st
her youthfiil reminiscences. Frederick the Great died
when she was eighteen years old, and she had just
come of age at the outbreak of the French Revolu-
tion. She asserted that she could distinctly remember
' the rejoicings which took place in her native town on
the occasion of the first partition of Poland, in 1771."

A writer, signing himself '* One of the Guardians,"
sends the following to the Times: — "It may interest
some of the students of folk-lore to hear of a case that
came before us at the Board of Guardians of the
Shaftesbury Union last Thursday (Sept. 16). A man
of fifty applied for relief as unable to work; the
doctor had seen him, and was unable to specify any
cause, though he said he was certainly incapable of
labour. He himself stated the cause to be that he
had been * overlooked* by his sister-in-law. His wife
had been to a ' wise woman' at Stalbridge, a neigh-
bouring village, who had relieved him for a few dsiyn ;
but since then the spell had been too mighty, and he
was as bad as ever. He declined medical aid as use-
less. The afflicted man is a native of the parish of
Gillingluuxi, Dorset, where there is a board sdiool and
every appliance of education ; yet even this is not
enough to eradicate this most ancient of superstitions,

T 2

268

ANTIQ, UARJAN NE WS.

as firmly believed in as ever. It is not long since that
a ' cunning man' used to hold an annual lev^ in the
neighbourhood of Stalbridge, when he sold out to
crowds that thronged roimd him the legs torn from
the bodies of living toads and placed in a bag, which
-was worn round the neck of the patient, and counted
a sovereign remedy for scrofula and the * overlooked,*
&c. It was called * Toad Fair.* "

From recent statistics, it appears that the follow-
ing are the number of libraries and volumes at present
existing in the various Continental countries : —

Per loo
Libiaries. Volumes. InhabiUnU.

Austria ... 577 ... 5i47St798 .. 26*8
France ... 500 ... 4,598,ocx) ... 12*5

Italy 49^ . . 4i349»28i ... i6-2

Prussia ... 398 ... 2,640,450 ... iro
Bavaria ... 169 ... 1,368,500 ... 26*4,
Russia ... 145 ... 952,090 ... I '3
Belgium... 105 ... 609,110 ... 10*4
Among the more prominent of the various libraries
are the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris, with 2,078,000
vols., and 86,000 MSS. ; the Royal Library at
Munich, with 800,000 vols., and 24,000 MSS. ; of
Berlin, with 700,000 vols., and 15,000 MSS. ; of
Dresden, with 500,000 vols. ; pf Vienna, with
420,000 ; of Copenhagen, 4io,obo. Paris itself
possesses some very laige libraries apart from the
Rationale — viz., that of the Arsenal, 180,000 ;
Mazarine Library, 150,000; the Institute, 80,000;
the City of Paris Library, 52,000 ; while in the pro-
vinces are the libraries of Amiens, 42,000 ; Ver-
sailles, 41,000 ; Mans, 41,000 ; Montpelier, 40,500 ;
Cambrai, 30,000 ; Toulouse, 50,000.

The workmen employed in digging the foundation
of a new wing to the Koman Catholic convent at York,
lately came upon a large statue of sandstone, nearly life-
size, two small Roman altars, and a third block of stone,
which would appear from its inscription to be also an
altar. The neck of the statue was, unfortunately,
severed in raising it to the surface, and its feet also are
gone, but otherwise it is tolerably perfect. The face
and head are fine, and the first impression of those who
saw it when brought to light was that it represented a
Roman patrician. The inscription , so far as it can
be deciphered, runs : — " c. jULius crescentius (or

CRESCENS), MATRIBUS DOMESTICIS VOTUM SOLVIT

MERITO LiBENS A.U.C., 1050.*' The altar on which
this inscription is rudely cut is I7in. in height by 8in.
in width. The whole is of smooth, polished stone,
fluted in the characteristic Roman fashion, and coloured
at the sides. The second altar, like the figure, is ol
sandstone, in height I2|in., by 7in. wide, and on it
nothing can be deciphered except the word " arti,**
probaUy the last four letters oi the word *' Marti,'*
implying that the altar was dedicated \q the god Mars.
The third stone is of lesser dimensions, being only
lojin. high, by 5in. wide and ^Jin. deep. Its inscrip-
tion is scarcely legible, but it is thought by those who
have seen it to be, **deo veteri biblinius,** the
rest of the woixis being worn away. Canon Raine,
who has seen these treasure-troves, pronounces the
figure to be that of the god Mars, and the sandstone
pedestal to be an altar belonging to it, the god of war
Deing represented in the dress of a Roman warrior

under the Empire. One of the altars Canon Raine
considers to have belonged to a private house, and in
the first instance to have been set up by some of the
German soldiers in the Imperial Legion, as the
inscription "Matribus Domesticis** was peculiar to
the Teutonic tribes, and probably here pomts to the
presence of the Teutonic element in tne armies of
Rome in this island. This he holds to be the first
example of the kind discovered in Yorkshire ; and
the same he considers to be the case with the stone
inscribed ** Deo Veteri,'* though some similar ex-
amples have been found in uie Roman wall in
Northumberland. It is considered that these relics
belong to the third century of the Christian era, ajid,
from their being foimd so near to the surface, it is
thought that they probably were buried in order to
save them from destruction, either at the introduction
of Christianity, when heathen figures would naturally
be objects of hatred, or else during the troubled
times of later date, very possibly in the Wars of the
Roses. — Titnes,

Some interesting researches, which may prove of
considerable antiquarian importance, says the Glasgofn
Ncu'Sy have just been made on the farm of Corquoy,
in the valley of Sourin, island of Rousay, of which
General Borroughs, C.B., is proprietor. Immediately
above the farm-house a group of mounds is situated,
locally known as **Manzie*s mounds — a corruption
of Magnus — and si^pposed to mark the site of a burial-
place. These are five in number, the largest being
irregularly surrounded by four smaller. On trenching
the mounds, each was found to contain a stone burial-
place, consisting in every case of a top and bottom
stone, with four side stones, the whole neatly cemented
with tempered red clay, probably from the Sourin
Bum. The stones, which were of a fiat but massive
description, had partly their edges roughly chipped
into form, possibly with some stone implement. The
fresh appearance of the stones and workmanship was
especially noticeable, and the firmly-set masonry was
further strengthened by irregular blocks placed as
buttresses to support the superincumbent weight.
The measurement of the largest mound was — outside
circumference 50 feet, and top 5J feet from base ;
inside of burial-place, 2^ feet by 2 feet, and i) foot
depth. The centre of the cavity was almost filled
with what seemed to be clay mixed with very minute
fragments of bone, and the action of fire was clearly
visible on the stones, as well as on some calcined
substance — probably peat. Embedded in this clay
an oval vessel was found, heaped also with similar
fragments of bones, &c. , and resting mouth upwards
lengthways north and south. The material of the
vessel is uncertain. It has a somewhat metallic ap-
pearance, interspersed with glitterinc^ points on a dark
iron-coloured ground. It is of ovalshape at the rim,
round which there is a kind of plain moulding ; from
this moulding it assumes a dome-like shape, flattening
into an oval base, on which it was found resting.
The vessel measures : — diameter of mouth, 94 by 8
inches ; height to top or base, 7 J inches ; diameter of
base, 44 by 3i inches ; thickness irregular, but
averaging a Quarter of an inch. Various cracks are
visible tb-oughout, but the only part defective is the
base, of which about one-third is wanting. Weight

ANTIQ UARIAN NE WS.

269

about 3lbs. The most careful scrutiny failed to detect
any further remains in this mound, nor was anything
noteworthy found in the others. Two of the mounds
contained burial-places rather squarer in form than
the above. The smallest one measured only ii by 6
inches, and no cement seemed to have been used in
its construction. Arrangements are being made for
placing the vessel or urn in the Antiquarian Museum,
at Edinburgh, when competent judges may be able to
fix the date of the mounds and the race to which the
remains belong.

The Geneva correspondent of the Times^ under
date September 10, remarks : — ** A writer in the
Bund gives some further particulars concerning Tell's
Chapcfon the Lake of the Four Cantons, and the
paintings with which its inner walls are being deco-
rated. So far as shape and dimensions go, the new
building is a reproduction of the old one ; but it is
much more solidly constructed, the material for the
most part consisting of granite, hewn from an erratic
block in the famous Riitli meadow, where the three
Switzers of the Four Cantons — Fiirst, StaufTacher,
and Arnold — swore to free the land from the Austrian
yoke. The roof of the building reaches a height of
25ft., and is surmounted by a small belfry, above
whidi rises the Swiss cross. The four mural paint-
ings will measure perpendicularly about loft. The
maximum width of tnat on the north wall, the 'Apple-
shot,* will be igjft. The width of the pictures called
'TelFsLeap' and the 'Shot in the Hollow Way,'
will be each 154ft. The * Apple-shot* has to contain
forty figures of men and women, besides horses, fal-
cons, hounds, and the market-place and houses of
Altorf as they appeared in the fourteenth century.
The grouping is said to be in the highest degree har-
monious and natural. Herr Stuckelberg nas not,
like most previous artists who have desdt with the
subject, chosen the moment for depicting his hero
when Tell confronts and defies the Austrian Land-
vogt, when, in the words of the old Swiss ballad, he
exclaims —

•* No ! before that hat uplifted, murderer fell.
Bows no true-hearted man, bows never William
Tell !"

— but rather as with stem, yet suppressed, resolve
gleaming from his eye he draws the second arrow
from its sheaf. Next comes the second act of the
drama. The trees on the mountain sides are bending
before a fierce Pihn ; the usually blue waters of Uri^
Bay are white with wind-driven foam ; wild waves
dash themselves against the foot of the Axen.
The Landvogt's barge approaches the rock whereon
the chapel now stands, and Tell, leaping ashore,
hurls the boat back into the storm. Then comes the
third act and the last. Gessler, who has escaped from
the storm, is in the Hollow Way by Kflssnacht, fol-
lowed by his men-at-arms. An arrow, shot from the
rocks above, pierces his heart, and, with the exclama-
tion, * That was Tell's shot,' the tyrant dies. The
first of these scenes Herr Stuckelberg hopes to com-
plete before the beginning of winter, the two others
m the course of next summer. The fourth wall, on
which will be painted * The Rtitli Oath,' will occupy
the artist dunng the summer of 1883. The three
patriots — Ffirst, StaufTacher, and Arnold — will be

shown standing at midnight in the RUtli meadow,
under the shadow of the Mythen, swearing, with
hands upraised towards the starry sky, to be free as
their fathers were free, and to maintain with their
lives the old Swiss pledge, * One for all and all for
The writer in the Bund is at great pains to

one.

defend the chapel from the charge which has been
made against it of being an historic anomaly, the
consecration of a myth, and not the memorial of a
fact. Although he does not venture positively to
assert that Tell was ever an existent personage, he
more than insinuates that he may have been, destruc-
tive criticism to the contrary notwithstanding. One
of the chief objections to the truth of the story— that
surnames were unknown in the fourteenth century —
might, he thinks, have been refuted had not the
archives and comnnmal r^;isters of Altorf and Fluelen,
which were very ancient, been destroyed by the French
troops in 1798, while the registers of Biirglen, a
neighbouring conmrane, do not go further back than
the sixteenth century. The Rtitli oath, despite the
doubts of certain historians, he looks upon as historic,
and quotes in proof of his theory letters written by
the Confederate Cantons before the battle of Mor-
garten. Be this as it may, he is probably right in the
conclusion at which he arrives, that legend as well as
history has its uses, and that the one, ri^tly re-
garded, is no less valuable than the other — an idea that
finds expression in the following lines, freely rendered,
of Gottfried Keller, Switzerland's national poet : —
*• Of stubborn fact is here no question.

The pearl of every fable is its thought :
The truth of every old tradition

Is in its hidden spirit wrought'

vr^at^r^^:>

Corredponbencc

"OLD GLASGOW."

THE AGK OF THE CATHEDRAL.

In the notice of Mr. Macgeorge's book, "Old
Glasgow,** which appeared in the August and October
numbers of The Antiquary,* the references to the
architecture of Glasgow Cathedral are exceedingly
inaccurate. If you will allow me space to correct
some of these mistakes which the writer has made, I
shall leave his aiguments alone.

The small vaulting shaft in the crypt, described as
having for abacus "a circular group of elaborate
Early Pointed mouldings," has a plain massive octa-
gonal early Transitional abacus six inches high. The
string course, which is said to run eastward in con-
tinuation of this abacus, has no connection with it
whatever ; it is quite at a different level, and is a
delicate Early Pointed moulding. The present opening
to the main crypt, at the spring of which this mould-
ing runs, has been formed long after the old shaft and
the piece of wall to which it is attached were built
The foliage on the capital of this shaft has also
evidentlybeen carved some time after the capital
was in its place ; every other detail about it, from the
floor to the keystone of the vault, is purely Transitional ;

* * See pp. 46 and 137.

270

CORRESPONDENCE.

even the bench-table on which it stands (there is just
about three feet of it) differs from every other in the
Cathedral— it has a simple chamfer on the under edge,
"while in every other instance there is a cavetto. The
Transitional capital deliniated in my pamphlet — to
which reference is made, 1 need hardly say never
stood without an abacus. It had exactly the same
kind of abacus as that which is still in situ; but of
course, as that is, and as was usual at the period, it
was wrought on a different stone from the rest of the
capital The shaft to which that capital belonged, too,
had a base exactly like the old base still in situ with
square plinth and simple angle ornaments. Fortu*
nately, such a base has been preserved among the
fragments in the crypt below the so-called chapter
house, and it exactly corresponds with the other, both
in size and section. Finally, so far from this old
vatdting shaft being idoitical in character with the
others immediately to the west of it, it is characteris-
tically different from them in every particular and
detail without exception ! It is not even similar in

Elan, being more nearly circular and three inches
uger^ while the capital, instead of being only 124
inches high — as the Early Pointed capitals are,
measures 21 inches in height.

I shall only add that these are not matters of
opinion, but matters of fact, patent to any one who
will take the trouble to examine the building.

John Honeyman.

LORD CHATHAM AND JUNI US.

Concerning the article in No. 8 of The Anti-
quary, entitled " Lord Chatham and Junius" (see p.
76, <!»/<), perhaps the following information may be
of interest to your readers. I have a book of eighty-
four pages, entitled, "Junius, Lord Chatham, and the
* Miscellaneous Letters,* proved to be Spurious. By
John Swinden. London : Longman, Kees, Orme,
Brown, Green, and Longman ; and John Cross,
Leeds. 1833." In the preface the author says,
*' This is not a new edition of an attempt to prove
that Lord Chatham was Junius, published by me in
1830, but a new work "

John Swinden was a surgeon of some eminence at
Morley, near Leeds, and died April 1 1, 1 841, aged
fifty-one. He is most probably the friend of Mr.
Hone's correspondent.

Bertram Wilverton.

OUR PAROCHIAL REGISTERS.

Mr. Seton, whilst admitting that the removal of our
parochial registers to London '* would be regarded in
some quarters as an act of confiscation/' yet argues
that such an act would be "fully justified by the
benefits which would result to the public" (see anU^
p. 84). What benefits would result to the public he
does not tell us. The benefits to antiquarians and
genealogists are obvious, but they form but a minute
Action of t/u public ; whilst that portion of the
public to whom they belong, and whom they most
concern, will be best served by their being kept in the
localities to which they relate.

As rector of this parish, I have made for people
connected with it some scores of searches, wtiich I
should not have been able to make if the registers
(except the books in use, as I understand it to l^ pro-
posed) had been removed to London. Mr. Seton
says that the searches are not so numerous in Scotland.
I can well understand that, ilow that the registers
have been transplanted from their native pl^es to
Edinburgh.

Mr. Seton says that for legal purposes registers are
more conveniently placed in the metropolis (meaning
London) than in the provinces. My experience con-
tradicts this. On several occasions important facts
have been proved from the registers of this parish at
the County Assizes and Quarter Sessions ; never once
in my time at "Westminster.

Lastly, if all English registers are to be sent to
Somerset House, why not Scotch ones as well? A*
Comishman may be supposed to take at least as much
interest in Scotch matters as a Scotchman does in
Cornish ones. London is as easily reached from
Edinburgh as from Penzance. And when Mr. Seton
consents to have his registers removed to Somerset
House, then, and not till then, will the coimtry folk
of England consent to the confiscation of theirs.
Another result of accumulating all these registers in
one building might be that a single fire might destroy
all the parish registers of England. They are surely
safer where they are.

Frederick Hockin.

Phillack Rectory, Hayle.

(See vol i. p. 141, and ante, p. 84.)

For one, I object to our old Registers being cen-
tralized in London. Let some encouragement be
given and few clergymen would refuse assisting their
old clerk in copying name after name under Births,
Marriages, and Deaths into separate books, of course
in the order of year. My Registers begin about
1680. I headed sheets of paper with every year for
each, and between whiles, m a winter's evening,
copied every entry, then wrote every name afresh in
a fiu'ge folio book provided for the purpose down to
1820, with a full index alphabetically. This has been
verified, and saves the old Registers being pulled
about.

R. F. Meredith.

Halstock, Dorset.

))(*yii%7t'>l-*X'''

OFFICIAL RETURN OF PAPISTS, &c.

In the Public Record Office is preserved a return of
all "Papists," &c., with a minute accoxmt of the
estates they possessed, made in accordance with an
Act of Parliament passed in 9 George I.

The existence of these interesting parchments, I
believe, is little knovm, or some one would have
probably been found to edit them ; they would un-
doubtedly furnish a valuable chapter to any county
history. I think none have been printed but that of
Kent. May I inquire, throujgh The Antiquary, if
this is so, and whether anything is known respecting
the return for Wiltshire? I went to search particularly
for this county, as being the home of a Catholic

CORRESPONDENCE,

271

ancestor, bat failed, after carefolly looking through
twice, to find the particular return for that county.

W. Louis King.
Watlington, Norfolk.

DUNRAGET CASTLE.

Can any of the readers of The Antiquary inform
me where the Castle of Dunragct (Ireland) is? An
ancestor of the Bailies of Innishasgie House (Alexander
by name), is mentioned in an old MS. as having lived
there about 1600. If any one can supply information
connecting the said Alexander, or his father — for it is
supposed he yn& not the first of the name in Ireland—
with the Scotch Bailies ; and also give information as to
whom Ferdinand, son of John £dlie of Innishasgie,
married, and the names of his children, and where
their descendants can be found, he will confer a

favour on

C. R. Thomson.

New York.

v>^ ^:s^y

A CURIOUS PICTURE.

A picture, which I purchased some time a^, repre-
sents a scene of which I am unable to decipher the
meaning. Can any reader of The Antiquary help
me ? It consists of a group of dancers ; with his back
toward the spectator is a king with his crown on ;
next to him, hand in hand, is a b^gar-woman, then
a nun, and after her a young hidy, dressed after the
mode of the Commonwealth — I fancy in a brown
stomacher and white tippet ; and lastly, a beggar
(who to my mind looks like a foreigner) in very
tattered garments, and with a wooden leg. The
locale is a glade in a wood.

Opinions differ as to whether the picture is or is not
what would be called well painted, and perhaps it is
only part of a larger picture from which it has been
cut out. Still there must have been some idea that
set the painter to work. What is that ? Is it political,
religious, or social ? In a word, what is its meaning?
May it mean this ? — The king (whose, crown, as seen, is
only half a crown) joins hands with beggars. King
Charles IL found many of his old friends in beggary ;
and while they looked to him, he looked, as he does
in my picture, to the young ladies. But what the
nun means I don't know. I fancy the date of the
painting is about George the I* irst's time.

E. Walford, M.A.

llampstead, X.W.

STONE REMAINS ON DARTMOOR.

Mr. Kains-Jackson, in his interesting book, " Our
Ancient Monuments," reviewed by you on page 67,
ante, speaking of the West of Engkmd remains, says
that in Devonshire "there are several of minor
note well worth preserving." This is especially the
case on Dartmoor, where there are not a few which it
would be a matter of great regret to see despoiled ;
and it may not be generally known that some of
them are without the precincts of the forest, and con-

sequently not under the control of the Duchy of
Cornwall, so that there would be nothing to prevent
them being scheduled with those already marked for
preservati<m. The hut village known as Grim^xMmd,
with its huge vallum of moor-stone blocks, is con-
siderably removed from the forest boundary, and in
the south quarter of the moor, on the right bank of
the Erme, a few miles above Ivybridge, is a very
peifect stone circle, also at some distance from iL
This circle b fifty-four feet in diameter, and ^^^^gyf^
of twenty-six stones, three of which are £Ulen. They
vary in height from five feet to about two-and-a-haU
feeL A single row of stones, placed about three feet
apart, extends from this circle in a north-easterly
direction, for a distance of nearly two miles over the
heath. At Merivale Bridge, near Tavistod^ there is
a very extensive group ol relics, and a number of
others might be mentioned which it is to be hoped, if
not at present finding their way on the schedule, will,
at no distant period, be in like manner protected finom
injury. That such is necessary, the overthrow of the
dolmen, in the parish of Dronsteignton, too plainly
shows us. This dolmen, which was found prostrate
on the 31st of January, 1862, is generally supposed to
have fallen, but I am informed by an old gentleman,
long resident in the neighbourhood, that it \h'as thrown
down intentionally, by some rustics, in a ^anX, of
mischief^ The owner of the estate on which it stands
went to some expense to restore it» and the quoit was
again placed in position, under the able superinten-
dence of the Rev. William Ponsford, the rector of
the parish. At the little settlement of Post Bridge,
one of the immense slabs, nHiich formed portion of
the roadway of an ancient bridge there, which, by
the way, is within the Duchy, lies in the bed of the
stream, and, I have good reason to believe^ not as the
result of accident At Ilonndtor a fine specimen of
a kistvaen has been wantonly destroyed and broken
up for road material, while the quoit of a fallen
dolmen at Merivale has actually been split with wec^es
for the purpose of forming posts for the doorway of a
pig-sty!

Let us hope this spoliation will proceed no further,
but that these rude monuments, which the hand of
the Great Destroyer has not reached, may be safely
guarded from all injury in the future.

William Crossing.

Splatton, South Brent, Devon.

RAINSFORD FAMILY.

Any explanation as to the following allusion in
" Drunken Bamab/s Four Journeys to the North
of England" (1805 edition, p. 75), would greatly
oblige me : —

Singing along down Santry lanii^

I saw a tomb one had been lain in,

And enquiring, one did tell it,

* Twas where Rainsford bury*d the Prelate i

I saw, I smiled, and could permit it.

Greedy priests might be so fitted.

Infonnaiion Ls also desired respecting the Sir John
Raynsford whose ** Confession" is given in "The
Most elegant and wittjr epigrams of Sir John

272

CORRESPONDENCE.

Haxington, Knt." (1633), appended to his ** Orlando
Furioso."

F. Vine Rainsford.
6, Brecknock Crescent, N.W.

AN ANCIENT EARTHWORK.

Is the old encampment situated one-and-a-quarter
mile S.S.E. of Lotigton (North Staffordshire) of
Roman origin?

Our local books on archaeology do not at all seem
to speak with any degree of conndence on this point ;
and I should therefore feel highly gratified, along with
my numerous antiquarian friends, if you could defi-
nitively settle our doubts on this point. The ordnance
map of the scale of one inch — one mile, containing
the towns of Stoke-upon-Trent, Cheadle, and Longton
(North Staffordshire), will, I think, best illustrate the
locality, which is known here by the name of Gravelly
Bankf situated, as I said before, about one-and-a-
quarter mile S.S.E. of Longton, and three-quarters of
a mile S.S.W. of Mear- Heath Gate.

A friend of mine from the south of France, and an
able archaeologist, was certainly struck at the very
close resemblance between these remains and the old
Roman camps in the south of France, and, to use his
words, this encampment might be a facsimile of
those he has so frequently seen in the Gard, H**
Garonne, &c.

F. Arnoux.

Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

WOODEN LOCKS.

I should be glad if any of your readers could
give me evidence of the use of wooden locks in
Cornwall.

J. RoMiLLY Allen.

53, Maitland Street, Edinburgh.

xspicy

DISTRESS IN IRELAND.
(See vol. i. p. 206.)
The title of the old book from which Mr. Read has
emoted the account of famines in Ireland is "The
Theatre of the Empire of Great Britaine," by Jolm
Speed ; the original edition was published in London,
in 161 1. The passage cited occurs in the author's
description of " The Province of Mounster.'*

J. H. F.

«^J.>l^r>^:

THEFT OF A MS. PRAYER BOOK.

I mentioned in your impression of March last (see
vol. i. p. 141) the theft from one of the London re-

S>sitones of one of the most valuable documents in
nglish history—viz., the MS. Book of Common
Praver of 1 66 1. I have since been told that quite
lately valuable books in the British Museum have been
mutilated, and leaves stolen from them.

Frederick Hockin.
Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall.

CLEANING SILVER COINS.

(See p. 231, ante,)
Silver coins may be successfiiUy cleaned by immers-
ing in strong spint (eau-de-cologne, for' instance), and
after a few minutes, if yfw^f chalk tooth-powder, mixed
with soap, is rubbed on with a tooth-brush, moistened
with the spirit, the surface will be found perfectly
clean.

R. A. L. NuNNS.

CAPITAL INITIALS IN SHAKSPEARE.

Cordially agreeing with Mr. A. E. Brae on both
the questions handled by him (vol. ii. p. 329) — viz.,
that in the passage from Troilns and Cressida^ which
serves as motto to The Antiquary, " Time" is per-
sonified, and shotild be in the singular, and that the
noun, when personified, should be printed with a capi-
tal initial, I beg to call attention to a few other places
in Shak:jpeare in which the noun should be similarly
treated.
You do blaspheme the Good in mocking mc. —

Measure for Measure^ I. 5.
Let's be no Stoics nor no stocks I pray. — Taming of

the ShreiOf I. i.
Be yoked with his that did betray my name the Best.

— mnter'sTale,l.2.
Like vassalage at unawares encountering
The eye of Majesty. — Troilus and Cressida^ III. 2.
Beneath is all the Fiend's. — King Lear, IV. 6.
In the most high and palmy State of Rome.—
Hamlet, I. I. ^

In all these passages the emphatic or personified
word is usually printed with a small initial ; and in
the last, through a misprision of the sense, " Fiend's*'
is printed "fiends." The example of the folio is not
to be followed in this case, for at that date the genitive
in s did not require the apostrophe.

C. M. Ingleby.
Valentines, Ilford, Essex.

BORROWED BOOKS.

(See p. 229.)

"The Art of Bookkeeping" is a poem of thirty
verses of four lines each, by the late Laman Blan-
chard, and occupies pages 233-7 of his ** Poetical
Works," published by Messrs. Chatto and Windus in
1876. The poem is dated 1830. The line quoted by
Mr. Askew Roberts begins the seventh verse. The
authorship appears to be little known, for portions of
the poem have frequently appeared in print— so far as
I have seen uniformly without acknowledgment.

Robert Guy.

Femcliffe, Mansewood, PoUokshaws, N.B.

BOOKPLATES.

The Hon. J. Leicester Warren, in his ** Guide to
the Study of Book-Plates," seems anxious to find
early instances of the use of the word Book-plate, or

CORRESPONDENCE.

273

its af&nity, and I therefore beg to call attention to the
follow-ing extract from Pepys' ** Diary," under date of
the 2 1 St of July, 1668 : — ** Went to my plate-makers
and there spent an hour about contriving my little
plated for my books of the King's four yards."

H. T. J.

Southsea.

MARKET-JEW AND MARAZION.

(See anU^ pp. 18 and i8a)
It is not necessary to go to the Phoenician language
for an explanation of these names, which, however
dissimilar in appearance, have a similar meaning. It
is, of course, well known that St Michael's Mount
is a rocky islet off Marazion, in the Bay of Penzance.
Richard, Earl of Cornwall and King of the Romans,
granted by charter the right of holding a market on
Thursdays to the monks of St. Michael's cell, in
which charter it is called Marasgon, which is clearly
a misreading for Marasgoij. In the endowment of
the vicarage, a.d. 1261, it is called Markesion,
and in the Bishop's confirmation, A.D. 131 3, Marka-
siON. Now, in the old Cornish, Marghas^ or the
softer form Maras, is a market, and Ian an island.
In the Cornish language the noun was placed before
the adjective— so it is the island- market. In
** Domesday" it is called Tremarastol, which is town-
market of the monastery. (See Polwhele's "History
of Cornwall," p. 12, Supplement) The form
•* Market-Jew" is of more recent introduction, and is
one of those instances where a term not understood
has been replaced by one similar in sound which was
familiar, as " bcef-eater*' from '*buffcti^r." The
market was on Thursday. Camden says : — "^ Bfarkin-
Forum Jovis, in the * Annotations' Merkju — a con-
traction of Market Jupiter, or, as it was called. Market
Jew or Ju." yUwe is the Cornish for Thursday ; and
Norden, in his "Survey," p. 39, caUs it "Marca-iewe"
— market on the Thursday. Carew caUs it ** Marca-
iew," or "MarhasDieu"— in English, the Thursdaies
Market (p. 156). In a charter of Queen Elizabeth it
appears as *' Marghasjewe ;" and Leland has " Mar-
hasdethyow." Apparently he has translated "Jew**
into Cornish, which is "Ethow" (plural "Edhenou"),
but he also styles it " Markesiu. And, in spite of
the vagaries of the spelling, "Thursday-market" and
" Island-Market" appear as the correct renderings.

San Miguel.

CROMWELL FAMILY.

(See p. 168, anU.)

Mr. R. S. Chamock's "Note on the Cromwell
Family," is singularly inaccurate. The note states
that Carlyle traces the '' descent of Oliver Cromwell
from Robert Cromwell, brother of Thomas Cromwell,
Earl of Essex, and makes no mention of the Welsh
Williams, who married the sister of the Earl of
Essex."

The third edition of Carlyle's "Letters and Speeches
of Cromwell" now lies before me, and in chap. iiL,
devoted to particulars of the "Cromwell kin-
dred," the Protector's descent is distinctlv traced
to Richard (not Robert) Cromwell alias Williams,
son to Morgan Williams, of Llanishm, near Cardifi^

by a sister of Thomas Cromwell,
Earl of Essex. He nowhere even hints at any
brother of the Earl being Cromwell's ancestor ; but,
on the contrary, furnishes abundant evidence of the £tct
that Oliver's ancestor^ and even Olijrer himself, signed
their names Cromwell alias Williams. There is also
a letter printed in Carlyle's work, copied from one in
the British Museum, and reference and extracts made
from a second letter from the same source, written by
the said Richard Cromwell to his uncle the Earl oif
Essex, in which he addresses him as " your Lord-
ship's most bounden nephew," and Carlyle adds
that there are various *' Law deeds and notarial
papers still extant" in which this Richard Cromwdl
has signed himself as, "alias WUliams."

In addition, Carlyle furnishes an extract from
Leland's " Itinerary," of which the following is a
portion : — "A two miles from this Hill by the South,
and a two miles from Cardiff, be vestigia of a Pile or
Manor Place decayed, at Egglis Kewith in the parish
of Llandaff. On the south side of this Hill was bom
Richard Williams aUaM Cromwell, in the parish of
Llanilsen."

Vestiges of the old pUe, called " Plas Llanishen,"
the seat of the Williams family, are still extant.

John Howells.

Sl Athan, (Towbridge.

^-i >wv yTtk-

ARCHITECTURAL INSTITUTE OF
SCOTLAND.

Can anybody tell me how and when this Society
collapsed ? They latteriy issued some fine works, of
which I want some numbers to complete my set. I
can learn nothing of its frUe in Edinburgh.

C. S. U

(^]^,'^

Walks through the City of York. By R. Davies.
(Chapman & Hall). — Historical Portraits of the Tudor
Dynasty. By S. Hubert Burke. (Hodges, iCing
WiUiam Street, Strand).— The Etcher. Part XVI.
(Sampson Low & Co.) — The English Universities
and John Bunyan. By James Simson. (BaHli^re,
Tyndall & Co.)— Good Thoughts in Bad Times. By
Thomas Fuller, D.D. (Hodder & Stoughton).—
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Public Libraries Catalogue.
Compiled by W. J. Haggerston. — Bygones, relating
to Wales and the JBorder Counties. (Gaxton Works,
Oswestry). — The Genealogist. Edited by George
W. Marshall, LL.D. (Bell & Sons).— The Church
Bells of Rutland. By Thomas North, F.S.A.
(Leicester: S. Clarke). — Calveri^ Parish Churdi
Registers (iS74 «> 1649)- ^o^* 1* By S. Margerison.
(Bradford : 6. F. SeweU).— The Cmit of Canterbury
Cathedral ; The Passion Play and Interlude at New
Romncy ; and Chiselhurst and its Church. By the
Rev. W. A. Scott Robinson, M. A. (London : Mitchell
& Hughes). — Is Legislation necessary for Indian
Finance? By E. J. Watherston. (Spottiswoode
& Co.) — Memorials of Cambridge. 3 vols. By
C. H. Cooper, F.S.A. (Blacmillan & Co.)

274

THE ANTIQUARY EXCHANGE.

'^\iz antiquari? fiycbange*

DIRECTIONS.— (^f^? August issue.)

Liters addressed to a Number, care of the Manager,
must be accompanied by a stamp for postage.

For Sale.

Vetusta Monumenta, 5 vols, half calf, I vol. un-
bound ; and Bayeux Tapestry, half bound calf (103,
care of the Manager).

I have about 200 vols, of The Gentleman's Magazine
to dispose of. — Particulars from J. M. Smith, 34,
Carolgate, Retford.

The Graphic, vols.iii. toxix. inclusive, 17 volumes,
clean and perfect, in the original covers as published, •
with all extra and special numbers, cost over ;f 12,
lowest cash price 65J. (104, care of the Manager).

Large and valuable collection of Engravings, Prints,
Pamphlets, Broadsides, Election Bills and Squibs,
&C., relating to the County of Hereford, a speculative
lot, lowest price £2 lor., no approval. — Phillips's
Cider, with notes explanatory and historical by Dun-
ster, nice copy, calf, los. 6d. — Annales of England
during reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI. and
Mary, by Francis Godwin, Bishop of Hereford, 1630,
with the three rare portraits and title-pages, small
folio, calf, Js. 6d. — ^James W. Lloyd, Kington.

Sei;vetus Bible, folio, 1542, perfect, good con-
dition, price ;f 5. — Mr. Dore, Huddersfield.

Book-Plates for sale. A sample packet post
free for is. 6d, — W. E. Morden, 30, The Parade, High
Road, Lee.

Autograph Letters offered— Marshals Saxe, Ney,
Prince Engine, Marie Therise, Catherine de Medicis,
Louis XL, Charles IX., Charles II., Verdi, Canova,
Bossuet, and maiw others. — Address for list, Howard
Revell, 29, Stansneld Road, Stockwell, London.

Ruskin's Works : — Lectures on Architecture and
Painting, 37J. 6d. ; Two Paths, with plates, 30J. ;
Seven Lamps of Architecture, large paper copy, only
50 printed, ^^6 6s. ; Lectures on Art, gs. ; Romola,
edition de luxe, £$ los. — Apply, J. Lucas, Claremont
House, Cawley Road, South Hackney, E.

Catalogue of Autograph Letters, including
Louis XI II., Queen Anne, Wellington, Collingwood,
.Canning, Peel, Moore, Eldon, &c., sent on application
to F. Barker, 15, Brooklyn Road, Shepherd's Bush.

Hume's (Rev. Dr. A. ) Learned Societies and Printing
Clubs ; also various pamphlets by him. — Notes and
Queries, Jan. to June, 1880. — Tinsley's Magazine,
Jan. and July to Dec, 1876 (100, care of Manager.)

Ilamerton's Etchings and Etchers, second edition
(Macmillan), fine impression, in sheets, price 45J. ;
White's Leicester and Rutland, lis., price S^'— J»
Drowley, 9, Sidmouth Street, Regent's Square, W.C.

Wanted to Purchase.

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Lancashire or
Cheshire. Best price given. — N. Heywood, 3, Mount
Strefet, Manchester.

Hull Seventeenth Century Tokens.— C.E. Fewster,
Hull.

^Lincolnshire or Nottinghamshire Seventeenth Cen-

tury Tokens. — ^James G. Nicholson, 80, Acomb
Street, Greenhajrs, Manchester.

Wanted. — History of Surrey, Manning and Bray,'
3 vols, folio. Complete sets, or any odd volumes. —
Tradesman's Tokens (17th century)6f Surrey. — George
C. Williamson, Guildford.

Armorial Book-plates purchased or exchanged. —
Dr. Howard, Dartmouth Row, Blackheath.

Wanted to Purchase, Book-plates. — Rev. E. Farrer,
Kelvedon, Essex.

Old Book-plates. — Best prices given by W. E.
Morden, 30, The Parade, High Roi3, Lee.

Wanted, Letters of Byron, Shelley, Scott, Lamb,
Tennyson, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Burke, Fox,
D'Arblay, Thackeray, Dickens, Flaxman, Colling-
wood, Nelson, Comwallis, and other celebrities. —
Mr. Law, 38, Chalcot Crescent, Regent's Park,
London.

Symon, Gunton's History of Peterborough Cathedral.
— G. C. Caster, Market Place, Peterborough.

Wanted to Purchase, Dorsetshire Seventeenth Cen-
tury Tokens. — ^J. S. Udal, Inner Temple, London.

Wanted to Purchase, Copper Eighteenth and
Nineteenth Century Tokens. — Address T. J. W., 8$,
High Street, FulhanL

Early Printed English Bibles and Testaments. —
Full particulars to Mr. Dore, Huddersfield.

Wanted, Engraving, by Buck, of Old Sundial at
Settle. — Settle, Skipton, and other Craven Xoltens.
— Carr's Antiquities of Craven. — Holgate's Returns
of Chantries. — Cartwright's Chapters in the History
of Yorkshire. — Nicholson's Picturesque Scenery in
Yorkshire. — Gentleman's Magazine for 1 771, 1772,
1807, and 181 7. — Gent's Historia Compendiosa
Romana, vol. i. — Hotten*s Bibliographical Account
of 1,500 Yorkshire Books. — J. Brayshaw, solicitor.
Settle.

Walton and Cotton's Complete Angler, 1653. —
Ditto, published by Pickering, 2 vols., 1836. — British
Birds, Quadrupeds, ^Esop's Fables (Bewick). —
Macgillivray's Birds, 5 vols. — Yarrell's Birds ; also
Fishes. — Gray's Genera of Birds. — Oliver Twist,
Sketches by Boz, Life of Grimaldi, Christmas Carol
(Dickens). — Irish Sketch Book, Mrs. Perkins' Ball,
Comic Tales and Sketches, by M. A. Titmamk
(Thackeray). — Syntax's Three Tours. — Rogers's
Poems, and Italy. — Book of Gems, 3 vols. — Rus-
kin's Modem Painters, vols. 4 and 5. — Table Book,
Omnibus, Grimm's German Popular Stories (2
vols.), Phrenological Illustrations, Rookwood,
Ingoldsby Legends (3 vols.), also Third Series, The
World's Show, 1851, Fairy Library, Bachelor's
Own Book (Cruikshank). — Books Illustrated by
Leech, Rowlandson, Turner. — Boccaccio's II Deca-
merone, Pickering, 1825, — Curtis's British Ento*
mology, 16 vols. — Forbes and Hanley's British
Mollusca. — Hamerton's Etching and Etchers. -~
Hassall's British Freshwater Algse. — Nash's Fourth
Series of Mansions of England. — Reeve's Conchologia
Iconica. — Dr. H. Branson, Sheffield.

Pictorial Illustrations to Shakespeare's " Hamlet.'
— List of subjects and prices required (10$).

Seventeenth Century Tokens of Worcestershire.
Will purchase or exchange for those of other Counties :
send list or numbers in Boyne to W. A. Cotton,
Bromsgrove.

INDEX.

Aldermen of Btshopsgate Ward, 78
Allibune's "Dictionary of British and

American Authors," 139
Almanacks Three Hundred years Ago, 147
Ancient Ceremony, 965
Ancient Monuments, Our, 67
Anthropological Institute, a8, 70, 259
Antiquarian Discovery at Coston, Wilts,

37
Antiquarian News, 34, 77, 126, 175, 333,

364
Antiquarian Relics near Taunton, 174
Antiquarian Societies, Meetings of, 36, 69,

119, 170, 219, 359
Antiquary's Note-book, 33, 76, 125, 174,

990, 363
" Archaeologia," Index to the, 176
Archaeological Association — see British

Archaeological
Archaeological Discovery in the Island of

Rousay, a>68
Archaeological Discovery in Greece, 177
Archaeological Institute, 69, 119
Archaeological Journal, 359
Archaeqlogical Society of Rome, 178
Ardueology, Professorship of, 78
Archaeology, Professorship of, at Cam-

Iffidge, 323, 365
Architectural and Historical Notices of

the Churches of Cambridgeshire, 318
Architectural Institute of Scotland, 373
Armenians Judged by Foreigners, The, 176
Armorial of C^bre, Reproduction of the,

79
Anns of Liverpool, 79, 330

Art Treasures at the Mansion House, 74,

X37

Aryan, Derivation of the Word, 324

Astatic Society of Bengal, 175

Asiatic Society, Royal, 30, 71

Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, 133

Assyrian Antiquities in the British
Museum, 38

Astrological Book, An, 135

Augustus, Emperor, DiscoVery of an Epi-
gram of, 81

Austrian Army, Oldest Regiment in the,
176

Authorized Version of New Testament,

364
Autographs, Sale of, 80

Aylesbury, Local Occurrences of, 366

Babylon, Antiquities from, at the British

Nhiseum. 78
Bancroft Chsirity, 365
Bake well Church, Restoration of, 176
Baronetcy and Knighthood, 135
Bath Natural History and Antiquarian

Field Club, 31
Batley Antiquarian Society, 31, 73, 319
BaUersea Park, the " Ruins in, 87
Becket. Ard>bUhop, 133, 177
Beef-Steak Club, 34
Bells, 18, 230

Ben jonson's Name, Orthography of, 55
B^ranger, G., Memoir of, 66
Bethnal Green Free Library, 366
Bible used for the Coronation Oatli, 127
Biblical Ardueology, Society ot, 2*<, 70,
Bibliography of Charles Dickens, 259
Biblioth^que Nationale, Parb, 82

Birmingham Historical Society, 127
Blackett, Frederick, Death of. 78
Bland's " Essay in Praise of Women," 132,

365
BleiUdnsopp Castle, 139
Bonaparte Family, 137
Bookbinding, 153
Book- Plates, 6, 1x5, 133, 372
Books, Borrowed, 135, 329. 272
Books Curious and Rare, 60, 132, iSo, 223,

238
Books, Reviews of, 33, 66, 1x8, X69, 3x5,

356
Boston, Anniversary of the Foundation of,

33^
Bradford Historical Society, 33, X7J
Bradford Times, Resuscitation of the,

X28
Brewer's " Reader's Handbook," a6
Bricklayers' Arxxxs Inn, Antiquarian Dis-
covery, 139
Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological

Society, 37, i33| 170
British Archaeological Association, 360
British Archaeological Association, Jouma

of the, 359
British Museum, 334
British Museum Accounts, 193
British Museum, Arrival of Antiquities

from Kouyunjik. X36
British Museum, Geological Department,

X36, 331

British Museum, Manuscript Department,

177
British Museum, Purchase of Engravings,

&c.,for, 80 •
British Museum Reading-room, X76
Britbh Museum, Removal of the Natural

History Collection, 35
Bronze Relics of Balawat, 34
Brunn, Dr. J. P.. Death of, 178
Buckland Church, Bucks, Reopening of.

Bums, Autograph Letter of, 78

Bums, MS. Poems by, 365

Bums, Relics of, 131

Bums, Statue of, 333

Busby Stoop, 364

•* Bye-gones in the Otwesiry Advertiser,

35
By Hook or by Crook, 85, 331
Byron, a Relic of, 39
Byron Monument, ^5
Byron. Statue of, 38

Calverley, Registers of the Parish of, 359
Cambrian Ardiaeological Association, 73,

'7*
Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 33, 73

Cambridge Philological Society, 33

Cambridge Philosophical Soeiety, 362

Cambridgeshire, Huttorical Notices of the

Churches of, 3x8
Camden Society, Proposed new Works for

the, 34
Camden Town, New Church at, 7S
Camoens, Removal of the Remains of, 36
Campana, Marchese Giovanni Pictro,

Death of, 335
Candlestick, Antique, Discovery of an, 36
Canterbury Cathedral, 1^7
Canterbury, Diocesan Histcry of, 333

Capital Initials in Shakspeare, 373

Cardiff Free Library, 365

Carnarvon Castle, Memorial Tablet to the

Princes of Wales^ X38
Caroline Von Linsmgen and Willbm IV.,

118
Cathedral Libraries, 335
Catholic Church, Development of the, in

Asia and Africa, X76
Catholic Times, Old, Reminders of, in

London, 174
Cavalier's Note-book, 3x8
Caverns near Bristol, Re-discovery of, 79

'3?
Celtic Superstitions, 113
Centenarian, Death of a, 78, 367
Centennial Cricks Match, a, 80
Chalybeate Spring at Hainpstead, 78
Chatham, Lord, and Junius, 76, 370
Chaucer's Astrolabe, X39
Cheadle, Hirtory of, X77
Chelsea, Chronicles of, 317
Christian IV., Monument to, 333, 36^
Cinerary Ums found at Rome, 37
Cirencester, Roman Relics found at, X7S
City Church and Churchyard ProtecUon

Society, ^l
City Lands, Sale of, 366
Clayton, the Family of, 339
Cleaning Coins, 2x1
Cleopatra's Needle, 8x
Clifton Shakespeare Society, 33, 3x9, f63
Coins and Silver Plate found m Leicester

Square, 35
Coins and Tokens of HulLNew Work on, 77
Coins, Old, Discovery of, X76
Colchester Castle, 138
Cologne Cathedral, Completion of, 131
Colour Mixing, Art of, 175
Comddie Fran^aise, aooth Anniversary of,

223
Conservator of Antiquities in India, 176
Cookworthy, William, Memorial Tablet of.

Correspondence, 269

Cromwell Family, 164, 339, 373

Cromwell, Richard, Tomb of, 13

Cumberland and Westmorelamd Anti-
quarian and Archaeological Society, 75

Cuneiform Inscriptions, 54

Curfew-bell at Stratfoni-on-Avon, 333

Curious Advertisements, X78

Curious City Bequests, X35

Curious Surname, a, 76

Cymmrodorion Society, 7a

Cyprian Claimant, a, 35, 139

Cyprus Satiiu 334

Deeds, Old, Discovery of^ 336

Delaune's *'Angliac Metropolis," reutsue
of, 365

Delos, Archsological Discovery of, 223

Derbyshire Gatherer, the, 3x8

Detling in Days gone by. 69

Devonshire Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, ftc, 133

Diary of a Tour in Sweden, Norway, aund
Russia, in X837, 68

Dinners and Feasts among the Ancients,
3^

*' Discoveries of Ephesus," Sale of the
Remaining Copies of, 78

276

INDEX.

'* Divina Coimnedia** of Dante, 34

Documents, Ancient, Discovery of, 265

"Dom" or " MOnster," a66

Domesday Studies, Somerset, 169

Doncaster, History of, 177

Dunraset Castle, 371

Early Aiiny Accounts, 41

Early Christian Architecture in Ireland, aj

Early Steam Navigation, 210

Earthwork, Ancient, 372

Ebsworth, Rev. J. W., Introduction to

Shakspere's Plays, by, 34
Ecclesiastical Art ExhibiUon, 78, 127, 366
Edinbiu^h, Old and New, 265
Egyptian Coffin bought for the British

Museum, 78
Egyptian Obelisk, Removal of, to New

Yorlc, 175
Eighteenth Century Pronunciation, 230
Eisteddfod, Proposed Association, 224
Eltham, Extract from Parish Account

Book, 265
Enemies of Books, 359
Engraving, Curious, 39
Epping Forest, 265
Epping Forest and County of Essex Na-

turaTists' Field Qub, 75
Epping Forest, Visit of tne Duke of Con-
naught as Ranger^ 79
Epworth Church, Discovery in, 225
Erkelenz Church, 175
Eyton's " Domesday Studies : Somerset,"

169
Facamile of an Old Scotch Catechism, 37
Fagan of Feltrim, 135
Ferrey, the late Mr. E. B., 226, 229
Folk-lore Society, 71 •
Fort William, Curious Discoveries near,

178
Fortescue Family, History of the, 265
Frank, the Earliest Known, 88
Franks, 230 . .

Free and Open Church Assoaation, jx
•* Fysshyinc^e with an Angle," Publication

of Facsimile of, 78
Gems and Precious Stones, ao7, 252
"Genealogical Memoirs of the Kindred

Families of Chester," 79
Geologists' Association, 365
German Authors, Congress of, 223
Germanic Museum, Nuremberg, 175, 178
Glacier Bed, Ancient, near Solothum, 179
Glacier Gardens. 265
Glasgow Archaeological Society, 75
Glasgow Cathedral, Age of, 269

Glasgow, Old, 46, 137

Glasgow Shakspere Qub, 33

Gloves, 3, 231

Gold Coins, Discovery of, 223

Gold Dishes, Ancient, ito

Good Thoughts in Bad Times, 250

Greeks Fables, Proposed New Work on,

Grisons, Museum of, 130

Grub Street Journal, the, 104, 236

Guest, Mr. John, Death of, 127

Guildhall, Curiosities in the, 177

Guildhall Library, 224

Guilds at Wisbeach, 134

Guiseley, History of, 218

Gumey, Mr. Daniel Death of, 80

Hales Place, Canterbury, 175,226

Halifax Church, Memorial Window in,

138

Hall Marks, Forged, 79, 179

Hammered Coins, 79

Hand-bell, 86

Harcourt House, Sale of, 130

Harvest Customs— Holloaing Largess, i8o

Hawick Archaeological Society, 33

Heckmondwike Antiquarian Society, 2x9

Helmets, Ancient, Exhibition of, 83

Heraldic Exhibition at the Hague, 175

Heralds, 77

Hinton Ampner Church, re-opening of,

79 .
Historical Manuscripts Commission, 176
Historical Monuments in French India,

265
Historical Society, Royal, 30
History, Lectures on, at South Ken.«ngton,

»77
History of the Castles, Mansions, and

Manors of Western Sussex, 169

History of Guiseley, 3x8

History of Yorkshire, 21 J

*' Hope," the Termination, ^8

Horological Art, Fine Specimen of, 178

How Registers were Kept, 221

Hull Literary Qub, 75

Hull "MiscelUnea.'' 129

Human Skeleton, Discovery of, at Camp-
field, Coldstream, 36

Hungerford, Lady .A^es, 233

Ilios, Dr. Schliemann's New Work on,
225

Imitatio Christi, the, 87

Jmlach, Mr. James, Death of, 127 *

Index Society. 121

In^ex, the Value of an, 220

Indian Art Objects, 224

Indian Money-cowrie, 230

Ipswich, Archaeological Discoveries at,
X78

Ipswich Fine Art Gallery, 126

Ireland, Distress in, 373

Jade in Europe, 87

Jean de Meune, the House of, 226

•* Jenyns' Booke of Armes," 238

Journals and Journalism, 259

" Journey to the Land of Marble," 126

Juristic Society of Berlin, 36
utland. Curious Discovery in, 82.
Lent Archaeological Society, 173
KesseLstadt Miniature, the, 107
Kitty Canham, Strange Story of, 177
Lady Aenes Hungerford, 233
Lake Villaj^e, Discovery of, 177
Lambeth Library, 367
Lancashire and Cheshire Record Society,

123
Langton Church, Restoration of, 128
Leeds Architectural Society, 263
Leicester Town Hall, 128
Leicestershire Arclueological Society, 32,

>73
Lenten Fare in Olden Time, 77

Leyland's '* Views of Ancient Buildings in
Halifax," 170

Libraries, 221

Libraries, Continental, 268

Library Association of the United King-
dom, 72, 262

Light of Asia, 259

Lizhtning Conductors, 67

Likeness of Christ, 956

Lincoln Cathedral, New Clock and Bells,

78
Lincolnshire Parish Qock in the Olden

Time, 95
Literature, Royal Society of, 30
Littrrf, the French Author, 267
Liverpool, Arms for, 79, 230
Liverpool Cathedral. x38
Liverpool Notes and Queries Society, 75
London auid Middlesex Archseological

Society, 27, 121, 261
London Library, Annual Report of, 3d
Long Tenures, 222
Lore of the Months 176
Luxurious Bathtag, 259
Manchester Art Nluseua, 79
Manuscript of the Gospels, 128
Market-Jew Street, 68, 180, 273
Marlborough, Duke of, Bu5(t of, 34
Marxian's " Memories of Troublous

Times," 36
Maurice, Sir William, Letters to, 250

Marston Qrarch, Lincolnshire, 126

Maxton Cross, 267

Mayday Garlands, 86

Mediaeval Pilgrimage to the Shrine of St

Alban, 345
Memoir of G. B^ranger, 66
Men at Arms,-X35
Merchant Taylors' Company, Obsen'ance

of an Ancient Custom, 82
Milan Cemetery, 223
Mitchell Library, Glasgow, 8a
Molash Records, 126
Mommsen's Library, Destruction of, 128
Monastic Account- Book, tem^, Henry

VIII., 108 ^

Mjrsteries of All Nations, 68
Mythology of Greece and Rome, X75
National Gallery, 175
Newcastle Socie^ of Antiquaries, 33, xaa,
^ '73
Newspapers and Magazines, Destruction 1

of, by Fire, 35
New Testament, Revised IVanslation of

'he, 37
Norfolk and Norwich Archsolopcal

Society, 33
Nottinghamshire, Old, New Work on, X76
Numismatic Society, 29, 261
Oak, Largest in Bntain, 178
■ Ogam Inscribed Monuments of the Gaed-

hill. 218
Old Books, the Fate of, 228
Old China, a Word for, 221
Old Glasgow, X37

Old Roman Wail, Discovery ot, aaa
Old Rural Songs and Customs. *aa
Old St. Paul's, I

Olympia, Discovery of Bronxe Head, xa6
" One Generation of a Norfolk House,** ai8
Orthography of Ben Jonson's Name, 55
Orthography of Shakespeare's Name, 190
"Our Ancient Monuments and the Land

Around Them," 34, 67

Our Colonies under the Merry Monarch,

i4>
Our Early Bells, x8

Overcrowding in London in Past Times,

126
Oxford in the Middle Ages, 176
Painswick. History of, 128
Painted Glass, New Work on. 126
Paintinn and Works of Art, hwi Exhibi*

tion of, at Ham{»stead, 56
Palace of the Inquisition at Rome, 176
Palaeo^phical Society, Publication of

Facsunues by the, 8t
Paliard, Mons., Death of, 233
Paimier AUey^ 22
Papists, Official Return of, 370
Paris Bastile, 127
Pariiamenury Elections in Lincolnshire.

78
Parochial Registers, English, 84, 270
Parry Serjeant, Sale ofLibrary of, 44
Pascal, Statue of, 175
"Passionate Pilgrim," Proposed Facsimile

of, 224
Penzance Antiquarian .Society, 75- axo
•* Pepys, Samuel, and the World he Lived
' in, ' 176

Petric's " Stonehenge," X70
Phonetic Spelling, 76
Picture, Curious, 271
Pidgeon, Mr. H. C, Death of, X76
Pitt, the, 261

Pius IX., Monument to, X75
Planch^, Mr. J. R., Death of, 37
Plymouth, Curious Discovery at, 365
Plymouth Institution, X26
Political Connection, An Old, 76
Political Songs of the Middle Ages, 202
Politeness of our Forefathers, 57, 230
Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, 118
Prayer Book, MS., ITicft of a, 27a .

INDEX.

277

««

Riaters of Shakespeare's Works, 79

Public Records, aia

Punishments in the Olden Time, 333

Rainsford Family, 271

Raikes, Robert, Statue of, 78

Readers' Handbook, a6

Reaping^ Machine of the Gauls and Ancient

Britons, 175
Records, Public, 21a

Records of the English Province of the

Society of Tcsu^" 258

Reliques of Ancient Poetry " 233
Rembrandt, Reproduction of Engravings

by, ^

Rents in London, 183

Revicirs of Books, 3^,66^ 118, 160, 315, 256

KicheUeu Family, Monuments of, 136

Rienzi Family, the, 335

•• Robin Hood's Garland," 78

•• Robinson Crusoe," 222

Rochester Cathedral, New Choir Stalls, 126

Rochester Naturalists' Club, 320

Rochester, Supposed Site of Saxon Ceme-
tery at, ia6

R^^er of Tuscany, Bishop of Lausanne,
Sarcophagus of, 333

Roman Amphitheatre, Discovery of su 223

Roman Antiquities, Discovery of, in
Gloucestetshire, 3^

Roman Dwelling, Discovery of, in France,

Roman Exploration Fund, 304

Roman Remains found at Wickham
Bushes, 8x

Roman Villa, Disco'very of, at Aix-la-
Chapelle, 333

Roman Villa, Discovery of, at Brading,
35, 336

Roman Villa. Discovery of, at Castor, 34

Romance of Literaiy Discovery, X31

Rome, Opening of Baths at, 80

Rosicrucians, the, 86

Rowlandson the Caricaturist, 11 x

Royal Academicians, New, 77

Royal Asiatic Society, 10, 71

Rojral Descents of our Nobility and Gentry.
80

Royal Historical Society, 30

Royal Society of Literature, 30

Russia in the Year 1670, zi

Sale of Picture by Rubens, 264

Sale of Rare Books, 80, 81, 83

Sandy, Isle of, Dibcovery of Ancient
Remains in the, 83

Schoolboys* Bill, a.o. 1508, 264

Scotland in the Early Times of Christi-
anity, 334

Sepulchre, Ancient, Disco\*ery of an, 365

Shakspeare Death-mask, the, 63, 330

Shakspeare's Bed, 76

Shakspeare's House, 1x4

Shakspeare Society, New, 71

Sheffield, Discovery of an Ancieut Window

Sheffieki Parish Church, Restoration of,
366 '

Shropshire Archaeological Society, 230

Signboard, an Historical, 367

Silver Coins, Qeaning, 373

Silver Plate, Old, Sale of, 80, 130

Silver Spoon, Fourth Century, Discovery

of, 127
"Sin-eaters," 174
Smithfield, 197^ io3, 183
Society of Antiquaries, 36, 60
Societyof Antiquaries of Scotland. 31, 73
Society of Biblical Ardueology, 38. 70, a6i
Society for the Encouragement of tne Fine

Arts, 29, 70
Society for tne Protection of Ancient Build>

ings, 30L 72
Society of Sea-Serjeants. 183
Somerset Ardueofogical Society, 75, 80,

173. a6s

Souter Johnnie," Masonic Diploma of,

Spanish Armada, Relics of the, 179

Spindle Whorls, 134

Spinoza, Monument to, 366

St. Alban, a Mediaeval Pilgrimage to the

Shrine of, 345
St. Alphaee Church, London Wall, 325
St. BaiJrtholomew the Great, Smithfield, 36,

78
St. Edmund of Canterbury, and his

Mother, 39
St. Germams Cathedral, Restoration of,

34
St. John of Jerusalem, Order of, 8x
St. Mary Overie, Southwark, Proposed

New History of. 35
St. Mary's Churcn, Bury St Edmunds,

ia6
St. Olaf and the Overthrow of Northern

Paganism, 89, 155
Sl Paul's Cathedral, 266
St. Paul's Cathedral, Oki, i
St. Paul's Cathedral, Repair of Portico,

St.'?aul's

361
St. Stephen's, Walbrook, Restoration of,

78
Staffordshire Dialectical Words, Glossary

of, ia8
Stained Glass Windows, 34
Stamp Collectors, Proposed Limited

Liaoilitv Company of, 35
Statistical Society, 71
Stoke Newington Nlanor House, 137
Stokes's " Early Christian Architecture in

Ireland," 33
Stone Implements found at Mont St.

Michel, 176
Stone Remains on Dartmoor, 371
Stonehense. 150, 170
Strange Preservation of Life, 333
Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 175
Streatham Manor-house, 76
Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, aao
Sunderland library. Imposed Sale of the,

81
Swan Upping on the Thames, 139
Swinbuni,84

Ecdesiological Society, 38, 90,

Swinehope, 183

Tanfield Court, Temple, Demolition of, 83

Tapestry, Ancient, Sale of, 130

Taunton, Antiquarian Relics near, 1 74

Tell's Chapel 179. 360

Termination '* Hope, the, 38, 182

The Antiquary Time, 339

"The ImitoUon of Christ," the Pope's

Acceptance of a Copy, 78
The Past in the Present, 317
Times f Index to the, 119
Titian, Statue of, 175
"Toad Fair," 368
Tomb of Richard Cromwell, 33
Tombs, Ancient, Discovery of, at Asseus,

Topographical Society, 361

Topographical Society, Publications of the,
3i56

Toronto, Antiquarian Objects at, 337

Tourists' Guides, 1x9

Tower of London, 139, 334

*' Trcatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle,
the." 159

Truro Cathedral, laying the Foundation-
stone, 35

Turner Fund, the, 137

Turner, Mr. W. H , Death of, 81

Universal Language, 136

Vasco de Gama, Removal of the Remains

" Virmin" and "The House," 76

Vicar of Bray, the, 135

Victorian Revival of Gothic Architecture

M3. «8s '

Views of Ancient Buikiings in Halifax,

Vddng's Ship, a, 53, 181, 333

Village of Palaces, the, 317

VilUgrande, Archaeok^cau Discovery at,

33^
Virgil's Birthday Celebration, 223
Visconti, Baron Pietro, Death of, 333, 367
Vittorio Emanuele Library, at Rome, 337
Walker, Helen, the Grave of, 366
Wooden Locks, 373
Worcester Diocesan Architectural Society,

135, 363
Wordsworth Qnb, 34
•' World of Oddities/ 137
Wrkht, Mrs. Thomas, Appeal on Behalf

of; 177, 365
Wyatt, Mr. T. H.. Death of, 178
Wynne, Mr. W. W. E., Death of, 36
Wager of Battle, 175
Wauiington, Monument to, 78
Wells Cathedral, Ordinal and Statutes of,

138
Whitcombes, Genealogy of the, 39
Whitechapel Church, Destruction of, 176
Wilberforce, Bishop, Memorial of, 176
Wycombe, High, £arly History of, 366
York, DLsco«rery of Roman Remains at,

368
Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographi-
cal Association, 171
Yorkshire, History of, 79, 127, 315

•4

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